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B Y J. \V. & W. S. JONES. (terms, &r. THE WEEKLY CHRONICLE AND SENTINEL Is Published every Wednesday. AT TWO DOLLARS PER ANNUM, IN ADV ANCE. TO CLUBS er INDIVIDUALS sending ns Ten Dolhrs, SIX copies of he P. per will be sent for one ye tr, thus furnishing the Paper at the rate of SIX COPIES FOR TEN DOLLARS. or a free copy to all who may procure us Jive sub scribers, and forward us the money. THS CHRONICLE AND SENTINEL DAILY AND TRI-WEEKLY, Are also published at this office, and mailed to sub scribers at the following rates, viz.; Daii*- Paper 310 per annum. Tri-Weekly Paper 5 “ TERMS OP ADVERTISING. In Weekly.—Seventy-five cents per square (12 lines or less) for the first insertion, and Fifty cents for each subsequent insertion. .for Sale. NOTICE. THERE WILL BE SOLD, at * “J lutnbia Court-House, on the fir*t Tuesday “* *' in December - A*' on I now reside? containing one hundred and eighty fl SO) acißs, adjoining Murray, Flint and Steed, on Germany’s Creek. There are upon the premises a * j^ we Wi n K House and other convenient buildings. I offer the above at private sale, and if not disposed of before the time (say Ist Tuesday in December,) wilt be exp»>eed to public >ale. s <>2B-wtd JOHN Ik BINION. , JefferSon County Land for Sale. THE SUBSCRIBER offers his pfanfotion 6 ,r sale, about seven hundred vBB rhe waters of Dry Creek, G toiler below Louisville, on the old Savannah road, well im proved, having all bouses thereon necessary for the place. The w hole crop, plantation tools, and sto-k can be had on the place: Bid quick, and you will get a bargain. Six hundred acres more can tie had adjoin ing, if desired. s!3-wtf S. ARRINGTON. FOR SALE. fA WELL SETTLED LONG ■; staple cotton i Q Hamilton county, Middle Florida, two miles from the lower Mineral Springs, a summer re sort possessing unquestionable medicinal properties. Said plantation contains 880 acres of good pine and hammock land, 3500 f which are cleared ami under good fence, with every building necessary for the comfort and convenience of the pl nter. There is sufficient water power on the premises to propel machinery of any kind throughout the year. Alm> TEN NEGROES, (all worker**,) Provirion Crop, Mules, Horses, and Plantation Implements generally. Thebbove property is offered at private sale until the 16th December next, if not disposed of by that tiin** wilt lie oib*red at public sale on the following day. Terms—One-fourth cash, balance in three equal instalments, with interest and satisfactory se curity. Apply to THOM AS D. DEX I'ER, I jowrr I Mineral springs, Columbia county, E. F., or to the subscriber at Jacksonville, E. F. iydl-wtf JOHN L’ENGLE. VALUABLE PLANTATION FOR SALE. TOR'S SALE.— By virtue of the last U will and testament of John Swanson, deceased, will l»e sold <>n the first Tuesday in December next, be’on* tlic < ourt House «l«r»r, in ihe town of .Madison. M •rgau county, the plantation, whereon the deceased lai ly re.-aded, containing fifteen hundred acres of lan I, lying in said county, eleven miles south ot M . ii on, mlj .ming lauds of Dr. Haineli, Washington " i " d others, abooi two thirds cleared, and in cul-iva.ion, the remainder being wood land, verv heavily timbered, tin* limner conveniently situated to all parts of the plantation. There is on the place a go sl dwrllmg nous.*, and kitchen, gin house and parking-screw, and all other buildings requisite fora far hi. Terms made known on the day of sale. 1847. JAMES F.SWANSON, Ex’r. EXECUTOR'S SALE. Zy.s o* I’KE SECOND MONDAY ’’?•{ ,M l'’■••enii«»-r next, will be sold loilie high rst bidder at public outcry, upon a credit -i --of one, tw«» and three years, the large and valuable plantation of Wdliain Wright, deceased, lute of the county of Columbia. This tract contains eleven hundred (1100) acres of land; a large pinion of it, the best Cotton land in Mid il.- Georgia. It is elegantly improved; with one ot ilte be«i intry Mills to the Slate. There is about four hundred acres of it in the wimmlr. It issiti: tied in the comity ot ‘ <>lumbia, twenty-seven miles above Augusta, 8 miles from the Georgia R til Road, 6 mile* from Appling and 1 mile from Cobbhnm. The sale will lake place tqion the plantation. Al-o, at the same time and place, iqx»n a credit, a p*rti >n of the Negroes, Household and Kitchen For nituie ; < 'urn, Fodder, Oa s, &r., Mules. Horses, Pork Cattle, and F .rmmg Tools. A little of every thing appertaining to a well conducted farm. Terms of tin most accommodating character. The sale made in pursuance of the last Will and Testament of William Wriubt.ilrc.as. .1. Any one .l -sirons ofpnrohasing privately the Farm, can do so by addressing lhe Executor H Cassville, Ga. AUGUSTUS R. WRIGHT, Executor. s.-pt 22, 1847. ' W id SALE OF NEGROES. ("1< T ARDIAN’HSALF —Pursuant to an order M <>| the I nfe j for Court of Oglethorpe county, when sitting for ordinary purposes, will he sold, on the first Tuesday in January next, before I lie court-house <loor in L'xtngton, Ga., ahoui tiny likely Negroes—men, boys, women, girl* and children —allot which belong to ilie minors of James Johnson, late of said county, deceased. Sold for the benefit of the heirsand credi tors of said estate. J \MES T. JOHNSON, Guardian. Ori 'be; 2.’. 1847. Wtd Runaway Slave Sale. SI I E RIF F’S S\ I ,E. —By order of the Inferior Court ot Wilkes county, will be sold, on the first Tuesday in December next, between the lawful hour' <>t sale, at Washington, in Wilkes county, for cash, s negro man named Robert, abaut twenty-five years of age, dark complection, five feet ten or eleven inches high, report* himself to twlong to Dr. Robert Wig gins, *.t Montgomery county, State of Alabama ; said slive being uneJaimed, sold to piy expenses. CHRIS TOPHI R BIN NS, Sheriff. O ; 21\ 1847. ■ .MANSION HOUSE, Al’Gl ST\. GEORGIA. aHIL rpilK VMDERSIuNKD, Proprietor of lh' JL Mansion House, is yet tadiire the public in tn e capacity ot Hotel-Keeper. Thankful always for the smallest favors, and more than grateful for the patron age heretofore extended towards him, he hop’s no only I-* retain his former custom, but from his unceas ing exertion-, and the centra! position of his house, to have an unlimited sujiport from the ftmuf y,) hisinteresi from birth is identified with theirs. Tlie terms of boant will be as low as anv in thecity. GEO. G. MA THEWS. s2S-dbi& w6<n WRIGHTSBORO MALE AND FE MALE ACADEMY HE THUS TEES have the plea-ure to announce JL to the Patn»u*of the above institutions and the pu »lie tnat itV’Y have agtin engaged the service# ot Mr. C. C. RICHARD- in th. Male and Mrs. H. A. ARNOLD m the Female Department. Their suc cem lasi and this year, is the best commendation cun be ma le them. The Male Department is distinct and separate from the ether in its focatiun. During the }>re<cnt year a new ami complete Chemical Appira us has been added to the Academy. These institutions, under the sujwrinteadeuce of Mr. Richards and Mr*. H. A. Arsold, have a celebrity not surpassed by any in the Si ,:e. an I the advantages odenng for the next year are ample to jxrepire uimients for anv College. I'ho discipline »• mild, yet rigid; their industry un tiring, and thetr experience well sustains them. Bur i can be had in the most respeetatde families of th* village and adjacent, at $S per month, every thing mcluded. Tfo- S»*l».x»| tn each Department will b?* resumed on the 2d M.md.iv m January next. h w m \«rx<; \i r u2-"6 Serrvtarv of the Box rd 4 Trust*- ** HH. \ND MRS. CHAPMAN'S BOARDING ANU DAY FOR YOUNG LADIES NO. 22S BROAD > THEFT. AVAR -y \ <UX > qmus im»ti rvmon I direciion »t tu present principals for the la>t ni-< xc.r.s and they indulge the l*ehe\that they have nm bceu entirely unMtccesslul in t‘.ivir mdrav«>rs t > rammitted to their charge. The School im livHrdtuto Primary. Junior Senior depart ments. The cxHirse «4 instruct ( <mi embraces the u#u al « mlie* taught tn eur higtevst female seminaries, N Th.- next term commence' October Ist. Pupils ran *: r the X h at *'? * during the term, and «ill be charged fanm the time al their entranc* 1«. B ipc.ndmg fuel and lights, SIS per mo-e.f-! i ui.'iti f}<r quarter qf 13 ; s 815 J 8 > <9 Teachers Wanted npntc Till «TKKs : I IX, O1 X vox MAI E 1 I fM U E V XDEMIES aw torm i r.M»leMd E. . . .. scfh’oU the ensumg xear. Person* wishing U' lake charge oi‘ cither school I • • .X ... X F r h• rv x Esq . PiistmMter, Lin.-dnfoi. Ga . w h n ihirtx davs from . thrsdt.e Mr. Fleming w . u»e applicant anx m fomia i. n desired relative to e 'her echx«4. By ordri the B>ard of Trustee*. M B CANTELOW < - Bbx B Mv'v'Bß, Secretary. c£B-w3 DISSOLUTION FWNUK COPLKTNEHSHIP her : < ex I ng jwtaeec AtLISTKaA M» DaMKL latfirs dax d ssolved, bv mu:-oa* J AMES J M ALI ISTF4L EDWARD McDANIFI Hackarev.Ua. Na». 6 1547 a!5-w*2w 0 ITWlllziO — JAuyusta, 0co.: THURSDAY MORXIXG, NOV'. 11. 1847. Education* The Savannah Republican makes the follow ing suggestions to the Legislature on this im portant subject: “A Word to the Legislature on the Edu cation of the People. —ln his Inaugural Address Gov. Towns uses the following words : ‘lt will be my <Teatest pleasure to give efficient aid to any sys tem of intellectual and moral improvement that itiuy be equally accessible to all classes of our citizens.’ We shall venture to make a few suggestions upon this subject, which is of vital interest to the people ofGcor gia. “The defects of the present system of Common Schools in this State, must be obvious to every one who has ever watched its operation or its results. Infinitely belter than none at all t it yet falls far below the amount of benefit which it is capable of conferring if pro perly established and sustained. The present Schools arc not Common, but Poor School-, limited in their range, circumscribed in their sphere of action; they also laiior under the want of sufficient means to carry out even the purposes for which they were organized. This has been proved by the redent j|ction of the Grand Jury of Chatham County, and the consequent appro priation made by the Justices of the Inferior Cofirt, to lend some assistance to the good cause, for whith they both mefit the thanks of the community. “As the present State appropriation has been de clared by these ci>uq«etcnijudges tobe f entiiely inad equate, ’ even for the limited objects it was intended to embrace, the Legislature would do a great public service by re-organizing the entire system ants put ting it upon a i reader and firmer basis, mo i|i‘ l£ supply the educational wartm of the whole edntmuni ty. “The present system, which makes it a bounty, is repulsive tQ the pride of many who would gladly edu cate tliair children, ifit was understood to f.e a com mon p iviltgc, not an exclusive charity. Il is the solemn duty of the State to educate its citizens; the only mode by which this can be done is to make the rich contribute towards the education of the poor, by establishing Schools common to the children of both : this is the true Republican system, which makes edu cation free as air or sunshine, not doled out in the shape of alms. Unless the people of Georgia desire to l>e left behind in the rapid march of intellectual im provement pressing forward in other States, the Legis lature must d -vise some better and more effectual scheme of Public Instruction than the present. Some more liberal system must be adopted to purge away the ignorance which still exists in our midst, until it shall become a rare thing in Georgia, (as it is now in some sections of the Union) to find a citizen who can not read and write. Yet, where that state of things exists, there are n ne but common Schools, they hav ing superceded all others; the son of the Governor of the State sitting side by side on the same bench with the child from the Ahns House, and receiving the same instruction. “ If any member of the Legislature desires to do a good work, the fame of which shall endure long after l>arty triumphs have been forgotten, let him ‘ put his houlderto the wheel. ’ and give a Free Schoolsy’S tem to the people of Georgia.’ ” Oti ibis subject we have bestowed much re flection, because of the great anxiety we have always felt to see our native State extending the benefits of Education to all classes of her citi zens. While, therefore, we concur fully with the Republican in the opinion, that the present system is very defective, we think the greater evil is to be ascribed rather to the character of the country tn some sections of the Slate, than to the system itself. Indeed, after the most ma ture reflection we have been able to devote to the subject, we have been led to doubt whether any system can at presentbe adopted, that will prove efficient in any State where the popula tion is so sparse as in a large portion of Geor gia. In the pine-woods district the land is of such a character as to forbid the existence of a dense population, which is indispensable to aneflicieni md well regulated system of Coinuion Schools Hence, no ctTeclive plan can be made to apply to that section, which is generally m the great est nevd of that class of schools, because the population are generally in indigent circum stances and unable to send their children from home to educate them. In the other sections ot the Stale the population has been rendered sparse by emigration, consequently the same reason obtains against the efficiency of a com mon school system that does in the piney woods. Il is true, in this latter section, there is much wealth, and a large portion of the people have the means to educate their children—yet there are many there, who are unable to afford their children these advantages, and many of them are reared up in ignorance, because there are not schools in the immediate vicinity al which they might derive the benefits of an education. | It is also true, there are in this region, many neighborhoods thatcan sustain schools, bntthere are a great many more that cannot, and there are not a sufficient number of children within | the reach of any given point to form a school. | \V hen this is the case, and the parents are not ' able to send them from home, the children must | go uneducated. It is, therefore, apparent to ' every intelligent mind, that no system of com- I mon schools could remedy these evils at pre- ! ■ 1 I W hat, then, is the remedy ’ That there is a ' remedy, we think there is no doubt; and al- . though it might not prove a* efficient in some ; s ctions of the State .is in o thers, these would only constitute exceptions rather than objec- 1 lions to the rule. The reim jdy is to increase ' the white population of the State. This pro cess would be naturally si <»w, but it may be greatly facilitated by the ac ;ion of the Legisla ture. One of the first sr«ps toward which should he. the adoption of a liberal policy on the part of the Legislature in granting charters for Manufactories. The surplus capital of the State would then seek an investment in M innfactories, instead of. as new. in Negroes and Land The result would be the introduction of a large class of mechanics, ar tizansnnd opera tives, who would rapidly cc ntribiite to deve lope the resources of the Stat e . greatly increase its wealth and p<»pnlation . build up cities, towns and xithiges where there are now but few inhabitants, andconee ntrate the great mass of the poor population w jbin districts of coun try where their child tv n could reap the bene fit ol a well-regul w e d system of common schools. Thai such a sys <eir» can or w iii’be readily a doptedby those aho control the destinies of the State, we hav c serious iloubts : vet we believe when the pla n shall have been thoroughly in vestigated l,y the intelligent and reflecting men ot the con ntry, it will be found to be more effi cient an d practicable than any other, for the education of all classes and the development th > immense resources of the Slate. The Democracy Moving* The abuse of the legitimate power of the Federal Executive, and the frequent assump tion of authority not granted by the Constitu tion to the President, have induce d the Senate of the Stale of New York, to mow e in the mat ter of amending the Constitution of the Uni ted States. The President of the Senate. Hon- A Lkstkk. recently offered tin* following resolutions: “ A*; so/rrtf. That the Sena: its in C.»n t'e*- • from this State be ituarucied. and that the Kept wncatives in - " to uc best efforts to procure the proposal by Cv tigress of an ai'.'.eiuhr.enl to the constitution oi 'he I tilted Stales, " fetch sh dl authorize Congress - •• I. To provide by law. that any of the officers of S ry. or for any subdivision or portion there,'!, sii.il! c some subdivision tht reof; and to prescribe t. le mariner, et such election. ‘2. 1>» i i --en'.-c by law the dura’’-.'n »f the otScial *.. . ken the I led Slates, the durv.i si f « oflkrial terms is n■: fixed bv the con a notion; the cases in w ... h any such attic-r may be i rm“’‘ d :iom ofhce beta;e the exntmt’ >n o: term r which he shall nave been elected r appealed, the c-: Seer or ini' mil by which, tn : :’i- manner in -a :.ich s. h ’**■** pension er removal shall be made ; and the man ** •* filling any vacancy .wrcasioned ‘ v anv such s.:s 3t'«- sx«n or removal. These resolution* w ere adopted by a vote oi’ I 'to 2 Mr Barlow offered the following additional resolution, which was adopted bv a vote not stated tn our exchanges: but we suppo sc by one eq tally large with that on Mr Lkstkr'« resolutions : ' /Crscwrec Th vt the Senator* in <'oagYe«s Yomth's *t*te he instructed. and Representatives tn •Congress tnxa it.» state be req tested, to use the r best efforts *.c procure the prupsM. by l-ngrrs* of an ame n-.imeait. the ceestiOrtMa, whisa shall prohibit the apfxvnunsnt I>v the FreMUent, or by the Proiderit and Senate, oi my p«‘rson who shall have been elected or appointed i member of the Senate or of the House of Repre sentatives in Congress, and who shall have entered upon the discharge of his duties as such member, to •inv office (except that of a member of the Cabinet,) under the U. S. Government, during the term for which he shall have been elected or appointed, or within one year after the termination thereof” Mr. Spencer advocated the election of Post masters by the people whom they are to serve. Mr. S. is a gentleman of great ability, and one of the most conservative Whigs in the State. In the course of the debate he said that before Mr. McLane held the oilice of Postmaster General, there was no such thing as changing a subordinate Postmaster on a change of ad ministration. But now- this had become an im mense engine of power and corruption, and postmasters were intimidated into a support of the General Government. Hence, (said Mr. Spencer.) the vast necessity that the office of postmaster should be made elective. Air. S. took occasion'to compliment Mr. McLane, un der whose administration of the office of Post- (.he said) questions relating to i the removal of Postmasters were always refer red to the locality where they resided. A large number of citizens interested in the navigation qf the great rivers and lakes of the Union, the value of whose commerce exceeds five hundred 'millions a year desire some abatement in the veto power of the Pres ident. This immense inland trade between the several States has not received the hundreth part of Governmental favor which has been extended to a much smaller foreign trade. Tens of thousands are justly indignant at this partiality. Mr. Polk’s vetoes of all bills ma king appropriations for the improvement ol coasts and lakes, harbors and navigable rivers, will go far to secure an amendment of the Con stitution. If that is found impracticable, the conduct of the Administration will effectually prevent the election of a successor io continue the disastrous policy of the present Executive. Gov. Shui»k anti the Proviso. While Mr. Wilmot was addressing the Her kimer Convention, he was interrupted by a voice inquiring how Gov. Shunk (the Gover nor of Penn.) stood on the Proviso question? Mr Wilmot replied that ‘‘he had heard on his way hither—he had not seen it—that the Wash, ington Union had proclaimed that the result of the Pennsylvania election was a * victory over the authors of the Wilmot Proviso!' He pro nounced this a calumny upon the electors of Pennsylvania, and a falsehood. As to Gov. Shunk, he was not authorized to make any statement for him: but he believed, and had every reason to believe, except that of a person al and explicit assurance, that Gov. Shunk was with us on this great question. Mr. Buchan an’s compromise had met with no response from the Democrats of Pennsylvania.” Whenever this gentleman, so distinguished as a federalist of the bluest die in the war of 1812, shall be a candidate fur the Presidency, it will be seen that not one free Stale will sustain by its vote, his compromise scheme. His De mocracy is regarded with too much suspicion, being at best hut an eleventh hour conversion, looking ever in the direction of political power and patronage, first by deserting the Federal party, and now the Northern Democracy, to curry favor with that of the South. Suppose he was a Southern politician and had deserted her interest*, or what nine-tenths of the people regarded as such. What chance would he stand of carrying the vote of a single State South of Maryland ' Just none at all Such is hi- posi tion al the .Nor Ji. Nur is that of Mr. Dallas a whit better. Letters on Slavery* The Federal Union has commenced the pub lication of .1 series of letters on slavery address ed to the Hon. Whifmarsh B. Seabrook. and “written by a distinguished son of Geor gia, a resident of the seaboard.” The author remarked at the commencement, that he is “past” his “70th year,” and adds: “From vouth to age, my life has been a life of solituib*; I soon imbibed a deep, and almost a religions veneration for the past. I have lived until I feel dis gust, almost abhorrence lor the present.” Does such “ a life of solitude,” such “feel ings of disgust, almost abhorrence for the pre sent,” duly qualify one to judge impartially of the wisdom, the wishes and the hopes, of a later generation f If society was retrogressive—returning to its condition seventy years ago —this gentleman, who has so “ deep a veneration for the past,” would make a capital pilot to direct the Ship of State into the desired haven. But. alas, no measure of disgust for the present, no dread of the future, can prevent the approach of that future, bring what it may. The young are full of hope. This hope will hardly fail to realize much of the good which it so ardently struggles to attain. Better hope with the young, than weep, or cherish feelings as “ abhorrence” w ith the old. Rights of Unmarried Females.-In the Sen ate Mr. Terrell of Hancock offered a resolu tion to appoint a select committee to inquire into the expediency of passing a law to secure certain rights to unmarried females, i&c., w hich was read and agreed to. Messrs. Tt rrell. Glenn and Williamson were appointed that commit tee. The Genius of Liberty ot V era Cruz says that the Mexican Government hasdecreed a curiously wrought sword to the man who killed Capt. Walker. Emory College. \V e h ive received a catalogue of the Offi cers. Alumni and Students of this institution, indicating, we are gratified to perceive, that the College is in a very flourishing condition, from which we condense the following information : Faculty.— Rev. A. B. Longstreet. 1..L.P.. Presi- i dent, and Professor of English Literature; Rev. Alex, j Means, A.M., M.l>., Professor of Physical Science; | Rev. George W. Lane, A.M . Professor of Ancient Languages; Rev. O. L. Snath. A.M , Adjunct Pro fessor of Languages; Rev. Lucius L. W illicit, AM. Professor (elect) of .Mathematics: Mr. Wesley W. Thomas, A.M.. Tutor in Mathematics; Mr. Wm. B. Meritt, A.8.. Principal of the Preparatory S bool. NuMBEB OF Students. —Senior Class, 19; Junior Class, 24; Sophomore Class. 33; Freshman Class, 15; Irregulais, 16; Total, 107. Terms. —The first Collegiate Term commences on the thud 'I mday in August, and closes on the first Wednesday »n December. The second Collegiate Term commences on the third Wednesday in January, and closes on Wednes day, after the third Monday m July, which is Com l menceiuent day. Expenses.— Tuition, $44 per Board c m be hail, including washing, fuel, &c., at Iro n $9 to sl2 per month. T-uti mis required in advance. Pbspaba by Sen l.—This S lis i ed with Einorv C.-I lege. and is under the charge of | W i. B. Merritt. A.B. The Terms commence and end at the same time < with those in the College. Tuition for Languages. ; $33 per annum ; i >r English studies. $25 per annum. , U. S. A Spring - ■ S gfield U. S I Armory for the mm tfarture of Arms and Ma chinery for the year ending June 3d.h. 1*47. was $162,537.65. The fabrications during the vear were as follows. \iz : <4.300 M -x ’ts i $lO 5’3 21-1005151,039 10 201 M .sketoons at sll 2,2 1 0 2 '.O-i6 Screw-Priver« at 17c•• • 4.427 *2 . \ a 25c 515 7s Wi| a ’. - - . 71 23 2 009 Bid-Screws at 15c •• • • • 301 30 6.33* C >!ir< (extra) at *c • • ■ 5?7 04 50 Vent Picks at 2c 100 ?'I • $ 1097 Anns Chests at $3 3,291 00 24 Psrk;U Boxes »t $1 ... ... . ... , 24 i»0 * " . M I i.- $172,537 The Locofoc ■■ p.i- ere in the S > ith an •’g over the re-election of Mr Sbunk as Gx’vernor ot Pennsylvania. Have they _f<w that he gave his sanction to a law making 7; pc nal to enforce, within the limits of Penn <vh.ioia the act of Congress, passed in pursu ance .of the Constitution, with the view of en abling Southern s.-tveheidera to recover the r fugitive slaves find.ng refuge there ’ vt2«« Aux Oi-oXs AUGUSTA, GA., WEDNESDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 17, 1847. 3.ugustci, (Phi.: FRIDAY MORNING. NOV. 13, 1847. A Mistaken Policy. ’• The growers of cotton are now sadly and almost ruinously experiencing the effects of the fatal stand ird policy of the existing Administration and the De mocratic party, in v aging an untiring and biiter cru sade against the cotton manufacturers of the United States—of their own country. It has been a matter of great astonishment to us for many years, that the south, which alone furnishes the raw cotion, should also furnish so considerable a resistance to the build ing up in our country of a great system of home ma nufactures, and in consequence a great home market for her cotton, wholly independent of Great Britain or any other country, and not subject to and dependent on their policy on the one hand, or to be ruined or threatened by their disasters and revulsions on the other. That it is so now, the most plainly informed and shortsighted can bqt perceive and admit. — Memphis Eagle. The truths expressed in the above para graph. cannot be too generally disseminated among the people of the Cotton-growring States. They already have the benefit of a home.demand equal to the consumption of half a million of bales. Double this amount, which, under the fostering influence of the tariff* of 1842, would soon have - taken olape, and the Planters of the South would now* 4>e receiving from ten to fifteef per cent, higher prices for their great The depreciation which they now suffer from the failures of English houses is all subtracted from the profits on the crop. If the nett profits on this, at ihe prices which obtained eight weeks since, were three cents a pound to the producer, a decline of two cents, obviously deprives him of two-thirds of his available income. This is an immense loss, not only to the growers of cotton, but to the w’hole community. Why, then, do Americans, and especially planters, seek to destroy the infant manufactures of the South by denying them the benefits of protec tion ? Well does the Eagle remark : Not only does British policy seek to monopolize the immense trade an<l wealth liowingfroin the manu factures of our Southerncottnn staple, but all her moral, civil and political enginery have fiir years been labo riously exerted to effect the destruction and extinction of the labor of the Southern plantei—his slaves. And yet this is the jieople an<l this the nation, which our democratic rulers and party, and even men of the South, are actually favoring by our national laws and policy, to the detriment of our own manufacturers, our own people, and our own, aye, we repeat it, our own Planting interes*.” The signal success which has attended the operations of the few cotton mills already es tablished in this quarter of the Union, furnishes abundant evidence uiat with due encourage ment, the South can easily add four-fold to the value of her cotton crop, by working up the sta ple into all fabrics made of cotton. She has rapid streams, admirably adapted to the w. rk of driving any amount of machinery. Her agriculturists greatly need the advantage ol large villages and cities to consume the surplus products of the soil—to create a reliable home market for fresh meats, bacon, wheat, corn, garden vegetables, butter, eggs, fruit, and a thousand other things which the farmer can pro fitably furnish. Why will our Democratic friends persist in opposing the extension >f me chanical industry at the South ? Why maintain a mistaken policy, which places the great agri cultural interest ofthe cotton growing States, completely at the mercy of British abolitionists/ Instead of try ing to bring the Mexicans into the Union as citizen voters, and to destroy home manufactures that those of England may con trol the price of cotton, as well as ofcolton fa brics, would it not he wiser to let the Mexicans stay out of the I nion, and build up manufac tures in the cotton growing States ? In our view of the subject, the South has everything to gain by fostering mechanical in dustry, and making her water power create millions of money ; and everything to lose by extending the culture of cotton from the Nueces to the Pacific, and bringing twenty-four free Mexican States into the Federal Union. Ship (anal Across the Peninsula of Florida. A writer in the Apalachicola Advertiser, urges with great force of reasoning, the pro priety of uniting the waters of the Gulf with those of the Atlantic, by means of a canal across the peninsula of Florida. The route proposed is by the Withlacoochee river, which empties into the Gulf, and the St. Johns, which falls into the Atlantic ocean. He says that ••the distance between the navigable waters of the Withlacoochee to Silver Springs, the high est point of navigation on the St. John’s in that direction, is reported to be only seventecn miles. The greatest elevation above the level of the sea is only eighty-seven fret. The geological character of the route is marsh, alternating with sandy marl This formation lies upon a sub-stratum of soft limestone. Thus it ap pears. that the earth may be very easily re moved throughout the whole course of this route. There is not the slightest reason to dread the effects of any quick-sands preventing the accomplishment of this work: for should the channel strike any Led of quick-sand, there is an abundance of timber all along the route, of which effectual and durable curbing may be made.” The expense of the work is estimated at on ly half a million of dollars. The writer claims that the profits would he almost incalculable. A vessel from ihe Gulf carrying a thousand bales of cotton, has to pay from three to five hundred dollars insurance, more than a vessel clearing from the port of Charleston or Savan nah. This channel would bring down rates of insurance, and receive from two to three hun dred dollars for every thousand bales of cotton passing through it. Culture of the Sugar Cane. —The an nexed letter from a highly intelligent planter in Florida, accompanied by a very large stalk of superior Sugar Cane, says the Savannah Re publican. reached us but a short lime since. \\ e published the letter, as its suggestions are val uable. and well worthy the consideration of those planters whose location and lands will permit the experiment of the culture of the Cane. To our friends in Florida, the sug gestion should specially commend itself for they have facility of soil, climate, and position, to render them competitors with Louisiana!!! the culture of this Southern product. Correspondence Savannah Republican- Sr. Augustine, Oct 15. 1847. Clcntlcmen :— I send yon herewith a cane stalk as an average specimen ofthe production ofFionda pine land. The cane sent, you will perceive, is large, well formed, and has twen tv joints, and is well matured, even at this ear ly season—lsth of October. The cane was raised by Mr. Masters, a few miles north of St. Augii’itme. on cow penned land, and many stalks have twenty-three and twenty-four joints. Sugar can be cultivated profitable by every small planter in the country, and is a far more certain and profitable crop than cotton. It oc cupies less room and requires no extra hand*, li the small planters would cultivate it for its surplus, instead of mere home consumption. ' Florida could supply a large portion of the United Slates. Let every small planter be sat- I’-fivii to send to market his five. ten. or twenty barrels, and the quantity sent to market would be very great, and moreover Sugar manufac tured in this way is much better manufactured than wiih all the contingencies of extensive works. The cane matures here much earlier than m Louisiana, as you will perceive by the specimen sent. \ ours, respectfully. Legislature of New York.—The complete returns published by the Albany Argus show the following to be the state of parties in die next Legislature of New York: Whigs. Dem. . In the Senate 24 ? In t!ie H of Representatives-94 33 118 41 ■ Whig majority on joint ballot, seventy-seven ' Arkansas and New Jersey have been added :othe list of States m which the 25th instant is to be observed as a day of thanksgiving. So has Georgia Patrons and Subscribers. Under this head the Raleigh Register makes he following sensible and just remarks, which should be read by every man who takes a news paper: Subscribers to newspapers are divided into two classes—cnstoiyers and patrons. This, be it remembered, is a distinction which we do not claim the merit of forming, as it is made by themselves. But, since our worthy friends have ranged tliemsehres under these different heads, it is very natural that we should be sen sible of the distinctive peculiarities of each.— Under the denomination of customers, are in cluded all those who, when they pay for a pa per, expect the worth of their money, as pro mised in the terms of subscription. This obli gation being fulfilled, they have no more idea thata favor is received on either side, than does the buyer of merchandize, who pays for his purchases and has sent home. They are “ honorable meh,” and though we hope they are satisfied with, what they receive from us in exchange, we are not such churls, as to withhold from them our thanks and kind feelings to boot. _ ; Patrons are a.class of subscribers, who make higher pretensions. They consider that by subscribing to a newspaper, they confer on the publishers a favor too great to be easily repaid Paying a subscription ip advance, is considered by many ’.highly hn^easoliable. Now, unless each number of a paid for when re- ceiveti, either the pyjHßb’; work or the work itself, must be furh hdvanch t 7ihd the latter alternative is much more against the pub lisher than the former is inconvenient to the subscriber. Each subscriber can belter afford to pay yearly, in advance, than the Editor can to credit a heavy amount to a host of scattered individuals, most of whom are of course un known to him. The most extensively circulated of the Eng lish papers, owe their prosperity to the plan of rigidly exacting payment before their papers leave the office, thereby securing the means of giving them ample support. Numbers of Ame rican papers, on the contrary, which at their com mencement bid fairto be an honor to the country have, in a few years dwindled and died. Pa trons may aid the starting of a paper; but cus tomers must sustain it. Patrons are a vascilla ting description of people, who are constantly changing their subscriplions from one paper to another —customers are solid, steady friends, whom you find on your list year after year, al ways with the word paid after their names.— Patrons will slop their subscription on the slightest provocation —customers will sli< k to you like wax Patrons expect you to open your columns to any communication they may send you—customers will expect you to be governed by your own judgment in all such matters. Patrons will quarrel with yon for advocating or opposing any measure in which they may happen to be interested —customers will respect yon for pursuing an independent course.” A ‘‘Norther.’’ The city of Vera Cruz was visited by a se vere “ Norther” during the whole of the last week in October. To avoid going ashore at Sacrfficios, the steamer New Orleans had to generate steam by burning nearly all of her furniture. The lack of harbors on the Mexi can coast, places all shipping there in imminent peril during the tremendous gales to which it is subject. Georgia Railroad. —Coiiqxirative statement of the business ofthe Georgia Rail Road, for the month of October, 164 G and 1847 : 1846. 1847. Increase. Passengers •• • ..815,211 97 $12,561 60 82.650 37 Freight and Mail 35,671 36 36,432 31 dec. 760 95 850,883 33 848,993 91 $1,889 42 Lieut. Selick. Although Augusta has much cause to pride herself upon the gallantry and noble bearing of her native sons on numerous fields in Mex ico, we are quite sure she will recur Io no act of either of them, with more unalloyed plea sure than to that of Lieut. Selick, ofthe S. C. Regiment, related in the following extract from the correspondence of the St. Louis Republi can The writer, after noticing the storming of Chapultepec, and the fact that the first flag hoisted upon its walls was by one ofthe New York regiment, jiroceeds: Immediately on taking Chapultepec, and as soon as his division could be formed and resupplied with am munition, Gen Quitman advanced upon the city by the way ot the Chapultepec causeway. This was the m<»»t direct route to the city, immediately in range of the heaviest batteries and the citadel of the enemy in thecity, and where the enemy had the principal por tion of his force posted. 'Die fire was concede*!, by all who participated in or witnessed the struggle, to be the most severe and incessant that ever a body of men advanced under, in any war of which history furnish es an account. The several batteries of the enemy thrown across tlie causeway were severally attacked and carried. Gen. Quitman always leading in the ad vance. Next he charged upon the Garita de Belen, (the gate of Belen,) the main entrance into the city, and at twenty minutes past one o’clock carried it, and took a positi -n within the city of Mexi:o. When our advance first reached the garita, there being no flag among them, Gen. Quitman took a large silk rod handkerchief, and, fastening it to the top of a rifle, waved it i:i triumph from the wallsof thecity. A few moments afterwards, however, the color company of the South Carolina regiment came up, when Lieut. Selk K, of that regiment, run up the Palmetto colors, by order of Gen. Quitman, from a small building neat it, and while gallantly waving it amid the shoutsand huzzas of the entire division, he was severely wound ed in the thigh. Thus it will be seen that both from the citadel of Chapultepec and from the wails of the city of Mexico, the first American standards that were given to the winds were those of two citizen soldier regiments —the New York and South Carolina, and both of Gen. Shields’s brig ade. Letter from Mr. Van Burf.n.—The editor of the Wilkesbarre (Pa.) Farmer recently wrote a letter to Mr. Van Buren, announcing his desire to nominate him as a candidate for the Presidency in I'4B. Mr. Van Buren wrote a reply, dated at Lindenwold, Oct. 20, 1847. in which, after stating his sense of the honor in tended to be done him, he says: Nevertheless. I assure yon that whatever may have been my aspirations at other periods of my life. I have no desire to re-occtipy that most elevated public station. I have already, by the partiality of my countrymen, partaken very largely of the enjoyments of public life, whilst 1 have not shunned its labors, or been exempt from its inquietudes. The favors and honors w hich have been profusely bestowed on me. by the •emocracy ofthe Union, are. and I trust will ever be. present to my mind and gratefully impressed on my heart. Every day more and more confirmed in the soundness of the political opinions to which I have adhered, conscious of having always done my duty to the people to the best of tny ability, having no heartburnings to be allayed, and no resent ments to be gratified by a restoration to power, and finding my present position entirely adapt ed to my taste and disposition. I am sincerely and heartily desirous to wear the honors and enjoyments of private life, uninterruptedly to the end. The Columbus Railroad, Our fellow-citizens appear to be in earnest about occomplishing the work of Internal Im provement which is to connect us with the At lantic and the Cherokee country. On Satur day evening, at the call of the .May or, a large ■ public meeting assembled at the Court House, j and having called Dr. Robert A. Ware to the j Chair, proceeded to the business of the eve- i ning. The meeting w;ts addressed by Col. John Banks. Mayor Williams, M. Torrance, Gen. McDougald and L. B. Moody.and Resolutions adopted requesting the City Council to sub scribe for Fifteen Hundred Shares in the Stock of Muscogee Railroad Company, payable in; bonds of the city . redeemable after 1852, at an annual interest of 7 per cent per annum. At a meeting of Council on yesterday, a resolution j was passed, in compliance with the request of ; the public meeting, instructing a committee i consHting ofthe .Mayor, and five Aidermen. to report to Council on to-day an ordinance, de- t smn iting ’he ways and means mo>t appropriate to raise the fundsand redeem the issues. Whilst on this subject, we will take the liber ty of suggesting that our Inferior Court might probably at this time, subscribe for twenty oC thirty thousand dollars’ worth ot the stock. The ! county, by the prudent management of its fi- 1 nance*, is clear of deb:: and it strikes us that as the whole people of the country are imme diately interested tn the project, there could be no reasonable objection thus to appropriate a portion of the common land. This may be a , new idea to some of our citizens, but it is one which we trust will be duly considered by the guardian* of the interests ot the county. If I the stock should prove valuable— and every thinking man so regards the prospect—such an | investment will in future relieve the people of I a portion of the burden of their taxes. The ! prospect has never been so fair that the Road would be built as at this time. It it is to be done. I let it now be done.— Columbus Enquirer, 2nd Hit. The Washington Union states that nothing in the shape of despatches has yet been received from Gen Scott A Melancholy Tale of Wo—The sJiip Lord Ashburton, which left Liverpool on the J3th of September, arrived at Grosse Isle, below Quebec, on Thursday, having lost on her passage One Hundred and Seven of her passengers by fever and dysentery, with a large number still on the sick fist. The following distressing particulars we copy from the Quebec Mercury : To any one conversant with the climate ot Canada, the facts we are about to cite will prove how little regard for human fife has been had by the inhuman landlords of Ireland and the parochial authorities ol the leading seaports of Great Britain. On Saturday last, the 30th day of October, the Lord Ashburton, a vessel from Liverpool, freighted with a general cargo, and passengers, arrived at Grosse Isle, in a most wretched state. When sailing* her passengers numbered 475 steerage and 2 cabin. Before her arrival at quarantine station she had lost upwards q/* one hundred and seven, of dysentery and fever, and about sixty of the remaining passengers were then ill of the same complaint. So deplorable was ‘he condition of those on board, that five of the passengers had to remain to work the ship up from Grosse Isle. A steamer, the Alliance, was sent down for them, and on board her all were embarked, without respect to circumstances —the sickly, the healthy, the tottering, and the dying ! On her way up from Grosse Isle to Quebec five deaths occurred; how many will have taken place before she reaches Montreal ? New-York and Charleston Steam Pack ets. —We have learned from private source*, that the announcement ofthe building of two more steam packets, to ply between New- York and Charleston, published in our paper of 2d inst., on the authority of the Courier & Enquirer was premature. The project, if we are correctly informed, was enter ained and the initiatory steps taken in the matter —but as yet no actual subscriptionshave been obtained, sufficient to warrant the belief that this project will be carried into effect; and consequently that there is no prospect of any new sea steam ers being placed on the fine during the ensuing summer. We make this statement a matter of duty, having given currency to the report that two large new steamers were to be immediately commenced, and promptly placed in the trade. We should be pleased to hear from some ofthe New York editors on the subject.— Ch. Cour. Battle of Ul amantla. —We have had the pleasure of reading a letter from Lieut. Clai borne, of Capt. Walker’s Company of Mount ed Riflemen, written to a relation in this city, from Puebla, of date 15th of October, in refer ence to the battle at Iliiamanlla, in which Capt. Walker was killed. Lieut. Clairborne acted as adjutant of the comm ind of 600 men which attacked Iliiamanlla. The Mexicans, to the number of 2500, under Gen. Santa Anna, at tacked the small force of Americans, and were signally defeated—losing two cannons, and hav ing a large number of killed and wounded.— A’. O. Delta. Election of Judges by the People.—A proposition has been made in the Legislature of Tennessee to amend the Constitution so as to give the election of Judges and Attorney-Gen erals to the people. The Nashville Union ap prove* the proposed change, and advocates it in an extended article. The Planet Mars.—Every body must have been for a long time past struck with the unu sual brilliancy of this beautiful planet in the east. On Sunday it came in opposition to the sun, and it is now several millions of miles nearer to ns than it will he again for many years. When nearest its distance was about 43 millions of miles. On the 23th of September, 1848, when most remote, its distance will he five and a half times as great, or about 249 mil lions ; and on December 12th. 1849, when again nearest to us. the distance of this planet will be about 55 millions, or about 12 millions of mile* greater than at the present time. Its bri liancy. therefore, at the opposition of De cember. 1849. will be much less than thatat the opposition of October. 1817. Death of Dissecting Wound. —A young gentleman named Crawford, a son ofthe late Hon. W IL Crawford, of Georgia and a mem ber of the Jefferson Medical School of Phila delphia, came to hi* death a few days ago, in that city, from the effects of a slight puncture received in one of his hands, whilst engaged in dissecting. We cannot but remark how com mon such occurrences have become of late years. Squeezing Blood out of a Turnip.—This process.of which we believe no successful ex periment is on record, is to beatempted by Mr. Polk in the conduct of the Mexican war. Af ter saying that the war shall be prosecuted un til Mexico sues for peace—which means for ever—the Union says: “ We suppose it will now be regarded throughout our country as a settled |»oint that the war n ust, to the fullest practicable extent, be henceforth waged at the expense of Mexico. She has elected to renew it, and she must bear much of its burdens. She must be made to feel the weight of military contributions, under the rigor of martial law, in her provinces and in her cities.'' Mexico is unable to support her own army, though her soldiers can live on parched corn and cold water. Where the money is to come from to support the invading army, we think it will greatly puzzle Mr. Polk to find. Waddy Thompson says that there are not twenty ricii men in Mexico; that the chief property of the country consists in houses and lands, which no one will buy at a tenth of their value, and in jewels and the precious metals, which belong to the churches, and which can easily be secreted. How, out of these materials, can the expenses ot’ the war be wrung ? Mexico could not raise the revenue necessary to support our ar my if her Government was organized, the peo ple contented. and the country prosperous and at peace. How absurd to talk of her raising it as she is now, with no Government, no com merce. no industry, and with none of the sources of public wealth. — Providence Journal. Wilmot and his Proviso. —3 r. Wilmot i* on a cru*ade in New York, in defence of his proviso, in the paternity of which he indignant ly denies that the Whigs had an) participation —a fact to which we respectfully call ihe atten tion of the Fredericksburg Recorder. At Poughkeepsie. Mr Wilmot stated that the pro viso was exclusively a Democratic move ment. and that not ten Whig members of Con gress were aware of its existence at the time he brought i*. before the House.’’ He added, that, ‘on its first passage in the House crery Democratic member from the Free States, except two, voted for it;” but, before the second vote was taken, he said, as Randolph once said ofsome of the Crawford men, a lew of them were bought up or whipped in— “the se cret spring of power (he says,) having been touched bv an unseen hand, and the driver s lash having been applied to their servile backs. Such i* the testimony of a Locofoco ol high standing—one whose re-election to Congress occasioned shout* of rejoicing from hi* ’'na tural allies” of the South ! — Richmond Whig. Gen. Taylor.—The Washington Union of Saturday night says: It is understood that Gen. Taylor —who has been absent from his family and private busi ness for more than two year* and a halt, and during the whole of that time bas been engaged in the most important and arduous duties—has asked for leave of absence to return to the Uni ted States for six month*. His letter to that effect was received by the Adjutant Genera! veslerday evening; in the course ot which Gen. Ta) lor states that he thinks, in consequence oi the present charac- ■ ter ofthe war, hi* services may not be wanted jal this time. He purposes to remove to Mata moros earlv th'n month, where he awaits tne : answer of the Government, and expresses a de sire to be m New-Orleans by the nrst oi De cember. , , We understand that the leave of absence ha- j been granted to him ; and we have no doubt | that if events should arise to call i«»r his ser ! vices on that frontier, he will fly io place him self at the head of his gallant army. Transatlantic Postage.—The \\ ashington : Union has the following official annunciation ; POSTOFFICB D-PARTMENI. > Xl4l . Th- British Government having seen ht to charge with f.,l postaae aeroas the Allant.c the ma.l -uauer which was actually conveyed across it by the I .ule J § - ■ ' as a measure of sell-protection, that this govt-rntneio i should take the steps therein authorized, tor tenniua- I tin* th*- subsisting arrangement foj:ween the two I conntrzs. in relation as well to Brn.sh .n tran i sit tiir nigh this country for their cokx-ial possesion on ‘ this c-’nuneni, as the ordinary mail intercourse br- ■ tween those possessions and the United Stales 1 bis i was accordingly done; and those arrmgemeau wm, | m consequence, teriminate on the ,la > ••*- present month. , , w Th- necessary result will be. that on and a ,er Oie sixteenth instant, no mail matter destined i >r any oi th#* British possessions on this continent. w..i ->e p- r ’ mined to leave the United States, unless the Lusted States postage thereon i* prev! Hislv fully paid. Cave Johnson. Postmaster Genera.. Mr. Clay—The War.—The Lexington ' Observer contains a call for a public meeting. ! and add* : = • We are authorized to say Mr. Clay wiiiad- ’ ’ dress the meeting on the subjects ol jhe exist- . mg War with Mexico, the conquest ot Mexico i j its annexation to the United States. &c.. an i will present resolutions tor the consideration I of the meeting-** □Vugnsta, ©a.: SATURDAY MORNING, NOV. 13, 1847. Annual Report of tlxe Chief-Engineer. The reader will find this interesting docu ment in our paper of to day. The Report shows that the Railroad is in a prosperous con dition, and promises the most auspicious re sults in future. The recommendation of the Engineer to reduce the charge for freight, we regard as indicating a sound policy for the State, having an eye to revenue alone. His remarks against a reduction of the charge for passengers, except during a few months in the sickly season of the year, are not so satisfac tory. As the success of the railroad system, and the utility of these public works depend in a good degree on the economy and skill with which they are managed, the question ofthe price of freight and charge for passengers is obviously one of paramount importance. The condition of the Cherokee country in Georgia, at this time, very much resembles that of Western New Y'ork in 1825, when the Erie Canal was completed. The former has this advantage: itis2oo miles fearer the seaboard. Cheap travel and cheap transportation soon gave a few counties in Western New York a rural population of 400,000 souls. These in dustrious cultivators of a virgin soil paid the first cost of the Erie Canal in a few years, and added one hundred millions to the taxable pro perty of the State. Can nothing of this kind be done in Northern Georgia ? A line of steamers from Savannah to New York, with cheap travel and cheaper freight between North ern Georgia and the great markets of the world, whence immigrants are to cotne. will do for the Cherokee country what the Erie Canal has done for Western New York. Pur sue a wise and liberal policy in tiie management of railroads, and the fact will soon be evident that the farming lands in Central and Northern Georgia are increased four-fold in value by rea son of these public works. By a system of low tolls, the Treasury of the State of New-York will receive this season a tribute of over two millions of dollars from the citizens of other States, who send their pro duce to market, and obtain their imports through New-York canals. The revenue of the Erie Canal this year, will be about fifty per cent on the original cost of the work. It took twenty years to persuade the people of that State, that sound financial policy required a reduction of tolls on Western corn below eight cents a bushel, for passing through a canal 364 miles in length. With tolls at eight cents(omit ting fractions) the revenue from corn in 1845 was about $2,400. With tolls at four cents, in 1847, the revenue will not be far from one hun dred times \hu.t sum pn\d on corn by the corn growers ofthe West. Since the opening ofthe Erie Canal on the 10th of May last, more Wes tern corn has passed through it than has gone down the Mississippi in fifteen months. Most of this grain was drawn to the Hudson river from the tributaries of the Mississippi. The quantity which had arrived at tide water at Al bany and Troy on the 30th October was 5,699,- 387 bushels. The business of transporting this gain to market is about twice as large per bu shel as that of raising it. That is, a bushel of corn which is worth 20 cents on the Wabash is worth 60 in New-York, giving to the carriers two-thirds ofthe price in market. If we mistake not there is some corn grown in Tennessee, and a little in Kentucky. If the State of New-Y ork, by a canal 364 miles in length, can command an annual tribute of two millions from the grain growing States of the Southwest, or West, can the enterprising and intelligent citizens ofGeorgiado nothing of the kind through her Railroads, which shall tap Alabama. Tennessee, Kentucky and the upper valley ofthe Father of Waters ? It would take very little statistical research to demonstrate the ability of Tennessee and Kentucky alone, to send ten millions of bushels of kiln-dried meal to the Southern Atlantic coast for export every year. Great improvements have recently been made in preparing this important article for distant markets, so that it w ill keep without in jury. Os this we will take another occasion to speak. Let us suppose the State of Georgia (having decided to construct a railway from Savannah to the Tennessee river) prepares herself to transport ten millions of bushels of corn, or their equivalent in meal, a year, at sixteen cents a bushel. How much income will she receive for her labor ? One million six hundred thou sand dollars. Six hundred thousand of which will pay all expenses, and leave a million for interest. All the other agricultural products will equal, and more than equal, in tonnage, that of corn. This is down freight. Every body knows that the weightier exports of a region always draw the import trade through the same channel. The revenue derived from the up trade, or return freight of boats leaving tide-water, on the Erie Canal, is about two thirds as large as that on down freight. We have long believed that this State po« sesses great commercial advantages. The ob structions in the Savannah between the city and the ocean ought to be removed by the General Govenment without farther delay Indeed, the navigation of the river up to this city deserves the attention of Congress, and something better than Mr. Polk’s vetoes. — There is away to give the city of Savannah a population of 100,000 souls; and to Augusta an equal number—the former by Commerce, the latter by Manufactures. Massachusetts Election.—The New Y’ork papers of Tuesday morning contain partial re turns, by telegraph, of the election in Massa chusetts on Monday, for Governor and Legis lature. There is probably no choice of Gov ernor by the people, though Mr. Cushing, the democratic candidate has a largely increased vote. The Legislature is undoubtedly whig in both branches. The Whig majority in Boston is 1.114 over all others. Well Said.—The following good-humored hit at the dissentions of the Whigs of the Ten nessee Legislature, is from the LaGrange Re porter : Elected at Last.—The Legislature of Ten nessee have had seven ballotings for a United States Senator : and, according to accounts, has elected an office-seekinsr fellow, who has supplicated the public suffrage for the last— Gracious Goodness knows how long. At the last balloting, the vote stood thus: R ese, 15 | Tripp, 19 Netherland, 16 ■ Scattering. 49 Mr. Reese is behind all. notwithstanding Mr. Netherland is evidently in the ground. Mr. Tripp will be denied a trip to W ashingion, and Mr. Scattering will be well rewarded for his long and untiring perseverance. There were too many candidates, at first—and we are glad that the Legislature has made a Scattering among them. Wisconsin. —We learn from the Madison Express of Oct. 26, that a bill in relation to the formation of a State Government had passed the Council, as was then before the House. It provides that an election for Delegate* be held on the 30th of November; that the number of the Convention be 62: that it meet on the third Wedne*day of December; tiiat-i census ofthe Territory be immediately taken ; and that the Governor be authorized to order the election of anew Convention in case the Constitution shall be rejected by the people. Cincinnati, Nov. 9, p. M.— Passage of Com Stockton on to Washington—Great Fresh et and Damage — Corn. Stockton, who has just arrived from California, passed up the river ’.his morning on his way to Washington. His vnit there doubtless has some connection with the Fremont trial. There has been another ffreat freshet here, and the White Water river has risen tremen dously. On the White Water canal, the feeder dam and embankment, at Harrison, are washed away.— Haitimors Sun. VOL. LXI.--NEW SERIES, VOL. XI., NO. 46. WESTERN & ATLANTIC RAILROAD. Report ofthe Chief Engineer. Engineer’s Office, ? Atlanta, Oct. 25th, 1847. ) His Excellency Geo W. Crawford : Sir:— lt is with feelings of no common satis faction that I submit the following Report of the business, condition and prospects of the Western & Atlantic Rail Road. The experiment has been fairly made and the ultimate and complete success of this great work is no longer a problem. Every day adds to the extent of country discharging its surplus and receiving its supplies through this chan nel. This trade, although still burthened with the heavy tax of thirty-five miles of the trans portation by wagons, to'reach the great feeder, the Tennessee river, has already far exceeded the anticipations of the most sanguine friend.* of the Road, It is now evident that a work, which was looked upon by many as valuable chiefly for its indirect effect on the agricultu ral, commercial and political prosperity of the State, is destined to become a great source of revenue. It must be remembered that the work is still incomplete and its present receipt* must bear a very small proportion to what may be expected when it is carried to its original destination. The net profits of the year have been $37,- 806. 93. It is believed that the current ex penses of the Road will compare favorably with those of any road doing the same amount of business. The per centage of these expenses must always be large when Uie business is small, and as the one increases the other will decrease. The cost of maintaining the road has been greatly increased by the total inadequacy of locomotive power. Two of the engines in use, were bought second hand at a reduced price—the constant service required of them was such as the very best new machines could not have sustained, and as might be expected, the repairs on them have been very costly. Few engines have ever performed better ser vice than those, under more disadvantageous circumstances. Since the purchase, one of them has run 42,377 miles, and the other 39,921 miles —and they have been in constant use. never going into the shop for repair as long as they could be kept on the road. It was not possible to repair each defect as soon as discovered, as sound policy would dictate, since there was no engine to substitute for either of them. There have been few periods within the last year, when it was not necessary to hire one and often two locomotives. And even that expedient could not secure the important end of having, in each case, the machine best adapted to the efficient and economical peform ance of the work required. An accident to one ofthe new locomolives, which destroyed all the flues, occasioned an extraordinary expenditure in its repair. The two passenger cars have undergone such thorough repair as to be almost entirely renewed and to equal the cos: of two new cars. The difficulty arising from scarcity of mo tive power, was foreseen in time and would have been provided against, but for the impos sibility of commanding the means. Those who have not tried it can scarcely estimate the expense and inconvenience resulting from this cause. There should have been eight-wheel locomotives, of about thirteen tons weight, employed in the mail service. These could carry four freight cars with the passengers, at a convenient speed ; thus supplying the Depot at the head of the Road, and obviating the ne cessity for running freight trains through daily. This process would have resulted in a great saving without injury to any part of the ser vice. There has been another source of heavy ex pense. At least 13 per cent, of the necessary expenses of the year, has been for repairing and giving additional security to the Bridges, about $6,750 have been used in this way. When it is remembered what consequences would fol low a defect neglected in one of the Bridges, it will readily be granted that too strict an economy would here be misplaced. The poli cy has been to expend every dollar on the Bridges which was deemed expedient, and to make them secure beyond the shadow of a doubt. The rent paid for the use of freight cars amounted to $6,223 72, which is not, strictly speaking, an item of expense of transporta tion, though it has been so considered in our accounts. It is an item peculiar to this work, and it should be recollected that it diminishes the apparent profits of the road, as compared with other roads, by nearly its full amount. If three fourths of this were added to the pro fits they would be increased to $42,474 72. No account has been taken of the work done for the road itself, consisting of transportation of wood, timber and Iron. The iron alone, if transported for an individual or a company, would have added to our receipts, 2,849 36, which is entitled to its just weight in compar ing the expenses with the profits. Under all the circumstances of the case, the amount of clear profit from the business ofthe last year cannot fail to be considered highly satisfactory. It is deemed proper, while enumerating the various causes of extraordinary expense, to recommend a measure which should be imme diately adopted with regard to the Bridges Four of them, Whetstone, Arms, Noonday and Proctor’s Creek, should be substituted by cnl vertsand embankments, and the length ofChat tahooche and Etowah bridges should be great ly reduced. This might be economically done by employing a locomotive and train of gravel cars, with a small party of hands, and allowing them to continue at the work until it is comple . ed. At the period of my last report, the road was in operation to Oothcaloga, a distance of 80 miles. The completion of the work beyond that point was much retarded by the delay in the arrival of the iron which had been ordered. The superstructure was prepared for the re ception ofthe iron and had to lie in that condi tion for months before its arrival. Nevertheless the road went into operation to Resaca, a point six miles further on, by the Bth of April, and to Dalton, (formerly Plains,) by the 22nd of July. The benefits resulting from this exten sion of road, were fully equal to what was anti cipated. The receipts, both from freights and passengers.during the month of July, were just three limes those of the previous July, although there were only six miles additional road in use, except during the la*t nine days of the month, when the increase of distance was twenty-one miles. The lates of freight have been modified from lime to time, care being taken to protect the interest oftthe State on the one hand, and to meet the reasonable demands of the commu nity on the other. The results have proved the tariff adopted to the judicious. But it is believed that still further reductions must be made at some future day. especially on the agricultural productions of the country. Every reduction in the charges on our great staples lends to develope the productive energies of the country ; and as these swell the amount of tonnage transported, the road is enabled, pro fitably to reduce the charges still lower—until, eventually, when ’.he communications with the interior are perfected, so as to enlarge the country to be acted on. and the resources of the country itself are developed fully, the freight charged on agricultural products must be brought to the lowest point consistent with profit. There are many reasons to believe that the shipment of breadstuff's from the Ports of our seaboard, is to increase vastly in amount and importance. The grain sent to those markets, being transported by Railroads can reach there without exposure to rain or dampness, and thus be delivered in better condition for shipment, than that received at any other port in the U nion. Moreover, grain grown in the vicinity ofthe Western & Atlantic Railroad, can come to market at an earlier period than that of any other important grain-growing region of our country. The great bulk ofthe grain shipped through the New York improvements, goes to market after the opening of navigation in the spring, thus giving the grain sent over the Western & Atlantic Railroad an advantage of from four to six months. These reasons are of equal force in guarding u* against the compe tition of Ne*v Orleans. If indeed New Or leans, which can only be reached by two thou sand miles of tedious navigation, can be con sidered as seriously competing for the grain of this region. One great argument against New Orleans, as a grain market, and which applies though with far less force to Charleston and Sa vannah, i* the dampness ofthe climate, as an objection to storing for any con*ider<able length of time. The great rapidity of Railroad inter course. carrying intelligence in little more than a day from the sea-shore to the Tennessee Ri ver. will prevent the necessity for this operation in our case. ihe grain may be stored in rhe Depots of the interior, and the owner may be constantly informed of every fluctuation in the markets so as to send it forward at the proper time. The great improvement of the age. which has wrought such a change in the affair* of the world, w ill have its effects here too—add ing still more to the numerous advantages now fostering thistrade. When the Magnetic W ires are stretched along the important line* of rail way, the daily and hourly prices current will be as well known to the grain-grower in the inte rior, as to the inhabitants of the seaboar . The period has not vet arrived when the gen eral rate of charge on Passengers can be safely reduced. Tb.Aipen.nen. can orny succeed fullv in a dense population. « here any reduc tion wdi reach a large class, which was not be fore influenced With a sparse population, little variety of bußinerepnrauita, and no large townsalong the line requiring frequent inter course, u reduction of fare would be found to produce a very small increase of travel. The true way to benefit the inhabitants of the conn* try near the road is to transport their staples at a low price. That affects every man, as all are obliged to dispose of what they produce at home, before they can purchase supplies from abroad. The charge on these staples is an in evitable tax and its reduction will be tiniversal ly felt. On the contrary, the charge on travel lers is one which each man has the option te bear or avoid as inclination may prompt It is therefore better for the great body of the peo ple to levy this discretionary tax, so as to be bet ter able to lower the inevitable tax on all they have to send to market. But it is believed that duringa short period of each year, a considerable reduction of faro, for a specified time, will be productive of deci ded advantages to the road and the coinmnnit This was tried in the month of August, a d resulted in an increase of 30 per cent, in the total receipts, over those of the preceding month, which up to that time had been much the largest in any one month since the opening of the Road. There was one defect evident in the plan adopted in August. The low priced tickets required the holders to return within twenty days, or lose the benefit of them. This created a sudden and great increase of travel, causing some inconvenience and expense to the Railroad, and disproportioned to the limited s| accommodations ofthe country, but just erner- ) ged from the forest. One advantage arising from this state of things is that the energies of the w people have been fully aroused, andtheaccom inodations for Travellers in the Cherokee coun try will be fully doubled in another year. It had the advantage too of making the country known. xMany, who had not before visited this region, were surprised to find that they could leave the hot atmosphere of the cities, and with in a few hours, reach a country abounding in wholesome air, cool waters and beautiful scen ery. The man of business may leave his of lice, to enjoy all this, and return before his ab sence is discovered. The number of persons from lower Georgia and Carolina, who spend the summer in the Cherokee country must increase. For they can not fail to see the incalculable benefits growing out of this intercourse. We have here a coun try of vast, though dormant resources and en ergies. These when properly stimulated and developed, will build up on our sea coast, mar kets which may rival the great Emporium of America. Is it not then most clearly the inte rest of those more directly interested in these growing marts, to add to the prosperity and stimulate the enterprise of the people whose commerce supports them? This they may do most effectually by spending among them mo ney, which will, in the course of trade, soon re turn to their own pockets, instead of throwing it away in other Slates, without the remotest prospect of any profitable return. The very luxuries demanded for the accommodation of these travellers, must be bought from them selves. There is another strong motive to make this region a favorite summer resort for southern people. Every year adds to the violence of op position, in some parte of the Union to an in stitution which is valuable to us, and, as many believe, even essential to our political prosperi ty. It is impossible for a family to carry a ser vant to the North. For, even when the slave is uuwillingto leave his master, he has often to submit to a persecution from these sickly Phi lanthropists, which drives him to seek the pro tection of the law. This then is another mo tive to induce the people of Georgia to spend their summers in Georgia. The Cherokee country has improved and is improving with a rapidity never before wit nessed in any southern State, The more it is resorted to the more rapid will be this ameliora tion—and it certainly bids fair to abound in every thing to gratify the taste as it now does in all things to please the eye. In short, a vol ume could scarcely enumerate the advantages, social, commercial and political, which must re sult from the constant and intimate intercourse of the inhabitants of the mountains and the sea board. The Railroads may foster and stimulate this intercourse and be amply repaid by its increase. After mature reflection, founded on actual ob servation, it has been determined to recommend a considerable reduction in the charge on pas sengers, to last from the Ist of June to the Ist . of October, in each year, and not to apply to I any other period. This will enable persons from the unhealthy parts ofthe country to leave home and spend the sickly months in this healthy region at a cost so moderate as will tempt hundreds to avail themselves of the opportunity. The sugges tion is respectfully submitted to the several Railroad companies interested, and can be act ed on at any lime before the season approach es. In this case there is a mass to act on, and a reduction of fare will inevitably increase the number of passengers. A very large propor tion ofthe people who crowd the northern rail ways and their Hotels during the summer are from the south. If but a tithe of this travel can be influenced our Railroads will be largely be ne tied by the experiment. The Railroad spirit is thoroughly awaken ed and exhibiting itself in the commencement or projection of lines which must act as impor tant feeders to this. The branch to Rome is in full progress and may be expected to go into operation in all the ensuing spring. This will secure to us a most valuable trade from the valley of the Coosa immediately, and its ultimate effect will be to cherish and promote the project which has al ready attracted much atten'ion, of extending the line of road, in that direction, to Tuscaloosa and perhaps through the heart of Mississip pi to Vicksburg, byway of Brandon and Jack son. The feeling displayed in the late convention at Knoxville leaves no doubt of the eventual success of the Hiwassee Railroad:—a line of more than 100 miles, extending into a region abounding in mineral and agricultural wealth. But the most important road to connect with this is the Nashville &. Chattanooga Rail road—which is indeed the extension of this to the great west. To say anything about the value and importance of this extension, not only in its effect on the State road of Georgia, hut in its general and national character, would be to repeal truths which are now fami liar to all. and which have engaged many of the most active minds of Georgia and the adjoin ing States for twelve years past. It is the great line of connexion between the Atlantic ports and the mighty valley of the Mississippi. The line of this road has been carefully sur veyed—and, from the report of an eminent practical Engineer, it will be seen that there is no serious difficulty in constructing a good road over the ground. Such progress has al ready been made in obtaining subscriptions of stuck as to leave no doubt of the early com mencement of the work. The Legislature of Georgia is now called on once more to give the last impulse to her great work. Thirty-nine miles ofthe Western and Atlantic Railroad are yet unfinished. The graduation of tins distance has long been com pleted. w ith the exception of the Tunnel and 8 few other unimportant places. The cost of the work uow required to complete lhe road to its original destination on lhe Tennessee river will be $375,000. There is not a shadow of doubt entertained that this expenditure will at once add $125,000 per annum to the net profits ofthe road. So that the net income from the work will be increased by a sum equal io 33| percent, per annum on the amount required to complete it, and lhe whole might be finished in one year. Thus would the increase of profits, in four years, return the money invested.— Whereas, if the road were left to the slow pro cess of completing itself, by its own income; which, in its present unfinished state, must be comparatively small, eight years would be re quired to accomplish the work During this eight years, the sum 0f53,305,165 already ex pended in the road, would be useless capital, and for the same space oftime would the whole country be deprived of the incalculable bene fits to result from the completion of this great work. More than half a million has been ex pended between Dalton and Chattanooga, which is literally useless until something more is done to bring it into active use. The appropriation now demanded possesses the high recommendation of being intended, like all the expenditures of the last three years, to render active and profitable, a large capital, now lying dormant, which is already expended and beyond the reach of legislation. To enumerate the many advantages to jo derived from the completion of this road, and to multiply arguments on the subject at this time would be idle. There can be but one opinion. The Legislature cannot hesitate as to the proper course. . An exammation of the ground in the neigh borhood of the Tunnel was made during lhe summer to ascertain lhe practicability of going around it- The tunnel cannot be avoided without an increase of three miles in distance and of 40 feet in elevation to be overcome ; <fi.-ad vantages of themselves more than equiva lent to lhe cost of the Tunnel. There is no practical difficulty in the way of executing this tunnel in a short lime and at a reasonable cost. In obedience to your Excellency’s orders, the Chief-Engineer proceeded to Savannah ia Mav last and borrowed from lhe Bank of the State of Georgia, the Planters’ Bank, and the Manne and Fire Insurance Bank, the sum of $75,000. This sum was used to meet sertain payments to lhe Bank of Charleston for loans effected at various dates frou* Marsh 6th te