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Vse journals is tliat which relates to SPAIN; where, in consequence of the machi nations, foreign and domestic, of the enemies of the constitutional system, the country appears to have been; brought to the verge of a civil war.! We yesterday noticed the accounts of this, contained in Gibraltar papers received at Boston. The details! which we now present to our readers are more ample, and brought down several days later. It appears that the commotions commenced at Ma- j drid on the 30th June, the day on which the King closed the session ol the Cortes. A body of from 1,500 to 2,000 of the Guards became mu-| tinous, and met the cry of “ Liberty and Constitution,” with that of “ Ab-, solute Power.” This conflict of ex-, clamations led to blows, in const?- • auence of which an officer, in the Guards was killed. This is attribu-, led' to the resistance of his troops i while he was endeavoring to persuade j them to return to their duty. It does, not appear that any more blood was j »lied; and although the refractory troops stood out when the last ac counts came away, they had not been joined by any other of the regular regiments; while the militia, anu the constituted authorities, displayed the best disposition, though they were not without fears as to the result. The King’s conduct was viewed with sus picion, and the Madrid papers dis tinctly state, that it was in his power to restore order, by recalling the in- j surgent troops to their duty, if he was i inclined. A report prevailed at Gib raltar, on the 12th July, that 30,000 ! French treops had marched into Spain. Whether this rumour turns out correct or not, in certainly looks very supicious, that the Guards of j Ferdinand should have embraced the very moment to revolt, when the French government had succeeded in forming a large army on the fron tiers of Spain. PORTUGAL. The accounts from Lisbon are to the 29th July. The Cortes had been occupied for some days previous, with discussions on the proposed Constitution for Brazils; the consi deration of which, however was post poned to a future day. The commit tee to whom the subject had been re ferred, reported that an absolute u nion between the two kingdoms, was; impossible. A munificent reward has been offered to the Portuguese Jurist, who shall present the best project of a civil code, on the first day of the session, which is to open on the | Ist December, 1824. A plan for a new division of the kingdom had been laid before the Cortes, according to which, there would be 25 electori al Circles, 793 Districts, and 4038 parishes, inhabited by 763,296 fami lies, and 3,016,800 souls, returning 103 .deputies. By the statements, annexed to the plan, it further, ap pears that the population has been decreasing ever since 1815, as the number of marriages, which in that year amounted to 24,650, was re duced, in 1819, to 19,438, and that of births, which in 1816 did not fall ( short of 115,300 had dwindled, in 1819, to 108,334. FRANCE. The latest accounts from Paris do not furnish any additional particulars of the late conspiracy at Colmar.— Proceedings had commenced against the conspirators at Belfort before the Court of Assizes. The Consti tutionel contains an article, dated Bayonne the 4th July, which states that General Lopez Banos has de feated Quesada, the Chief of the ar my of the Faith. The conflict ap pears to have been desperate; 300 ot the Insurgents were killed upon the spot. Quesada effected his escape into I’ranee, disguised as a peasant. This intelligence (says the London Courier) is considered as very doubt ful by the other Journals. RUSSIA AND TURKEY. The Courier of the 13th July con tains an article from the Hamburgh .Correspondent, u which (the Editor Iff the Courier observes) may be con sidered as an official .exposition of the system and conduct of Russia, with respect to her differences with I Turkey.” According to this docu- j ment, the policy of the Emperor i Alexander “ is that of peace,” and he is made to consign the unfortunate Greeks to the mercy of their unrelen ting persecutors, by a single dash of his pen, under the hollow and hypo critical pretence, that it will “ spare suffering humanity torrents of inno cent blood, stifle the seeds of disu ( nion and misunderstanding between the powers, and destroy the germ o. lew wars.” On the first glance we took of this pretended “ official document,” we were satisfied it was a forgery; and on turning to the for eign journals we found these sus picions confirmed by the declaration •f the Editor of the paper from which jt was copied, who states, that he was authorized to contradict the article, every part of which was “ unfound ed.” The latest accounts from .St, Pe tersburgh are of the 18th June, at which period nothing had transpired as to the views of the Emperor. A letter from Leipsic dated the 27th June states, that the Austrian party which lately seemed triumphant ;it St. Petersburg!!, had once more been thrown into the shade, since the re turn of the Emperor to his capital, and thfu Count* Capo D'lstria and his colleagues, who supported the ! Greek cause, would remain at the head of the administration. In an article dated Nuremberg, June 29th, it is said that according to private ■ accounts from Vienna, there is rea son to believe that the differences be tween Russia and the I’orte are hot yet moved; for it is affirmed that the Porte requires a preliminary step on the part of Russia; that is, the send : ing on an ambassador to Constanti -1 nople, because it pretends that it had no difficulties witli Russia, and did not break off the the negociations, j which were only suspended by the I departure of M. De Strogonoff. The i Porte, therefore, requires in some ! measure, at least by implication that I the Russian Court shall disavow the conduct of that Minister and it is not thought that Russia can consent to this, whatever may be the inclina tions of the leading ministers in the Russian Cabinet. With respect to the evacuation of the Principalities by the Porte, the latest advices from Moldavia state, that “ all remains exactly where it was,” and that the Turks had be gun again to commit the greatest ex cesses. At Jassy they demanded ex traordinary contributions in corn and money, threatening to burn down all the rest of the city, if their demands were not compelled with. THE GREEKS. Accounts had been received at : Paris, of the failure of an attempt, on the part of the Greeks, to carry Na poli di Romania by storm. This is attributed to the want of concert in the operations of the patriots. Other accounts say, that the fortress had surrendered. The statements re specting the English government co operating with the Turks, in .their at tempts to subdue the Greeks, are re iterated. An English vessel capture cd by the patriot squadron, for a vio lation of the blockade of Canea in Crate, is said to have been forced back by the British vessel of war, Medina. To show that the blockade | of the Ottoman ports was not illusory, the Provincial government of Greece had sent twelve ships of war, to cruize before Patras, in the gulf of Lepanto and on the coasts of Albania. Four I Austrian vessels, laden with supplies for the Turks, had been captured; but the Greeks, out of respect for the great power under whose flag they sailed, had ordered them to be set free, on condition that their cargoes should be sold in a Christian port. The Greeks at Salonica, after hav ing sustained a series of overwhelm ing reverses had been reduced by the troops of the Pacha to a situation almost as deplorable as that of the inhabitants of Scio. The whole country, bordering on Mount Olym pus, had been ravaged by fire and I sword, in consequence of the inhabi tants having refused to deliver up their arms. Most of the towns and villages had been reduced to a heap of smoking ruins and their inhabitants massacred, or reduced to slavery. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1822. From the last Floridian, we perceive that there have been afew cases of Yellow Fever (as it is generally termed) in the town of Pensacola. The bill of mortal ity also announces the presence of the same kind of fever in the city of New- York. FOR THE CU ROMCLE AND ADVERTISER. No. 10. It is a singularjudiciary, that of Geor gia. In no State have the Individual Judges so much power. In no State is the judiciary so feeble as a body. In nc State do they hold their offices by so un | certain a ticurc, and in no other State is i there an entire want of a central tribunal I which may render the administration ol the law uniform throughout the several districts. Several circumstances have combined to render this the worst con structed part of our State Government. A tyrannical Judge before the revolution impressed the people with a deep dis trust of this power. When tyrannically exercised it is the most odious of all, as it acts directly on the persons and property of individuals. This distrust has contin ued to exist long after its original cause has been forgotten. In no country is it, or can it be a popular power. It is the moral medicine of society, and whatever may be its final benefits, its immediate effects are almost always harsh. A sense of its necessity and the benefits which flow from it, produces a cold ap probation among thinking men, while among others, the feeling of dislike is in tense and cordial. From no lawsuit did ever both parties come away satisfied; and it is but seldom that either docs.— l i J usticc seldom accords with the hopes l and wishes of cither, and disappointment r i produces discontent. A favourable ad t /judication is felt only as a right, and does I not, and ought not to produce any grati " i tude. An unfavourable decision is often considered as a wrong done. The im ' on the heads of its ministers, and the pun -1 ishment it inflicts are considered as the I I personal acts of its organs. All these ’ things conspire to render the judiciary unpopular, viewed with jealousy, and watched with distrust. It is perhaps t best upon the whole that it should be so. » It is only upon the reason, the calm re j flection of the people, the J udges can _ rely, and their conduct must be such, . that to those they may safely appeal.— j The first and most striking defect in our j judiciary, is the want of a Court which ~ may correct the errors, and render uni- B I form the decisions of six seperate and in- B ! dependant tribunals. There is no other i stale where this defect exists, and to ac t count for it, we must look back to the ' Constitution of 1776. Then our Slate 8 was small in exteut, and contained but I few counties. One Superior Court alone existed, which twice every year made the Circuit of the State, and rendered the law uniform throughout. This had one e important advantage over those systems, where the Supreme Court is stationary. J While the law was rendered uniform, justice was brought home to every man’s , door. But our Stale has out grown this . system. It is geographically impossible J lor any one man to visit every County 1 twice or even once a year, and remain 3 there long enough to hear and decide on the various causes which would be brought before him. It therefore only I remains i"> us to accommodate our judi * ciary system to the present situation ol the Slate. The evils wuich are conee- S quent upon the present situation, strike every mind with such force, that little j can be said which can have any attrac tion from novelty. The want of some supreme central tribunal, causes a total dissimilarity ot law in the different Cir . cults. The law of Putnam is not the - law of Clark; andproperty in Richmond !■ IS held by another rule irom that ol Chat -1 ham. The judiciary act declares that I all properly shall bo bound Irom the ', signingof the first judgment. IntheOak f? mulgee Circuit this first judgment is that j entered up on the verdict given bj the > e p ttitJury. In the middle Circuit it is e the judgment entered up upon the ap -0 peal trial. What is the consequence? r A man in Columbia purchasing a negro s • in Jones will have 4s property lateen ’ from him under circumstances where a purchaser from a person residing in Co , lumhia would be safe. So a man having 1 g land in Washington and Baldwin, the land in Baldwin will be bound, when the , land in Washington will not. A criminal - in Chatham will be sent to the Peuiteu e tiary lor a crime, which if committed in l Richmond, would only sul jecl him to im e prisonraent in the common jail. In point- B ing out these examples among many, 1 do * not mean to express any opinion as to which is right or w hich is wrong, of the ' variant decisions. What is sufficient no 1’ lice ol the dishonor of a bill ol exchange or a promissory nolo? Some ol the Jud ges say one day; next post, others say six months, one year, and even longer. — Ou this important part of the commer cial law, a part as interesting to Planters as to Merchants—What is the law of Georgia? There is a different law in every different Circuit of the State.— j Principles which affect every man’s pro perty or his liberty, float in uncertainty, a The want of some controlling power over 1 the whole, renders the law subservient to the private opinion of every individual Judge. In no circuit is it uniform.— 6 What is the law of one day, is not the law of the next day. It varies with the per son, w'ho for the time being, holds the office. There is no case so bad but it may succeed; none so good, but that it may be lost. What an extensive field ’* docs this open for us to examine into such a form for a Supreme Court, as may se ** cure the most essential advantages. A ° Supreme Court may be formed either of l * Judges distinct from the Circuit Judges, ' 3 or by an union of the Judges of the Cir d cuit. Both plans have their respective ‘I advantages. By having the Supreme ‘I Court of distinct Judges, the number e would be smaller, which would much fa " cilitate the despatch of business. To • unite many minds on one subject, is al n ways a work of time, and is often im - practicable. Such a Court also, instead y of being stationary, might be held in t some central part of each of the several Y circuits for the convenience of suitors. — - But as the personal attendance of suitors e or witnesses would not be required, this ~ is not of much importance. A Supreme e Court, formed by an onion of the Judges r of the Superior Court would be less ex e pensive to the State, and of almost, if not quite equal utility. Should the quan j tity of business so increase throughout i. the State, that the labour imposed or. e the Judges would be t«o great, then we . might find it necessary to increase the d number of judges, or f. rm the Supreme ; Court of a distinct body of men, Virgi - nia and North-Carolina have a distinct * m body for a Supreme Court. Although it I would be novel, I see no particular ob jection to a single Judge. The appoint meut ol the J udgcs should Lc confided to the Governor and Senate, as in the Con stitution of the Unite.J States. With re gard to the tenuie of office, strong objec tions present themselves either to a ten ure during good behaviour, or a tenure for a limited term of years. Perhaps a middle course might be taken, which would unite the advantages of both. A tenure at the pleasure of the Legislature, removable by joint resolution of both branches. By vesting the power of re moving in a different body from that which possesses the power ot appoint ment, they would operate as a check upon c ch other. ThejW and intelli gent administration of wise laws, forms almost exclusively the province of the state governments, external defence, and the intercourse with foreign powers, are confided by a wise distribution of autho rity to our National Government. If the » last makes a greater figure in the page of history, the first is all important to the quiet comfort of domestic peace. Let the person and property of the citizen be se cured from violence and fraud, and the private interest of men will urge the na tion forward to an unlimited- career of prosperity and improvement. Should 1 hereafter resume these essays, I will en deavor to point out the defects in our inferior judicatories, and in our most im portant laws. They have already an swered the purpose for which they were began, to pass away a few idle hours. — I dismiss them with ttie carelessness of the sybils leaves. Should my fellow ci tizens think them worthy ol attention, they will estimate them at their proper 1 worth. They are without allusion to party or party politicks. With the in terest of the citizens of Georgia, mine own are bound up. The soil of Georgia covers the bones of my parents, and will probably cover my own. Lot her res pect herself, and she will be respected by \ others. May she choose wisdom, and riches are in her rigid hand, and in her left happiness and honor. BROWN. Selectedfur Hie Advertiser. Mr. llannon, The following little piece, said to hnve been written by Lui-itu Manly Sargent, of Boston, 1 do not recollect of ever having seen in print: if you think it worthy of a place in your paper, it is at your service. HUBERT & ELLEN. Wanderer have you ever seen, Half hidden in the lowland green, The bashful Lilly of the vale) A single hell upon a stem ? Whose fragrance floated on the gale, Whose lustre brighter green, When closer to the flower you came, I And gazed with nearer view, * And when you rais’d Us little head, More fragrance and new lustre shed, And when releas’d, resum’d ngain Its modest air and humble mein f And have you torn away the flower, The plaything of an idle hour And thrown it lightly by ? And did you e’er at parting view , The stock on which the Lilly grew, And mark how soon the feeble stem, Dishonored of its only gem, Woild pine and droop and die ? Thin lovely once did Ellen seem, When first beside the little stream, lluliert her artless charms survey’d, As there at ev’u tide site stray’d. That on her cheek the deepen’d hue, i Mors closely seen more lovely grew, | And thus her modcifl head she hung, When love was first on Hubert’s tongue. And thus he stole away the flower, The plaything of an idle hour And threw it lightly by ) And thus old Mary’s heart despoil’d, Rob’d of her dear, her oniy cldld ' Did pine and droop and die. E. D. “Plain Truth,” is received, and, if possible, will be published in our next. DIED, on the Ithult. on Wilmington ! Island, near Savannah, Mr. Robert M. j Durkee, in the 24th year of his age, son J of Major Darker, formerly of litis place. | — l —! J...JLJ ! J- '-I—l *■ I 111 1 The members of Social Lodge No. 5, are requested to attend a regular meeting at their Lodge Room on Friday evening the 6th inst. By order of the W, M. J. M. Kunze, Sec’ry. September 5 2 It i Just Received at the Augusta Bookstore, 1 DR. Syntax’s 2d Tour, with 2-1 color- ( ed engravings, I The Law of Java; a play, in 3 acta, by George Colemafi, the Younger, , Advice to the Young Mothers, Recollections and Reflections, Personal and Political, as connected with pub lic affairs daring the resign of George the 3d. The St hool Fellows The Elements of Spanish and English conversation ; with new, familiar, and < easy Dialogues—by Edward Barry, I Lecons Franchises, The Book of Games, Cleaveland’s Mineralogy, | ALSO, Whortwn’s Digest, Vesey and Bearner’s Reports of cases, Argued and Determined in the High Court of Chancery. Sept. 6 New Mackerel, &c. 150 Mils. Aew i. »«;rel 10 Qr. casks \ alaga J 3 Qr. casks Port \ WINE, 5 Half pipes* Sherry ) 5 Bales Point & Dufiil Blankets 250 Pair negro Shoes 15 Packages assorted Domestic Ooods, Just received on Consignment, and for sai.k ny Alexander Bryan. September 5 2 4w2aw NOTICE. The subscriber informs his ffiends and the public Hint he continues the Comwvissiou business, at the spacious I trick Store, north side the Market, Broad Street. Prompt attendance will be given to all consignments of Goods com mitted to his care for Sale on Commission, and every exertion made to the interest of those who may wish his services in the Cotton Business. Alexander Bryan. September 5 2 2w4t Seed Wheat. On the river , and expected to arrive daily, Bushels of the New Crop Seed Jl/U Wheat. Apply to Summers & Perry, or to It. G. Sims. Septembers 2 ts JOHN ts. HOLT, Offers his services to his Friends and the Public, ns a Commission •Nicrcimvt AND Ware-House Keeper , AUGUSTA, GEO. He continues to occupy the Ware llouse Si Stores, where McLaws & Holt lately transacted business, which are in good order for the reception and sate keeping of Produce and Merchandize. — All orders to purchase and consignments (or sale of Cotton, Merchandize, or any species of property, will bo thankfully received; and he pledges himself, that every exertion shall be used, to make sa tisfactory returns of all business commit ted to his care. ON CONSIGNMENT, A ff.w nAmiKi.fi Sw\Nfcr. VWur, AND A FEW CASKS Unslackcd Stone Lime. September 5. 2 ttr The Mllledgeville Journal aud Sa vannah Republican, will insert the above weekly lor two months, and forward Iheir accounts to this place for payment. Brvx.uA>), Wine, NaVU, • . • 8 Pipes Spanish Brandy 20 Half bids. Malaga Wine 12 'PierCes Philadelphia Linseed Oil 20 Bb.s. Loaf Sugar 10 Qr. Chests Hyson Tera, (recent imp.) I 200 Kegs Patent Cut Nalls, assorted size* Jail received and for sale by J. cV W. Harper. September 5 2 21 foundT A HORSEMAN’S PISTOL, with a Brass Barrel. The owner ofitcan obtain it by applying at the office, aud paying the expense of advertising. September 5. 2 If A Bar Keeper Wanted. AN active young man, who is acquaint ed with the business of bar keeping, may hear of a good situation by applying at this office. September 5. 2 ts Twenty Dollars Reward. RAN AWAY on the 7th of August last, a. Negro Eel'aw commonly known by the name of BIG 'POM Mc ,Murphy—be i« about 5 feet 9or 10 inches high; stout, well made, about 25 years old, complexion very dark. As he has been on the river for some time, it is pro bable ho will make for Savannah, or may be lurking somewhere near the river, be tween Augusta and Savannah. Ten dol lars will be paid for delivering Tom to the subscriber, in Augusta, and Ten Hol lars far information that will lead to con viction of his being harbored or employ ed by any white person. L. Rccd. September 5. 2 Ct The Editor ol the Georgian, Savannah, will please give the above three inser tions, and forward their bill to this office (or payment. a Ten Dollars Reward. RAN AWAY on Saturday night last, a Negro Fellow by the name of BOOKER ; he is African born, five feet, nine or ten inches high, rather slender made, and very black, about twenty one or two years ol age, and wore, when he went away, a brown tow cloth shirt and trowsers, a dark colored jacket with a black collar on it. The above reward will be paid to any person who will deli ver said negro to me in Augusta. Isaac S. Tuttle. September 5. 2 3t 8 her ill’s 8 ale. ON the first Tuesday in November Next, at the market house in tne city of Augusta, at the usual hours, will bn sold, Two negroes, Ned, a man, and Sylvia, a girl, levied on unde' an execution on the foreclosure of a mortgage, John Fox, vs. James Spann. Conditions Cash —Purchaser to pay for titles. D. Savage, Sh’fT R.C. September 5. 2 wds I City Taxes for 1 8'22. Til Os K person? « in. ha.. n.c ..„d an opportunity of pay'n.g uinr i ity Tax for the present year, art. notified that they can pay the same to the subs- .• I.er, who i> duly autnoriteed to transvt .he business of Collet tor and Treasurer for the (ity ol Augusta (during the absence of John W. Wilde, Esq.) and will beat all times at hi? office, ( ,ty JJall, from 0 to 1 o'clock, every day of business, for this purpose. Wm. Jackson. September 5 1 1 ts To Rent, r 1 IHE Store at present occupied 1 y Mr. A Samuel Uothard, second door below Jacob Danfort!), Esq. Al.So, A comtortaltle Dwelling Ilonseon Wash ington street, near the City Hall. For terms apply to John Moore. September 5. 2 3t. To Kent, TITHE front and back Stores at present A occupied by Messrs. Tiuncy Vi Hill, aud possession given on tbe first of Octo ber next. Edw’d Campfield. September 5. 2 ts. To Rent, r | HIE Dwelling House and Lot on Bay I- Street, the properly of Walter Tay lor, f.sq,—Possession can be had imme diately. For terms enqub eot W. Micou, ,‘jgent. September 5. 2 tit To Kent, TWO well arranged Stores, good stands for business, with cellars and spacious back buildings, now occupied by Mr. Thorpe and Mr. Could. Possession may be had Ist November. Mr. Hester at iVlr. Kueeland’s, will show the proper ty in the absence of the owner. September 5 2 3t cot To fJLont, From the fir at. of October , imi Tito following TVnp • •mBL men,B: —"le House and •JJJIIBI 141 I' rc4,ent °ccup«d JSSsHBi by Maj Sa.i.ue) Dark ; •ml one present occupied by David Smitl, Esq, Also, tw . Tenements in H i tgt Ho's. N u ■•••■ ilO Apply to Jno. U. Kirable, & <3o. Augtllf 22 Bt Sugar, Coffee andiron. 150 I Ihds. Prime Sugar 160 bags do Green Coffee 50 tons Swedes Iron assorted 3 do Plough Moulds wit it A CENTRA I, SUPPLY OF GROCERIES, FOR SAI.K BY S. HILLS 4* ALDEK. May 11 323 ts for sale; To close Consignments, 250 BRLS. SUGAR 20 ~ Loaf do. •°0 ~ Green Coffee 10 bhds. Ruin 4 |ti|>en Gin 4 ~ Brandy hO boxes Tallow Candles 30 ~ Sperm, do. 10 ~ Raisins 20 qr, casks Malaga Wine 100 tons English, Swede and Russia Iron 2500 bushels St. Übes Salt 100 pieces Cotton Bagging. Mackenzie & Ronce. UT They offer their remaining Stock of Dry G ods, Hardware, with 200 box es East India China, on a credit of ono and two years, for country paper. August7 353 2m so* jamioir* MentUt, HAS the pleasure of ofiViirtg his ac knowledgments, for the lib- ral encouragement he ha? received since his arrival in Augusta, ami would inform such as may still i (-quire his profession al services, that a? he contemplate-, re maining in town b it a short time, ap plications to him should be made im mediately. August 29 ts. Fifty Dollars Reward. DESERTED from the U. St,.tea Cantonment on the Sand Hills, near Augusta (Geo.) on th 13th inst. Stephen B. Mix a private ol “E” company, 3d Regi ment of Artillery, 5 feet 6 inches high, 26 years of age, light complexion, brown eyes browr, hair, born in Con necticut, and by profession a labourer. JILSf*, On the night of the »6lb inst. Garret Yansclionoven, a private of "E” Company od Regi ment Artillery •. 5 feet lOj inches high, 26 years of age, light complexion, hrsle eyes, dark hair, born in Waterford, State of N. York, and by occupation a labourer. A reward of thirty dollars will be paid for the apprehension and delivery of either of the above named Deserters, at this or any other Milliary Post in the United States. 1 L. H.Rigail, Lieut. 3 d Jtrlillery Commanding. U. Stales Cantonment, 7 Sand-Hills near Augusta Geo f August 19— ts During rny absence from the plate, Mr. Edward Campfield will act as my agent. J. M. Hand. August 14 e 35£ ts