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CHKOM ;LE ai\(j sentinel. AUGUSTA. SATURDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 14. Presidential Election. The Charleston Courier of yesterday says:— she great contest has been so decisively settled that the Washingten Globe, the organ of the administration at the National Capi al, mates the foilowinfi anun ciation of Mr. Van Bcken’s defeat —*‘It becom.s our duty to announce to the public that we have received returns of the elections in a sufficient nurji ber of States to render the final result no longer doubtful.” Georgia. * We understand that official returns have be|n received at the Executive Department from ;«1 counties, which give a majority of 9,134 sos Har rison. | Virginia. | The Old Dominion, says the Richmond Whigpt Tuesday last “is yet in a fog.” The Globe, Jjf Monday evening, gives returns from 105 counties, matin'the V. B. majority, thus far 331. To this statement it appends the following: ** Note. — We deem it proper to state that the Bait. American of this morning, claimed to have heard from 104 counties, in which the Federal majority is upwards of 1700; and the Intel.igencer, of thi; moii-ing, claims 859 majority. Notwithstanding this, we feet confident that the Democratic paijy has earned Virginia. Many of our returns are copied from Federal papers. The Baltimore American, of Tuesday morning, gives returns from 164 counties and cities, shew ing a Van Buren majority of 161. It adds the fal lowing remaiks: — | “There are 16 counties yet to be heard fretm which in 1836 'are a Van Buren majority of votes. In vaiious papers from who h the abo e table is coupled, there is ads screpancy in the re turns from several counties, which can only be rec tified when the official returns are received.” « The Madisonian, of the 10th says, i “ There were returns in the Baltimore papers yesterday, from Southern Virginia, which if accu rate, would give the State to Hairison. But we have no confidence in those returns, and scarcely a hope of the State. Washington county gives 224 majority for Van Bu-en, The Richmond Whig, in another article says: “ The Old Dominion h‘S cast her vote for Martin * Van Buren, in all human probability by a few hundreds.” The Whig ascribes the result to frauds in She nandoah, Rockingham and Chesterfield. It adds, in relation to Virginia— “ That her fair, legitimate and lawful vote bas been given for Harrison, is universally believed by the whigs of this city. Were it important,tsie Whig party of Viiginia could and would prove this, to the conviction of ati mankind. 1 lie overwhelm ing success of the whigs of the Union, renders it unnecessaiy. But we trust and we claim, (hat ev ery whig shall exert himself and never desist, un til our election laws are reformed, and the people protected against fraud and rascality in elections. Never, pcop eof Virginia! consent to leave it to any three men to say who may or who may not vote! Never consent that the deepest and most criminal frauds may be practiced notoriously, and the laws afford you noiedress ! Have this whole matter investigated by your assembly at the next session. If it occupies a year, have it done, Suf frage is the spring head, and tii.it poisoned, the whole stream will be poisoned too. “ We are deeply, unspeakably mortified at the result in Vi ginia. It ought not to have been so. If the opposing side had played us fair play, it would not have been so. They in many counties have had the advantage of universal sutlrage. The whigs to the best of our knowledge and belief, have not violated or attempted* to violate the laws of voting. We can point to to six or eight coun ties alone where Van Buren received more bad votes than his whole majority in Viginia. It is hard to bear such injuries—most hard. But, let us bear them now, but take caie they shall never happen again. The whigs comm md the Legisla ture. They can, they ought, they must, p : otect the country against election Lauds in future ** The National Intelligencer of the 10th inst. gives returns from all but 18 counties, showing a Ilani rison majority, so far, of 809. The Richmond V\ hig of Tuesday says:—We have returns official and reported from ah except 9 counties: Logan, Lee, Russel, and Scott hereto fore V. 8., and Fayette and Nicholas, Lewis and Braxton, and Bandolph, Whig The present V. B. m jority in the counties heard from, taking the highest reported Van Buren majorities is between 4 and 500 The vote of the lernaining counties and may overcome this majority ; but it is not probable. Maine. The Boundary State is almost certainly Harri sonized. Returns frorr. 304 towns reported in the Boston Atlas of Saturday morning, show a gain of 850 over the vote of September. The number of towns and plantations amounts to 360. It is sup posed that in Hancock and Washington Congres sional districts the scatteting votes will again pre vent a choice. Kentucky. This State bids |fair, thinks the Lexington In telligencer, to give Harrison 20,000 majority. Ohio. The Buck-eye State, says the Wheeling Gazette of the sih, promises to give Harrison 2u,00 r > major ity. Indiana. ® The Hoosier State, bj returns from ninecounties, shows a Harrison gain of 468 votes since the late Governor’s election. Michigan. The Woolverine Stale, in five counties, give,* a Harrison gain of 180 since 1839. ; Pennsylvania. t The Harrison majority in the Key Stone Sta'e, is stated by the National Gazette, of Monday eve ning last, at 21S, by the North American, of Tins dey at 186, and the Intjuirer, of same date, at 583 or 176, at the lowest calculation. Upwards? of ® 285,0( 0 votes were polled al the election : where as the late October election the number of votes was but 256,137. The Whig head quarters were illuminated, on the evening of the 9th, in celebra tion of the event. ? New York. In the Cataract State, the Harrison majority, hc cording to tne Commercial Advertiser, of the 9tb, will be swelled to 12000. New’ York has spoken witii the voice of Niagara against the Administia tion. Gov. Seward’s majority will be about 10000. We make the following extract from the Adver tiser : “ Governor Seward’s majority will be about the same as it was in 1838, perhaps a few hundred less, in consequence of the opposition of a portion of the bar, to the new and reduced fee bill of last session, for whicn the Governor was unjustly cen sured ; aso in consequence of the school-fund question, which, strangely enough, has been work ed up in such a manner as to drive the whole body of Irish Roman Catholics, in a compact phalanx, into the arms of their wor-t enemies. The Northern section ol the Btate Ins done no bly. The Van Buren men were ciiuckling much last week, over the defeat of Senator Tallmadgii in Dutchess. But this defeat is only partial, as it is believed the Whig elec oral ticket has a ma ori ty in that county, wnile Silas Wright’s own coun ty, sf Law ence, has gone dead against him, and elected a Whig member of Congress —Henry Van * Rensslaer. Esq., a son of the late Patroon of Al ■ ’>ary. We have not room for a table of members of f ©egress-elect to-day. It appears to to be pretty well spttl d that the Fan Buren parly have gained six members, while the Whigs have gained lour — leaving a net Van Buren gain of two. The Whigs will probably have a majority of eight in >he House of Assembly, and of about thirty on joint ballot.” Mi-sisslppi. A slip from the office of the Tuscaloosa Monitor, dated November 9th, says —We have intelligence of the vote in the followi ig 12 roun*ies in Missis sippi, viz: Attala, Choctaw, Hinds, Lowndes, Leake. Madison, Monroe, Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Rankin, Warren, and Winston. In these counties the Whig majority last year was only 102 votes — now it is 1547 ! —being a gain of 1445 !! Mississippi may be, and is, considered safe for Harrison and Tyler. In 1836 Van Buren’s majority was 291—and in 1839 the Democratic majority for McNutt ove r Turner, for Governor, was- 3114. Tennessee. Reported majorities in Lincoln and Bedford Counties about 2000 for Van Buren. In the same counties Polk received 2433 majority. Alabama. Montgomery County, 323 Harrison majority ; in August the average majority was 169. Russill County, reported Haniscn majority 350; in August 135. Macon County, 425 for Harrison ; 250 in Au gust. Presidential Election. ACTUAL EESULTS. H. V.B. 1. New Hampshire, (^j > 7 Jff) 2. Rhode Island, 4 3. New Jersey, y 8 4. Connecticut, 8 5. 'laryland, 10 6 Georgia, 11 7. Ohio, 21 1 vania, 30 9. New York,., 42 10. Maine, 10 11. Kentucky 15 12. Indiana, 9 168 7 _____ I *• Does your mother know you arc out,” as the , Whig said to Van Buren, when the news from New York was received in Washington. THE DAY IS OURS. Harrison Elected President. “Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths; Our bruised arms hung up for monuments ; Our stem alarums chang’d to merry meetings. Our dreadful marches to delightful measures. “ Grim visag’d war hath smooth,d his wrinkled front.” Oh ! who that shares them ever shall forget The emotions of this spirit-rousing time When breathless in the mart the couriers meet, Early and late, at evening and at prime, When the loud cannon and the merry chime Hail news on news as Staieo n State is won! When hope long doubtful, soars,at length, sublime. * * « a Ob ! these are hours when ihrillingjoy repays A long, long course of darkness, doubts, and fears— The heart sick faintness of the hope de ayed— The waste, the woe, the mischief, and the tears - That tiacked with tenor,many rolling years, All is forgot in this blithe jubilee ! Her downcast eye even pale Affliction rears To sigh a thankful piayer amid the glee That hails a Despot's Fall and Peace and Liberty ! The sentence is pronounced. The administra tion of Mhtis Van Buhkn, terminates forever on the third of March next. Willi am Henry Hhh msox is President elect of these United Stales. Luus deo ! Most heartily do we congratulate our friends throughout the country, and the friends of Re publican instuu.ions throughout tne world upon this glorious result. Most grateful do we feel to the Beneficent Being who guides the destinies of nations, for having rescued us from the disastrous consequences and ior having averted the woful calamities that threatened to follow the contin uance of unworthy men at the head of the af fairs of this people. The grieved spirit of Lib erty returns to bless us. The down ward tenden cy of affairs is arrested—a virtuous people have peaceably redressed their own wrongs, vindicated their own history, and their own insituti< m. Of ficial audacity stands rebuked, and Executive power, terribly as it has struggled, is checked in its unmeasured strides. A spirit from tLe inmost sanctuary of Freedom, has been awakened from its slumber, aud has come forth mighty to retrieve to renovate and restore the energies of the repub lic—to rebuild the temples or Liberty, and to re el k nd'e tae fi r es up »n the altars of Patriotism Long life to the Republic ! Let no one here after despair. The American people appreciate the value of the treasures they possess—nor will they permit them te he lost. They have given tne world assurance that they are still capable of self-government, and determined to perpetuate its blessings.— Madisonian. No Fish Story,—Stand aside, Mr. Florence, with your Potatoe from Lincoln, and let Upson speak of her slip ! Raised in Upson County, by Robert M. Jackson. Esq , another Tippecanoe Potatoe, measuring 29| inches in length, and 26 inches in circumference, and weighing ten pounds. D’ye give it up ? Upson County. From the St. Augustine .Jews of the Glh. More Murder. On Sunday morning last, as Lieut. Junn, 3d Arltlleiy, was coming into town from Fort Searle. with an escort of a serjeant and 2 privates, he was fired upon by a conceah d parly of Indians, and Se jeaut FiKLn and private Mulleen killed; pri vate Kain was severely wounded, as well as Mr. F. FALA net, who was in company. Lieut. Junn j and the wounded men rode off a short distance, when the soldier fell from exhaustion ; Lieut J. dismounted, and, with a greatly to be commendeo care, laid him into some hL-h grass. On reaching town. Lieut Bhown of the Artillery, with a few men. started out and found private Kain alive, though severely wounded—and the bodies of Ser jeant Fillu and Mulleen stripped, horribly knifed, and the head of the serjeant carried off The Indians captured their guns. The bodies were taken to Fort Searle and buried; private Kain was sent to the hospital at Picolala. Lieut. Junn behaved not only with great bravery, but humanity in assisting the wounded soldier, and his escape uninjured, is truly remarkable, from a fife o 12 or 16 rifles. Mr. Falanky is severely wounded in the shoulder. Lieut. Brown, with great activity, pursued the trails until late at night, as well as Lieut-, Riijgely and Haiibek, when the latter took their position at Hewlett's Mills. Several citizens went in pursuit, and reaching Fort Hanson, Lieut Sanchez, of the Volunteers, joined with his command. The trails of the enemy were most numerous, exhibiting their having seperated into small parties, crossing and intersecting each other, so as to elude all sue ceasful pursuit. O K.—Off for Kiba.—We are informed that Francis P. Blair, of the Washington Globe, has sailed for Cuba, in the Christoval Colon. We do not hear that Mr, Woodbury or Mr. Poin sett are am< ng the in ihat vessel.— Probably Mr. lilair his gone on as an avant courier , to see that comfortable quarters are pre. pared for fbe r recep ion by the fourth of March —jYtw York Times. < < (lumber. November lllh, 1840. y Wednesday, 7 oMock, P. M. 3 Council met pursuant to adjournment. Present —Hon. D. Ilojk, Major; Aldermen Par ish, Mi ler, Dunlap, Bones, Flemming and Harper. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The petition of D. Mahony, J. S. Tuttle, and others, for a pump to be sunk on Water-street* was read and referred to the Committee on Pumps and Wells. Mr. Warren appeared and took his scat. The monthly returns of the city officers were received, with the Collector and Treasurer’s re ceipt for the amount annexed to their names. The Jailor, balance casn received $27,18 Clerk Lower Market, Fees and Scales 168,37 Clerk Upper Market, Fees 5,22 Keeper of Magazine, Storage 68,26 City Marshal, Fines and Guard House 163,00 Tne Sexton reports the interments from Ist to 30th October to be nine white persons, three of whom were from the country, eighteen colored persons, seven of whom were children. The Keeper of the Hospital reports 14 patients remaining in that institution. The following resolutions were passed. Resolved that after the I2th inst the bridge beeper be instructed to prevent the large Omnibus from passing the bridge* On motion the Committee on the River Bank and Wharf were requested to enquire into all mat ters connected with the city interest in the Union Wharf, and repoit to the next meeting of Council. The following ordinance was reported, read three times and passed. ordinance to prevent persons crossing the ( Augusta Bridge with horses or hoises and vehicle going faster than a walk. I e it ordained by the City Council of Augusta, and it is hereby ordained by the authority of the same, that all persons hereafter crossing the Au gusta Bridge with one or more horses, or horses: and vehicles, shall cause them to go no faster than a walk, under the penalty, if a white person, of j paydng a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars *or each and every offence, and if a slave or free person of color under penalty of receiving not ex ceeding thirty-nine lashes for each and every of fence. T bills were severally read and or dered to pe paid: Michael Grady, on acc’t streets, $37 50 L. G. Basford, “ Pumps and We115,...72 78 Glendenning, Payne & Co do 21 62 Isaac Taylor, on acc’t do 11 00' George Thomas, “ Freshet, 650 F. Blodget, “ Incidental, 24 26 J. L. Moore, “ do % .... 8 37 J. H. Mann, “ do 14 76 Gardelle & Rhind, do 5 00 J. W. Houghton, “ Streets, 513 Ed Collier, sen. “ do 11 60 J. G. Dunlap, “ Hospital, 37 87 Dunlap & Hyde, “ do 6 H. Caffin, “ do 17 50 A. Cunningham, « Streets, 40 50 K. H. Watson, *‘ Freshet, 237 J. Simplon, “ Hosp’l &; Grave Y’d.ilS 00 Bones X Carmichael, Waterworks, 8 50 B. F. CLev , “ Guard H0u5e,........ 17 26 Hand & Scranton, Freshet 11 84 Samuel Hale, “ Water Works. 65 38 The following drays were ordered to pe paid for their attendance at the fires of the 25th October and 9th November, in the order in which they are rated : No. 46 and 64 Five Dollars e ich. “ 29 “ 63 Four “ “ “ 22 “ 21 Three “ “ 12 “ 12 Two “ “ “ 49 “ 59 One “ « The accounts of W. Sindersine were referred for examination to tne Mayor, with power to act. On motion of Alderman Warren — (me thousand dollars was ordered to be added to j the contingent fund for repairs on the Bride, under I control of the Mayor. Council adjourned. S. 11. OLIVER, Clerk. Steam Ship President. It has just been announced by tno telegraph at Staten Island, that the steam ship President, Uapt. Keane, which sailed on the Ist for England, j is now coining up the hay. having experienced some accident, the nature of which we have not yet ascerla ned. The rumor is that she has bio ken her larboard shaft. —New York Times of Monday. The New York Express of the same day says : —The steamer President has returned on account of want of Coal. Since she left, she had contin ued gales of wind and had to lie too tor 4 days, when the amount of coal on hand was thought to be too small and she put away for New York. Apauchicula, Oct. 31. We copy the following from the Irwinton Champion of the 22d inst. “Inkias Dephkdatioss, — We are indebted to the politeness of Dr. Thornton for the following extract of a letter from a gentleman in Baker county. 16th inst. giving an account of recent de predations committed by the Indians in 1 homas county Georgia : “A few nights ago Mrs. Manning’s house was robbed and burnt, i> was supposed by Indians. Mrs. Manning’s residence is 8 or 10 miles from Elkin’s ferry on the Oaklockney. The following day Ind ans crossed the road near the above named ferry, who were immediately pursued by a compa ny of the citizens, and about SIOO worth of the properly recovered, together with a tin cup upon the bottom of which was engraved 4 L Read.’— 'There was no person killed, though 7 or 8 guns were fired at the time of burning the house. There is a company now in pursuit. Three individuals have been arrested on suspicion of having conducted the Indians into the country, their names are James Barnes and John and Joe Cook, both of them brothers to the notorious murderer of that name. The person to whose charge they were committed have set them at liberty upon their promise to leave the country. Some suppose them all to have been while men in disguise. Brno Malkch Adel.—This vessel, whose suspic-jus course has excited so much attention, has, we learn put into Bahia, and was there ta ken in charge by an American ship of war, who carried her to Rio de Janeiro.—Commodore Rid gely hud entered into an investigation of the ex traordinary conduct of the captain, and it is proba ble he will send him to the United States. In letters received in this city from the captain, be says that his chronometer having run down he was anxious to correct it. and fired at the vessels who reported his conduct, with Wank caitridge, to compel them to heave to that he might obtain the tme from them The respectable house who despatched the vessel from this port do not know that he had any shot on board.— N. Y. Courier. From the Pennsylvania Inquirer. China—lts Fatly History. We have recently given se-eral articles in re lation to China. The last number of the West minster Review furnishes us with materials for another. The subject still possesses deep inter est, as well because of the unadjusted condition of affairs between that empire and Great Britain as because the people of this country have until within a short period paid very little attention, comparatively speaking, to the manners, customs, history and ability of the Chinese as a nation. The empire is the oldest existing on the face of the earth ; and on glancing at the stream of time in which the progress of nations is illustrated, one cannot but be struck with surprise, that while so many have lisen. flourished and tottered to its fall, China, with its hundreds of millions of inhabitants, should have so long kept on its course, and with so little change in its great na tional position and features. I is a matter of equal surprise and of interest that a question like that of the introduction of opium into the country, should, because resisted by the Government, and for a moral object, lead to conflict, and wild a power that professes Chris tianity in so eminent a degree as Great Britain. Accoroing to the Westminster Review, the Chi nese appear to have existed apart as a distinct family, on the same spot where they were plan ted, when the worlu was first made the habita tion of human beings.—The Chinese, as early as the date of Tnebes. had attained a settled form of government and a high state of civiliza tion, and have maintained in the East for several thousand years, the same comparative intellectu al rank, which the English, French and German holds in Europe. The following is an account of the three earliest Emperors, acco ding to Chi nese historians : Fuh-he, it is sail, began to reign 3369 B. C., when the Chinese are described as being in an uncivilized state. One authority says. “ the peo ple at this time lived on the spontaneous produc tions of the soil,” another that 44 man at this pe riod differed little from the beast knowing that he had a mother, but knowing not his father; no form of marriage being then observed. 44 W hen thirsty or hungry, he sought drink or food, and clothed himself w ith the skins of animals,” which in after ages, became articles of barter. Fuh-he isintroduced as 44 teaching the people how to catch fish and how to cultivate the soil,” as 44 the inven tor of the Pa-kwa,” or right diagrams, by winch, with “ the use of knotted cords, he recorded lac events of ids government,” as being the origina tor ot 44 nu nerals.” &c. and * 4 the inventor of musical instruments, sih and kin’. It is stated by Chinese historians Dial he reigned 115 years, and was succeeded by Shin-nung (or the Divine Nung,) 3254 B. C. We are told of him Ih ;t from nisyouth he inane himself acquainted with the live kinds of gtain, and ail kinds of shrubs and vegetables, especial ly those possessing medicinal virtues. Shin nung felled the tree to make a [dough, and taught the profile agriculture, as well as the healing art. By him days were afipoioicd for regular barter. Ho died at Chakin alter reigning (as stated) 140 years. During this reign Sliuh-sha. the governor of a province, revolted, and slew the minister Ke, sent to remonstrate with him and bring him back to his allegiance. Shin-nung, shocked at the crime took blame to himself, and became mure than ever intent upon cultivating virtue, and exer cising a mild government. The followers of the rebel Shuh-sha, equally indignant at the con duct of their leader, came and suomilted to their liege lord. This is the first mention of murder by the Chinese. Hwang-te ascended the throne 2732 B. C. He ; was remarkable as a child. It is said that he was j aide to speak while an infant in arms, and that he grew up distinguished for his wisdom. An other revolt was subdued by this monarch’s su perior militia tactics.—One of the odes in the 44 She-king.” alluding to this period, describes man as 4 ‘ more ferocious than the wild bear or ! tiger.” The invention ot the sword, battle-axe, and large bow, and ascribed to one of the nobles, Che-vew who declared war, was defeated, made j prisoner, and slain by the Keen-yucn. (Hwang . te) whom the noble proclaimed emperor. At this j time Tsang hee improved the mode of recording ( events, adopted by Fuh-he, by the invention of j written characters.—One writer observes, that all i modern written characters may be traced to those v 4 invented by Tsang-hee. 1 About this time we find the minister Youchmg ;j ordered to erect an orrery to assist certain officers ' in recording the phenomena of the heavenly b dies land calculating the revolutions of the sun, moon ai.d stars. Another minister, Le-show,is said to have explained the principles of Arithmetic, arid S to have fixed a standard for weights and measures, j which, with slight alterations, exist to the present * day. Ling Inn received imperial orders to correct ? the popular music. The empress Yuer. was re ; quested to instruct the people in rearing the silk k worm, and m weaving cloth for garments. The I land was divided into acres. j; The emperor died at King-shan, after reigning || (according to the historians) KlO years. Great < are the praises bestowed upon him. His actions ? are described as having accoided with the fixed laws of heaven and earth, and with the decisions | of fate; his virtues as having equalled the bene volence of heaven and < arth,and hence, it is said, j his people were happy.— Another writer says of I him. 4 Hi? eminent virtues were diffused through • the empire; we glory in his benevolence.— j Though dead, he lives in our affections.” * Fuither details of the succeeding mnuarchs are given; but our limits prevent us from referring to them at any leng’h. The Chinese were requent ly subjected to struggles witli the hall civilized hut war ike tribes on their borders, and about 1000 years before tne birth of Christ, the eastern foreigners are spok 11 of as exceedingly trouble some, and as compelling the Imperial Court to retire to the centre of the Empire; 800 years la ter, about 213 B. C. the celeb: ated wall of China, extending 15( 0 miles, was built. About ihis time, the law of Yion-inlcrcmnse with othe' nations, 1 was adopted. About the fifth century, the Tar j> tars look posses-ion of the North and West of t China, and the empire became divided into two ■j kingdoms. These were united again 400 years f after. A. D. 1210. China was invaded by the Western Tartars or Moguls under Genghi Khan, who look Pekin in 1215 By the year 1280, the whole of China hail submitted. In 1367, the Tartars were again driven out by Chon, a Chi nese General, who assumed the title of Emperor, and founded the last of the Chinese dynasties called the Ming dynasty In 1644, the Tartars were again conquerors, and in 1682, the whole empire was totally reduced by the Tarter Gener al Kang He. He was the founder of the exis ting or Tail Sing dynasty. Confucius, the cele brated moralist and lawgiver, was born in 552 B. C. In all the several phases through which the Chinese advanced, from barbarism to a compara tively high state ofcivilizaii.m. they seem to have ; believed in a Supreme Being, whose almighty power they recognised, and to whom a national worship was addressed. Besides offerings to Heaven, national sacrifices were offered up to the : mountains for their genial influences and to the powers or gods supposed to preside over the earth, for luxuriant crops, and even to the deities ■of woods, rivers, &c. But about the year A. D. 560 one of the emperors of the Leang dynasty busied hiraselt sedulously in in roducing Buuhism, and Budhisrn or Boodhism is now the religi:on of at least one third of the inhabitants of China, as it also of the Birmin empire and of a great part of ot Asia Bat modified more or less in different countries by other superstitious. Priests, how ever ot no leligion are a class much esteemed in China. They are g* ne ally poor, dirty in their l habits, and lead a mendicant kind of life. “ The arts es literature in China are almost as ancient as tie monarchy. Printing from wood en blocks (which for Chinese purposes, are su perior to our metal types) was known in China certainly many centuries belore the Christian era, although with us so modern an invention that it is yet but 400 years old in Europe. Paper of the same quality as tnal now in use, made of the bamboo and although thinner, less easily torn than ours, is said to have been invented 105 B. C' long before this period paper of inferior quality had been in general me. The celebrated emperor who built the great wall of Chinn, is described as having been a ty rant and madman. Having been censured dur ing his life by differet writers, he resolved to de stroy the press, and strangle or imprison all who were connected with it. All ancient records were committed to the flames, and 460 persons who ie sisted, were murdered. Two years afterwards the emperior died, literature revived, am* has ever since flourished. The system of government says the Reviewer, is on the whole, favorable to the industry of the people, and the extent to which its once suppos ed population presses in China upon the means of subsistence is an entire delusion. The work ing classes are contented, the rights of property are respected, and there exists in China as in England, a large wealthy middle class. Chi nese servants we have in our own experi ence as faithful and trustworthy as those of Eng land, and among their merchants instances are on record of some who have risked their lives lo fulfil an engagement. The Reviewer expresses an opinion that all the difficulties oetween the Chinese and the En glish have arisen from the blunders of the officers of the two nations, neither understanding, and each pevrerting and misrepresenting the conduct of the others. The beginning of the rupture, he says, may be partly charged to the mere verbal mistake of Lord Napier and others, in taking of fence where none was intended, and a profound contempt for Chinese established forms and us ages, which we have never given ourselves the ‘ trouble to understand. 1 He adds: “It is our ignorance alone of the Chinese lan- I guage (as shown in our translation of taeir offi cial documents) that has led us lo conclude that the Chinese are wanting in courtesy and atten tion to foreigners, or are in the habit of using I nick-names and insulting expressions. So lar from this being the case, they have a proverb which says: “He that spita dirt, first defiles his own mouth.” Personally in our intercourse with them we have never found them either apt to give or take offence. 1 hey are not, like hot and hasty persons, in the habit of losing their temper, on slight occasion, but are generally cool and collected, and much more willing than ourselves to forget, in instead of resenting an affront.” The writer of the article, who resided a num ber of years at Canton, says: “whether just or not, there will he, perhaps has been.no difficulty in making reprisals, or in other words, seizing the propriety of V/hinese subjects, to indemnify our opium merchants for the loss they have sus tained ; but we do not feel quite so certain of our power to force the Chinese government to resume the commercial relations which have been interrupted. Commerce is the creature of confidence, not of fear. The moral influence of the government over the whole people of China is, perhaps greater than we suspect; and that whatever influence it may possess will be exer ted to stir op Chinese feelings of nationality and pride against foreigners, there is no doubt. The result of a similar quarrel in the case of the Dutch and Japanese, was to exclude the Dutch altogeth er from the ports of Japan, which their ships have now not entered for the last 198 years!” He adds in a note; “It is to be remarked that the value of the opium would have been lost if it had not been seized, but simply returned on the hands of the consignees. We are now however, defending the conduct of Commissioner Linn who clearly put his government in the wrong by placing Captain Elliott under restrait, and by so doing has afford ed the British smugglers a chance of realizing the full amount of his shipment. Up to that time blame was w holly on our side. We were smug gling a prohibited drug, with the connivance of the viceroy, it is true, but still in defiance of re peated proclamations from the Imperial govern ment; and instead of employing agents with power like those exercised by Supercargoes of the East India Company, by whom the trade was formerly kept in some sort of check, we send over superintendents armed with authority, and backed by no adequate display of force, by whom the opium trade was allowed to run riot until at length it forced i.self upon the attention of the government at Pekin, and is put down by the strong hand. From the English Correspondent of the New York American. English Mines and Mining. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Aug. 1840. That man must oe insane who should write a letter at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, about any thing but coal. He has but one idea—coal! One thing fills nis vision—coal! Coal is the standard of value, and coal dust the circulating medium. The houses are built of coal. The streets are paved with coal. The inhabitants live on coal. The children look as if they were made of coal, and even the white clouds are black ! What a wonderful region la Durham and Nor thumberland shires 1 The whole country is un dermined. Buildings are erected 700 and 800 f eet below the surface ot the earth, and streets and railways, running sot miles in all directions, are daily traversed by thousands of human beings. Newcastle, with its population of 60,000, stands on the crust of a subterranean city. Some of its houses have sunken their foundations in conse quence of the yielding of the ground beneath. The river Tyne, as large as the Thames at Lon don, floats its commerce over these vast caverns ; while at Sunderland and other places on the coast, the ocean rolls its w ave over the heads of the miners. The chief wealth of Durham and Northumberland lies hid in the bowels of the ear.h, where a very considei able portion of tne inhabitants pass half their lime. The coal-pits open their black mou>hs on every hill ami in every valley. They may be distinguished far off by the towering enginery erected over them, em ployed in raiding the coal and water from the depths below, and hy the piles of the former which lie around in hillocks, waiting lo be trans ported to market. The country is lined wiih railways—more abundant than hedge-rows—used in “carrying coals to Newcastle.” At every half mile you meet with the little villages of the pitmen (as the laborers are called.) The snug brick cottages are arranged with regularity and taste—each having its petit grass plat in front, usually decked with flowers, and its vegetable garden and fruit trees in the rear. What a con trast between these smiling though humble abodes and the dismal caverns where the villagers spend nearly their whole conscious existence ! Great labor and expense attended the sinking of the shaft of a coal mine. The exact location of the strata must be ascertained by boring be fore the excavation commences. This determin ed, you know not what, obstacles you may en counter from veins of rock or streams of water in your descent. And then, the destruction of hu man life almost invariaoly incurred hy these per ilous enterprizes! the gigantic nature of which may be inferred from the fact that the shafts are generally sunk to the depth of 600 or 700 feet, and sometimes to 1200! Great rejoicings often take place in the neighborhood of a colliery when a new stratum of coal is opened ready for working. The following was the mode of cele brating the opening of the famous Gosforth col liery, in this vicinity, in 1829. It is copied from a publication put into my hands «. “On the Saturday previous to th e d rc * CM * : l am about to relate, the mine,* sinking a pit at Gosforth reached years and a half had been spent i n * pit, the shaft of which was cut throng - n ® thorns of solid rock; and therefore il lp gh 160 f «* considered as one of great importance rounding vicinity. Among other which took place on this occasion w Jo,c, 0g» which was held in the mine, at the.wt* ? H 1100 feet below the surface ? The ball ° f ,ba «t stated to have been in the f orDl of r ®?® ii width 15 feel, base 22 feet, and pernen.l , : feet. The company to the numbers r <U * r 48 ’ dred and thirty, of whom about one h hun ' were ladies (!) began to assemble at th e Un ' lre 'l I the mine at half past nine o’clock A. M 0,0111,1 ffl tinued to descend the pit until l o’cK> Im! C#6, Immediately on their arrival at the houo **’ pit, eacn individual preceded to the drifts, and hewed a piece of coal as ? ° f biance of this perilous expedition and turned to take a part in the festivities 0 f ifV* room. An excellent band composed enti I** miners, were in attendance. As soon - C! cient number of guests were assembled* 8 / commenced, and was cont uued without *° Cln ‘ 1 mission until about 3 o’clock P. M. lrUtr ‘ began to ascend the pit, which all of th'” * complished in perfect safely,highly gra'i/? * C ' the suoterranean amusements in which tht partaken. The colliery at which this , tertainment lock place is now one of the ! eD ‘ tensive in Notihumbeiland.” lUostei - The great extent of the coal l-ade from ■ region may lie imagined when it is know u Newcastle, which is wholly engaged in it n ' k,t second port of the Kingdom in the anv-un/r' tonnage. The Tyne is covered with the C oli “* wafting their cargoes to every part of the I As their sails blacked the river, one would * they were built in the eclipse, and rig. f( ]!' darkness. Pluto’s navy was not blacker. A Patriot of the Devolution. A late number of the National Inteili eeil contains a chapter from Custis’s “ Recoil™’ of the Washington family.” from which weT* tract the following interesting relation of tn •** cident in the life of the brave and patriotic U Nelson of Virginia; D ’ “ A sublime instance of virtue and patriot* worthy of America’s heroic age, marked them of the the siege of Yorktown. General one of ‘he conscript fathers who had signed Declaration of Independence in 1776, wasnwl in the field as Commander-in-chief of the railitu ? and Governor of the Stale of Virginia. Ls,.! elte, having just finished a hattery mounting ve'v 1 heavy oidinance, and being about to open o fl th' e j town, requested Gov. Nelson to instruct him * to the best diiection of the guns, “There,” cries I the patriot and hero, without a moment’s hw*a| tion, “ there, sir, against that house, it i$ miDf I and being now the best in the place, no dow ■ contains the British head-quarters. Fire U poc 1 it, ray dear Marquis, batter it to the groundrti I er than that any property of mine should fori I moment afford a shelter to the enemies of m j country. ’ And yet how many and how endearing rear lections must have crowded upon the patriot! mind as he thus consigned his ancient doraicib I destruction. Erected by his forefathers, it around its hearths that, in his cnildnood. be bt played. Beneath its roof he had .eared a nun* f rous and interesting family, and passed his betft I days in dispensing the most liberal hospitality f a large and estimable circle of relatives uj p' friends; all, all were forgotten, as with Rome p heroism he bade the batteries direct their thun ders against the seat of his happiness anti hi I home.” The subjoined statement is added in * non, It is to be regretted that it cannot be said this if" the only instance of national ingratitude, when similar service had been rendered, which the h> lory of our Government affords : “At a time when the Treasury cf Virgina had neither a coin, or credit to obtain one, Gen Nelson heard of an old Scotchman, named R who had a considerable sum in specie, which hi had buried after the fashion of the time?. Till Governor proposed Burrowing it, pledging faith of the Slate or the General tiovernmei; % Sawney observed, “I ken naelhinp ol your Gn \ ernment, but if ye will hae the siller tor yen -W self, de’il tak me but every bawbee of it is at ye # I service.” Nelson took the money, giving it g own bond. And posterity wiil ask, ‘AndiU jr? the American Government, when become gas dependent ami mighty empire, without deb idw forty millions in hand, discharge this bond w-f grateful acclamations?” Truth replies, No;ip impoverished family of the patriot paid the®’ ney that he obtained on his own credit, which to serve his country in bis country’s gm eat need.” A Q.CXCK WAT TO GET RICH A Miss It HI tram of Pontiac, sometime since was perusinpf Texas paper, ami observed among the persc-T that bore a prominent part in the affairs of tki government, a man bearing her own name.m f jocosely remarked to her companions that had found a namesake in Texas and intentietUH write lo him and claim relationship. This rf>jK iution more from curiosity and a desire of elty than from any conviction that her hop! I would be realized was carried into effect. ‘'IB wrote him a respectful letter, giving him abis-W ry of her family and parentage, and suggest*!* that as the name was not as common as rwS'H the the names of our country, the V string that a relationship existed between 11$ She received in reply, a friendly and affect-'■ ate letter, acknowledging her as a cousin,■ pressing an earnest desire that the corresponds might he continued. This was readily acceded to, and it was cs | , riod on ogreeaby and salisfao orily to bol!>P* j lies, until very recently, when she received ligence of his death, and information that in will he had bequeathed her the handsome of S2O 000 in golo and silver, leaving ai property and immense landed estate ] latives in that country. A few days pred*** I the reception of this joyful communication, had connected her fortunes with those of *„ odist clergyman, and should their deeds ty comport with their means, the widow | will be filled with joy, and many an op!i» D 1 to implore blessings upon the heads ol ibflf efactors, for the deeds of their beiicvol«n generosity. —Michigan Northern Ailwcait- ] ——— . jv Dr. Conneau, physician to Prince Louis ” polean, has obtained leave to be iinprisotieu* the priacein the citadel of Ham. Great loss of Life.—ln August lash S. Lily, while cruising in the Mozambique c I nel, fell in with a slaver and drove her Os her cargo, consisting of 550 negro*** ” _ j were drowned, and the remainder were t«k* B j board the Lily, and conveyed to Maritius. 1 ij i I - A monster mortar, made after the j that which wai employed at the seige of J and which is destined for the museum ol arU( ‘ at Brussels, left Antwerp for that city on tb* j ult. It weighs 29,240 lbs. Five shelly **** i ing 5000 lbs., were sent with it. _ i Heads akd Tails. —A Calcutta J that Commissioner Lin at Banton. has off* * very large reward for every opium head, and in retaliation the smugglers | east coast have deprived every mawdsrin j yj could lay their hands on, of his tail. long tails ornament the main stay of sow* ( clippers, but Lin has not yet got ‘“ ats display.