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itatio 1 Ciikj; I"; 1 ««u i;.r r 11 " 1 ! Vts%g jft >r b ,'' ! V «. I!,. L>.1 Lyi; % D STOB ENT, (HOAD St, sat, ' UXUBfli- tn the Wj* j r » biMtilu 10 OM.S, k u, j. mn two age Facl ><• IS andi that lam i triage hc\ erly oirnri i*. The buil have .ie ‘•r work. ... lufWent for withieasriflei IJyou Is n the [>Ia eorgin, i... it. iianku! CHE i.\.\T.\TI OK B •idonce of unty, iu t TQllUd Oi icr next J cora, UA Term* emj. V. All FOBS' ENtt HIRER A STRICT CO.VSTKlfCTly.M OP THK COSSTITU I IOS-AN HO ..HUT AMD ECDMOHICAI. AOMIXISTRATIO.V OF TIIK DOVEHMMEMT. ~r~ n AitLiir Ragland & Wynne, Proprietors. , cornersk I:minuif —tjaul Lee. o xeei^ecc* 1 o .|jte cujA mile- f'W® Jale, >nd*b*d juais Itiiiorl ai’i'UrtF' iJlHSfy Hofsals r Officii ^ ale. I TO il message ihe President of the United States to the w0 Houses of Congress at ihe com- nenccmcni of the First Session of the |(M Congress. !low CUl:cns of t/urSenate and House of Representatives : To express gratitude to God, in the name the People, tor the preservation of the ited States, is my first duty tn addressing i Our thoughts next revert to the li, of the late President by an act of ricida! treason. The grief of -the na- is still fresh; it finds some solace in consideration that he lived to enjoy the best proof of its confidence by entering ibe renewed term of fh< Chief ty, to which lie. had been elected ; that brought the civil war substantially to a ; that hid loss was deplored-in all of the Union ; and that foreign na- have rendered justice to his memory, .removal cast upon me a heavier Weight cares than ever devolved upon fcny one iis predeecssors. To fulfill my trust 1 1 the support and confidence ol all who associated with me in the various tic- tmentsof Government, and the support confidence of the people. There is but way in which I can hope to gain their essarv aid; it i»> to state irankncss principles which guide my conduct, their application to the present state of irs, well aware that the efficiency of labors will, in a great measure, depend ■our and their undivided approbation, he Union of the United States of Amer- s intended by its authors to last as i the States themselves shall' last. Union* shall nr. Perpetual”are the ds of the Confederation. “To FORM,a e perfect Union,” by an ordinance of people of the United States, is the^ de ed purpose of the Constitution. The of Divine Providence was never more nly visible in the affairs of men than in framing and adopting ol that instru- ... It is, beyond comparison, the great- event in American history ; and indeed not, of all events in modern times, the it pregnant with consequences lor every pic of the earth ? The members ol the ention which prepared it, brotigbt to . work the experience of the Confedcr- n, of their several States, and of other ublican Governments, old and new: they needed and they obtained a* wisdom trior to experience. And when for its ,dity it required the approval of a people t occupied a large part of the continent acted separately in many distinct cou- tions, what is more wonderful than that, r earnest contention and long discus- , all feelings and all opinions were ulti- cly drawn in one way to its support ? he Constitution to which life was thus arted contains within itself ample re- for its own preservation. It has wer to enforce the laws, punish treason, ensure domestic tranquility. In case the usurpation of the Government df a ate by one man, or an oligarchy, it br ines a duty of the United States to make »od the guarantee to that State of a re- iblican form of government, and so to intainthe homogencousness of all. Doc* lapse of time reveal defects ? A sinjple ve of amendment is so provided in the nstitution itself, so that its conditions only be made to conform to the re- liremeuts of advancing civilization. No m is allowed even for the thought of a visibility of its coming to an end. And *sc powers of sel f-preservation a ve al- yi been arrested in their complete integ- f by every patriotic Chief Magistrate— Jefferson and Jackson, not less than by uhington and Madison. The parting ice ol the Father of his Country, while President, to the people of the United ates, was, that “the free Constitution, lich was the work of their hands, might sacredly maintained ;” and the inaugural ords of Picsident Jefferson hfcld up “the nervation of the General Government, in iconstitutional vigor, as the shuet anchor out peace at home and safety abroad, ie Constitution is the work of “the Pen- e of the United States,” and it should be indestructible as the people. It is not strange that the framers of the institution, which had no model in the it. should not have fully Comprehended 6 excellence of their work. Ffreih from a niggle against arbitrary 1 ptfwier, many triots suffered from harrassing fears ol an •orption of the State Governments by the neral Government, and many from a :idthat the States would break away from ‘ir orbits. But the very greatness of our untry should allay the apprehension ol icroachmonts by the General Governs ont. The auljects that come unquestii-n* dy wi hin its jurisdiction are so numerous it it must evi r naturally rcfuie to be etn- rrssied by qu-Biitiis that lie beyond it. ire it oriitrwiio, the Ex* native would beneath the burden; the channels < I •tic; would be choked; legislation wou'd i obstructed by excess; so that thcro ie <■ later temptation to exoteric sume « f the ir.c iona of tno general government POOL ‘rough the States than to treapasion their ghtlul aphere. * Tb° acquits- Wood! 1iaZ£R.H lM-Rt'H*! •could neyer, uril&s yn Jinirgeoty, o*f,6»nt to lul u«f nilMidi powers, i \«' i 1 'I Ltion. ART * 2*1 ■m. Miff Vi I. BAflj SSffl lines. MOOS^ giverrirrlent f n the of the Lniorr, . B 0 ihe individual citlaeii in the imerea's of Ircodont. Stat e, with proper limitation ol power, ol th* cons i- tutRtlrW tn*r Urn’t J Stiltvi.' At the very ci»rr m^nc Tncn»v «uhon w» assumed a place imorgiliu Bowen ot the enrth, tho De cluriuoui f I tili:par.d'>nue was adoptod by stutck, r > were ,lluj Aniclea of Confedera* no'n; and v h^ntho * Pecp!o olihe United States” ordained urd esiabll.htd the c.tn* stiru im, it wu the tiuttnt ol.tho states,one hy oi^p. which give it vitality. In the «yents4oo, oi ouy amendment to the con- siimition, tho insUrnn oj corgross needs the cor.nrniatffin of nfjrfcir \\ iihout states, one t.'i'eut brunch ol the legislative governs rnent would bo wanting. And if wo • look beyond tho letterv.f the constitution to tho chancer ol t ur c.tuiiDy, its capacity lor cutnprobeiiding within its jurisdiction u vast continental ornp re is due to tho sys loin of Sintoa, The beat security for the perpotual existencev>| the State* is the “sun preme authnrwy'f ol the cor e i'uiion of tho united Slat* a Tho nerpoiuity ol the couati- tutfoh 'hrinija-ltiih 1 *! the perpetuity ol tho States; tlioir mtiiual relation makes us what wo are, and in our political system our cqi n xton ih indisao u »le. The whole Cinnq} i xtiiv wjthojtt the p- rts, nor the parm wi'.lu u' ill.; w.Holo, So long aa tho. Const iluti )H dl t'*‘b t' iltrd States endure a, he S etts wiljj en liirc; the de.atn c ion of one is tim du truottoii «i the other; the prosorvarmn ot tl c one is the preservation of the other. I have Hi us rxp'ained my views of the mu'ual reln-iins ol the constitution and the siatee, because they unfold the principles on wincin'Ijluvp t. uvfit to solve the mo*- niontoud qutjjiinri a* t overcame the appal ling offlieultifes mat met me at the very coinntetecmerit ol my administration. It has been my s o.dfnut object to escape from the LWjy ol ino.ituiuary passions, and to derive a h.'aiiug policy from tho furdainenN tal and unchanging principles tf the Con stitution. 1 lutt id tho Shales sdflhriifg Irom the ef*» Ic-cts ot a livil w;ar. Kctiitanee to a Gen eral Government apjTrarcd to have exhaust ed itatll. The .Stales had recovered poBteStloirVit thi ir terta end arsenals: and their nraiiei write in the occupation of every Siam whionMd attempted to secede Whether the ♦••rri’ery within the limits if there Staten should bi held as conquer* d territory, tinder military authority emana ting Iront tho Presidem ns tho head r f the army, was rim lirrt question that presented its'iri tor action. Now, military governments, established for un inch fi-.ito pt-rlcd, would have offered no accuri.y l’rr the early suppression ol dii cor.t ni; would have divided tho peoplo into vanquisher! snd the vunquishoa ; and would hnvo envenomed hatred, rather than have rumored aticction. Once established, no precise innit to their continuance was conceivable. Trey would have iceaaioriod .in incalculable aid exhaus iug expense. Peaceful cmigt-trion to and from that por» tion if the country iu one of the heat means that can bo thought ol lor the restoration ot harmony; and that emigration would havo been prevented; for what cmigrtnt from abroad, uhat industrious citizen at home, would plcci himeell willingly under military rule? Ttm chid persona who would have lollowud in the train of the army would hive been dependents on rite General Government, or men who expect* cd profit Irom tho miseries of their erring lellow-oltizun*. The powers ol paironugo and ruin which would have been exercised, uifdRr tho IVerideiit, over u vast, and popu Ions, atid naiuinHy wralifry rfgton, arc greater than, unnsj undor extreme necessi* iy, 1. should he willing U> entrust to any one man; they are such as, for myself, 1 uld nc^er, utjlys un occasions ol great 'to exercise. The wtl- dnnt'nnod through a p»rmd r 4 f youre, woo d itave endangered tho purity <i the g»mr r*l adminiairatiou and ihe licet Ecu of tue States which reinaii.ci loyal. B s des. the policy of military rulo over a conquer'd »errit«»ry wculd have implied that the Sm<ej whose inhabitants may have taken part in tlip rebullion had, hy the act of thoro inliahi'enf., ceased to exist. But the true theory is, that oil pretended acts ol acccssh n w.ero, lr< tn tho beginning null and void. Tho S«ates enmiot commit trea son, nor screen the mdiriJuol citizens who muy have committed irons.tn, any more than they can in situ valid treaties or on* gage in lawful rmhmeree with any fore gn Power. Tltc 8'Stos r.ttcmp ing to seioue placid th'uisolves in a oondiiion where their viUli’y was i ttpaired. but not extin guished—their lu»ictiono euspendod, but net destroyed. But it any State m gleets or refuses to pcrlorni it* others, ilt.ru is the more need that the General Government should main lain nil its auri-ority, and, ns soon as pracii ca,ble, resume the oxercise ol all its func* lions.' Ou riii’ priftclple l have acted, and have gradually nod quietly, and by almost imperceptible s ep*. sought to restore the rightful onorgy ol the General G vernment and ol the Stules. To that end. Proviaion- a I Governors have been appointed for the Sta'es, Conventions calif d, G.<v«rnora elect- id, Legte'aturos arsombhpd, and Senators ami Ro. rcaentarivea chosen to the Congrors ol the United 8ii*tns. At the same ttniCi the Courts ol the United States, as far ae could l»a dope, b«'o been rc-opened, aothat tho laws of iho United Slates may be on b reed through tltc.r agency. Tile block** ode hna been r* moved and tho custom- hUfitts ri estahlithld in ports ol ontry, so tU^. tfi»* it venue cl the United States may he collected The Post Office Department renown i*n c«'»k sj activity, and the Gc t- erai Govern muni is tUdrtby enabled to communicate promptly with its oflicera and nper-ta. The exurts bring security to per uuna and proper y ; the opet.iig of the ports iuvhea mo restoration ot industry and commrrie; tfio popt olfico renews the fa cilities of social intercourse tnd of business. And is il not hippy lor us all, that the res toration of edch one -of. those functions of tie General Government brings wirii it u hlcs-trg to ihe S ates over which they are ©xt«*i dud t It U not a sure promi e of har mony and renewed tttndiment to the Union that, a'tcr nilhhat tins happened,/he return ol iht General Goverrmsnl is known only as a beneficent e T 1 know very well that this policy is at tend' d w i'h attme rlrii : that lor its eucce*a it requires at lea ft the acquiescence ot the Stans which it concerns; that it implies an invitation to those Slates, by renewing their allegiance to the United Slates, to re sume their lunctions »« Himes of the Ufliun. But it is a ritk that must b" taken j jp th® choice ol diffuu ics, it isthn sm»l est risk; and todimmia.i amt, if possible, to remove n Idsngcr. I hive lull tt incumbent on me to issert Ann n her p *w# r ol tho Gei c. al Government—the power ol pardon. As no State can throw a de'ense over the crime ol trsason, the power ol pardon is exclusively vqeted in ilia Ex cj ivo Government ol the ,Ul i'.cd Slates. In t^rltaing that power, 1 havo taken precaution to connect it with thb tloirestreC' puiii >n ol the binding Irirce pt tho laws ol the United S'ates, and an un- qunlllud acknow * da* mi lit th. great so cial change ot condition in r* gird to slavery which h»s grown old the war. Tho next step which I have taken to re store the constitutional relations of the Siutes, has been an invitation to them to Iarticipaiuin tho high office ol intending the Constitution. Evary patriot must wtsft for a gbnoral amnesty ai iho earliest epoch consistent with public ssl ny. Fortbiigreal tuJ tlo re is ne»d of a concurrence ol all opiuL.T. anJ the spirit ot mutual concilia* ri m. A'l parries m the late terrible con- 11 ct must work together in harmony. It c i to shk. in ihe name of the aide, the snee in the decisions of tho majority” " 1 the beginning of the century, onlorced by kfTersou ‘“ss the vital principle of repub- fa,” and the events ot the lost four yeMS ^ve estab.'hh d, we will hope forever, that i lies no appoal to force. I The maintenance ol the Union brings |i It it “the support of tho state govern lents in sli their rights;” but it is not one • the rights ol any state government to ►nounco ita own tlico in tho Unicn. or to ullify tho laws of the Union. The largest Ibsrty is to bo maintained in the discos* Ion of the acta ot tho federal government, mu there is no oppeal from its taws, except > the various branches of that government Me If, or to riie people who grant to the lumbers of the legislative and ol tho exec utive departments, no tennre but a limit'd in e. and in that manner always retain tho •owers of redtevs. ['‘The sovereignty of the slates” is the fnguage ol the Confederacy* and nut |hi> kr.gjtfo of the constitution. Tho latter imusins the emphatic words: “The Con* fthuiion, and tho laws of the Unilt d States finch shall ho made in pursuance thereof fnd all troaiios made cr which shall be ntde undir the authority if tho Uaitul s ‘t'ea, shall be the supreme law ot the Mild; and tho judges in every State shall Fc bound there y, anything in the convti- f ution or laws ol any state to the contruiy otai'hiiai d ng.”^ Certainly the government of the .United ^katea is a limi eJ government; and sots J^vry stato goverr niont a limiiel govtrn- ■dtsiu. With us tho idea ol limitation Jtpreadc through every form < f adronriitrs - Irion, general, state, and municipal, and |r®*ta on the great distinguishing prinoip'e Ini recf K ution ot the rights ot man I «5 e arcie,u f**publtos absorbed the indi** Midusl in the staiu, prescribed his religion, lend controllid h«s activity. The Amu'ictn Isystem reals on rite asserriot) of tho squil .. 1 right of every nun to life, liberty, and the ta not too |lursuii ot happiness; to freedom ol cm whole pe...... . •cience, to the culture and exercise ol all plan for ro»tora'to;i shell proceed in con- h >s faculties. Asa consequence, the state | toftuity with a wtllingu.es to cast the die* tfuvernment it limited, as td the getursl j orders ol the past iuiu oblivion; and that, COLUMBUS, QEOaaiA, SUNDAY MORNING, DECEMBER 10, 1865. —— ^jf— — - ! VOL. VII.—NO. 295. •it tie otfier, it;fe pyidencc ol ■incortiy in the future nialiifchMuVm 'fie Union shall bo put beyond any doubt by t!m n'di lation of the proposed am.;n .'mml to tho C/fic'i u- tinn, which provides f.r tin abolition nl slavery lornvcr within ihe lirni«n ot our country. S» lon^ as the «»J iptiun of thin amcrujUnentja dpuyyd, so long wit| doubt, and jutloury.- and u.ia.Tijalaly prod.iil. Tnis is the mrauurn hicn wll cfVici llto sad memory ol the p*»t; th>s is iho m«arure which vi I mo.*> eortfinly osll population and rajp-. al, ana sncurify in thoao norui ol the UoiJ0,t!|at )r“o I them most. Ii d}od. ii 'is nortoo mneb'to-ark the States which aro now resumin * th p ir p'. 'Ca in tho Emi ly of tho Union io g i e ltd 4 ptedgo of per- po»ual loyally ami peace, li.itil it is done, tho past, however inuen. we may detire it, will not he lorcn on. Tee adoption of the amendment re unlike us beyond all power or disi up'.ion. it.heals mo wound ih it i* atilf imperfectly cl6?»;d ; it n iu »ves slavery, the elomoni whiefi ih mi long perplexed and diviicd ih*; enunliy ; it ihbkca of us onc<< mars a united p^o* o, renewed undotrongih ened b mud more than ever to mutual affeu lion a id aopport. Tho aruenefnront r f riic C«nsfiMi:ion being adopted, it Mould idnaiu for tho Siu'ob, whose power* have b- t n so long in &''cy« snee, to resume iheir placoa in ritu two branches ol the N uionul L gislaturo, and thereby eomp e'o tin work of restoration Here it in tor you, f illow c'.tizins of the Senate, and fo you, fellow-nitizmia (f the House of lE'prrBsntuticur, to judge, eac.n of you I n yourjolvcs, of the elections, returns, and q'la.ific a ion* of ><*ur own mombers Tt e f ill assert ion of the powers of the Gam r •• Gftvernm*mt rcquircM tlm I o'ding ol Circu't Courts ot Hie IJ iind Hiaten within th j didtr.Cb where tiu.tr auiliority has been int'iriupted* In the prcient pojttiro r f our ptib'ic aff<iir.», str<-r.u otjeeiiuis have been urged to holding thou i coupe in any rf the States where''rebellion’ hn* existed: and it wo* ascertained, by n.q iiry, that the Cir cuit Court of tii«! United Stat'd would not be held within tin; Dis'r ct ol Virginia dur ing tl c a t*uinn or early winter, nor until Congress shu 1 nave “an upportuni-y to co •- s:djf an re- on the whole mifjict.” To your'deliberations rite rrwtoranorr of this brunch o: the civil au<h >riiy of tho Uniied Siu'es is therefore nccosetrily referred, with tho hope that early proviaion will ha mndo lor the mump i » i ol ail ita functions li is manifest that treui.on, must flip rant in chancer, his been c'mini'tcd. Persons who are chirked with i*8 commiesion should havo fair and impartial mala i i the hignest ci\i* *r bjnala « f the country, in oid*.r thn' the Cuiis ituriou and the law* muy be ful y vindteaiud ; the truth clearly esiabtiehed and affirmed tiiat Ircoeon s a crime, that traitors shoo'd Im • uni. hed and the offjuse made infamous; and, at the aninu time, that the question may hejifri da'ly rettled, finally and forever, that i.o H i t ; of its own will has mo tight to ruumi.ee its place in the, Union. The rclariona of tho General Government towards th'j fntr nnliiwtiH of inhabi'anss whom tho war Its* e.ilicd into freedom, havo engage^. U\y nu'.t serious considera tion. On the propriety of auempting to inako tho Ireodiimn electors hy ilia procla mation of the Executive I lock f t m> couniel the Couhtitotion titaulf• the interpru tatione el that instrument by ne authors and their cot%te.ntparitri*“«. and recant leiris- lauon hy Coi.groMj When. :it tho first movement to-vards indepe* d nee, the Cun* gross 01 ihe United S i ts instructed the aiveral Slates to insiitire governmentB "f theirOwn, they, lelt cicn State tod-ci.e lor itself tho cohdf.tnns for rim en joyment ol ihe elwivo-franchtso. Durii!k' the period ot the Confederacy, thtr.j comi.iued to * x ist a very great Uivcrsi'y in the quahfici- tions (f elecltr! in lit - never. I Staien; and even within a S uu* a di-uirc i m «1 qunl ft cationa prevailed wiste^.n J t * IhotfliJers who w«*re to I e chosen. The Conati*uiion of tho UnilO'l States recogu z « riinsedivor si'.ies when i* «*i j un* ilia 11 lm ch ice cl membtt's of ihe House «1 lE prosoi t uives of the Unitod-States “the uiectorj in esc » Shite shallfme the qualifications requisite lor electors «l the must uuumrous brat ch of the State L gislatt r Af.er the for mation Consiitutio:', it remained, os before, the uirif •rm u-"g tor each State to enlarge the b *<ly « I it« ••'*».•tors, according to its own judgment; and und*r this sys tern, one Biute l et 01 * m Imh proceed' d to ire OSS*; the number m its electors, it mil now, universal suffrage, or somothing very rear it, ii tho general rule. So fixed wa- this rsai rvation ol p w:riu the habits of tho people, and so it q'i**sition**d Ins been tho intorpretft'ton 61 ttio Constimii'm, tiiut during the civil war thelau Profidcnt never harbored tho purj o-n--corta.n y never avowed tho purpose—of disregarding it: and iu iji9 bc h ot Congress, during that period, notliiiig cm be found which, curing the curinuarci of hosuli ios, much i«:rh alter thei^ close. w« u d h*ivi*.eanctiancd any departure by the Executive f.ont auoliiy wit.ch has -o uni o*m y nbtaiued. More over, a concession « 1 mu oloctivn lranchiae to the freednten, by net of th-j Presidcn of Iho Unit'd Suich, miift h.vu been extended to all colored men, wherever 1 *u:id. and ao much have cis'ablis ;«* 1 a change ol tullrage in tho Northern, M.ddo uiid VVestur/i States, not leaB 'hat in rim So'-thcrii and SoathWCJiern. Suet un ue. would have created a new clae-j ol voters, and would have boon an : o uup'inh ol power by the President whicii nothing m the Cpnstitu lion or lavs ol tha .Uniltd States would havo warranted. On tlju o»her hand, every dar.g* r ol eon- fltct is avoid'd who i thn mthmerit«I the question ij relcrrcd to the sever*! States They ctn, each f.r itsoif, d'cidc on tin measure, urd ivhciiti.r i i* to bj ;d »pud at once ai d nbanlntcdy, or tmi"duct il yrtu- unity and will* cm'diii.us. Ii mv jodg- mont, tho Ire dinen, it they show patience and manly virtue*, will looner obtain a particip'’ion in ri*« c!i c iy« tnnchise irtroifgfi the State* i h ui ilivugntli Government, even it it It'd |»®we veue. When'hi tu uu It « l offlo It rvC been mi** d by tno audde im 8 mu ill charge ►hall have sit »* de.l, prove that »tiey Will receive the k General to Inti r- >iu that from s.'ntr v have hsrei< t.TO But vi.ih I li the c'oaa ol the > the General ti •' fri nost c'oscly d pi ndtd. nforcr thn d mtract, •*» ^hght tn« o her. The puhlicAntereai. will be bo*t P’oniotid if tl o n ;\c*al 3 ates wi*| provide ad* q i»lo p'O'eeunti snd remedtea fur the freedmen. Until this fa in some way ac cm pushed, there is no chance for ihe ad vantagenua use of tnoir labor; and the b'ams of ill-success will not rest on them. 1 know llmtfinrnre plillantlirophyJsunruest for the imincdiato realization c%ats>cnioteHt alum ; but time is nlyrays an eleinont in ro- form. It i* one of the greatest nets oil record to havo brought four millions ol ti ocdoin. The career of free ind forces the expenses of tho Government j It is estimated by the Secretary of the have been largely diminished.iinrl a num- 1 Treasury that tho oxpenditur«»H for the fl*. her of v. 6ieU. purchased for navu! pin*. ! cul year ending the 80tli of .Tun*. 18ry>, poses from the rnmehant rnayir,,., have will exceed tho receipt! fjril” 19-1,947. It oeeiLreturned to the peaceful pursuit? of 1 i~ gratifying, however, to state that it in commerce. Since tho suppression of ac- also estimated that tho revenue for the •ttvo hostilities our <fJtmdron! hnvo hem I year ending the 30tb of June, 18tt7. will re:6lttbllRbed#iindC(*»alpt of votsela much | exceed the expenditures in tho sum of more efficient than- those employed on $111.1182.818. This amount, or so much similar service previous to the rebellion. ! a* n:«y be deorned sufficient for the pur- Ihe suggestion forj^o enlargement of I pose, may he Applied to the reduction of the navy yard*, and especially f«r the <*- i the puhlicffilnbt,'which, on thefilstnay of “ - - ? ne in fresh water Tor iron ! October, 1800. wn* $2,740,864,750. Every of justice. In all Unit relates to the destiny of the i'reedmen, ire need not he too anxious to read tho future ; mtny Incidents which, from a speculative point of view*, might jane n'.uini, will quietly settle themselves. Non* that slavery is at an eiul, or near its end, tho greatness of its evil, in the point or view of public ucqnoiny, bccouio* more and uioro apparent, fgnttpy was csseutially a moiiopolv of labor, mta aa such locked tho Suites where it prevailed agniust the incoming of five industry. Where Iqbor was the ptop- '•rty of the capitalist, tho white man was ex- eluded from employment, or had hut the sec ond best chance of finding It, mid the foreign emigrant turned nwav from the region ^rhoro his condition would be so precarious. With the destruction of the monopoly, free labor Will hasten from nil parts of the civilized world to assist in developing various and im measurable resources which have hitherto lain dormant. Tho eight or nine Htatos near est the (»nit' of Mexico Imvc a soil of exuber ant fertility, a climate friendly to long life, mid can sustain a denser population than is found as yet in any part of our country. And the future influx of population to them will be mainly from the NorLli, or from the most cul tivated nations of Europe. From the suffer ing.- that have attended thorn during our Into struggle, let us look awav to th couture, which is sure to he laden for them with greater pros perity than lias ever beforo been known. The removal of the monopoly of slavo labor is a pledge that those regions will bo peopled by a numerous and enterprising population, which will vie with any in the union iu com pactness, inventive genius, wealth aud in dustry. Our government springs from, and was made for, the people—not tho people for the (Jov- erumutit. To them it owes allegiance ; from them it must derive its courage, strength, and wisdom. But,'while tho Government Is thus hound to defer to the people, from whom it derives its existence, it should, from tho very consideration of its origin, he strong in its power of its resistance to tho estab lishment of inequalities. Monopolies, per petuities nnd elass legislation, are contrary to the genius of free government, and ought not to bo allowed, ifero, there is no room for favored classes or monopolies; tho principle of our Government is that of equal laws and freedom of industry. Wherever monopoly attains a foothold, it is sure to be a source df danger, discord, and trouble. We shall but fulfil our duties as legislators by according “equal and exact justice to all men,” special privileges to none. The Government is sub ordinate to the people ; but.as the agent and representatives of the people, It must ho hold superior to’monopolies, which, in themselves, ought never to be granted, and which, where they exist, must bo subordinate and yield to tlm Government. The Constitution confers or. Congress the right to regulate commerce among the seve ral States. It is of the first necessity, for the maintenance of the Union, that that com merce should be free and unobstructed. No Stato cmi be justified in any device to tax the tran-it of travel and commerce between States. The position of many States is such thiri, if they were allowed to take advantage of it for purpose' of loeal revenue, the com merce between States might be injuriously burdened, or even virtually prohibited. It is In-.-t, while the country Is still young, and while the tendency to dangerous 'monopolies of this kind is still feeble, to use tho power of Congress so as to prevent any selfish imped iment to tho froo circulation of men and mer chandise. A tax on travel and merchandise, iu their trim-it, constitutes one of tho worst forms of iu loply, and the evil is increased if coup; ii i Ji ii denial of the choice of route. Who :.e vast ext >nt of our country Is con sidered, it is plain that every obstucle to tho free circulation of commerce between the States ought to be sternly guarded against by appropriate legislation, within the limits of the Constitiitioii. Ti o repftitof tho Secretary of tho In- torior explains the condition of tho public lands the transactions of tho Patent oflloo and tho Pension Bureau, the manage ment of our Indian Affairs, the progroA mado in tho construction of the Pacific H tilroad, and furnishes Information in rd5» iv»rence to matters of local intorost in tho District of Columbia. It also present! evidence of tho successful operation of thn Homestead Act, under tho provisiA^ of which 1.I00.5J8 acres of the putppe lands were entered during the liacHl^oar —tuoruthan one-fourth of tho whole nuffif- bor of acres sold or otherwise diaposnd/of during that noriod. It is estimated tlflt the receipts aorivpd from this Fourco »u“o sufficient to cover tho expenses incidotWo the survey and disposal of tho lauds .en tered under this Act, and that paymAits in cash to tho extent of from forty to percent, will bo mado by sottlers. Mr may thus at any tiino acquiro titlo beroro tho expiration of tho period at which it would otherwise vest. The homestead policy was established only after long and earnest resistance; experience proves its wihdotn. Tho lands, in tho bands of in* du-lrioiis settlers, whose labor ersatos wealth' ar.d Contributes to the public ro- Hourc’i, are worth tnoro to tho United .Stut'*.! than if they had boon reservedM a solitude for future purchasers. Tbo lamentable events of tho last four years, Ttnd tho sacrifices mado by thtpful- Iant mnu of our Army and Navyf havo swelled thf ryct'jpds of the Pension Bureau to an unprecedented cxtdnt. (In the 80th day of JunolHft, tho total numbor nfjpon- sioners was85.1180, requiring lor thoir an- nntiai pay, exclusivo of ox ponses, the^um of $8,023,445. The number of ap^ica* tions that havo boon nllowod since* that day will require a large increase o^this amount for tho next tiicnl year. Tho nmans for tho payment of tho stipends duo, under existing laws, to our disabled^ -oldiers and sailor; to annnunoo the view* of thin nation in - t to *nch interference. On both oucaxio'ns the renioiirfiraiioe of tbe Uni ed States wai re- pertod, from a deeu c rn me; ) and : viVtion, on the part of , that the system of lutual ab.-tinena# from s true rule lor tue two . lurferou i*r<>puga ndisin ■HHH, hemispheres. Sinf»o th«;*e time* we have ad- viibctd iu wea’:l» and power hut we reta il tho purpose to lenv« the nationn of Eurdpe to aboose th own nysten-p of g nioder .tion i dynasties amt form their nioder .tion uiay ju*t y demand a corresponding moderation. We should r- Ard it as a great . ~ . ur J!fc a general HUrt»m9ry ^ gtvnnWnii tary campaigns of 18GJ and 18G5, enJIrig in tbo suppression of armed rc-i-•.».non to tho national authority in the insurgent States. The operations of the general administrative B treuus of tho War D.- parltnunt during thu past yearoru df*‘*»iI- ud, and an eslimato mado of Ihu appro- printions that will barequirod f*>; military purposes in the fiscal year commencing theuOtli duj' of Juno, 1800. The national military force on the 1st of .Muy, lSt)5, numbered 1,000.510 men. It is propose i to reduce the military establishment to u peace fooling, comprehending lifiy thou sand troops of ull arms, organized =■> a* to admit of hd enlargement by filling up the ranks to eightv-two thousand rix hundred, if thy circumstaiica • f the country should require uu augmentation of tho army. The volunteer turee has already boon reduced by the discharge from service of over eight hundrn J th »u- Bftnd troop*, and tho Department i- pro ceeding rapidly in the work of further re duction. The war estimate.-, hi-., reduced from $515,240,141 to $35,814 401, which amount, in thu opinion of the Depart ment, is adequnto lor a peace esiahli li- mont. The measures of rotrenchtuent in each Bureau and branch of the nervi'f exhibit a diligent (Oouotny w-uthy of cotnutondation. itoferen';e is uho made in the report to tho necessity of provider •• for a uniform militia system, ».i:d to the propriety of making suitable p o\ ;s:on for wounded and di.-ubled officers and soldiers. Tho rovenuo system of tho country i- t subject of vital interest to its honor and pi< BDeii.y, and .‘hou’.dcommand tl 0-t consideration of Congress. The Secre tary of tho Treasury will lay b* fo.i* you a full and detailed re port of the receipt-, and disbursements of the lust fiscal y.-.r, . fthe probable receipts nnd expenditures for th" other throo quarters, and the ostitnutes , r the year following too 80tii of J uric, I860 I might content myself with u inference ti that report, in which you will find ull th • information required for your dulib 'ration* and decision. But tSio paramount irnpor* lance of the subject so presses irieif on my mind, that I cannot but lay before you my of the measures which are required for tlm good character, and, I might ol*o say, for tho existence of this pnop.o. Thn life of a republic lies eorlainl.y in trio ener gy, virtue, and intelligence of its citizens; but it is equally trim that a good rcvomi" system i! tbe life ol an orgaoir. -d g »vern* mont. 1 meet y:u at a time when tho.n i- tion has voluntarily burdened itself with a debt unprecedented incur annul.-. V>i<t is its amount, il lades away ir;t<» nothing when compared with the countie s bless ings that will be conferred upon our conn* try and upon man hy the preservation ol tho nation’s life. Now, on the flr?t occa sion of the meeting of Congress Fire* the return of peace, it is of the utmost im pro- lance to inaugurate a just policy, which shall at once bn put in motion, and which shall commend itself to those who come after us for its countenance. Wo tr.u-t aim at nothing less than the complete el- fncemont of tho financial evils that tie" »* sarily followed a slate of civil war. Wn must endeavor to apply tho earlie-t remo* dy to tho deranged stato of the currency, and not shrink front devising a policy which, wi.hout being opnres-ivo t.» thn people, shall immediately bee it: to oiled a reduction of tho debt, uu I. plrsisl- 1 in. discharge it fully within* a definitely fix' d number of yearn. It is our first duly to prepare in earnest for our recovery for the cverriucrea-im? vils of art irredeemable currency, without a sudtlon revulsion, and yet with to Treason nnr.uAl^MYiijruls may b« uggiiustdiy.ifiis iiiiuuc Wit. 1 ihfTenl .aclf t i >, w -. n W tc J4ecrdAr%r»f ih< p complifb*jB b7 within a period not exceeding liMA4jW-ar^ 1 have faith that w« shall do alltni- with- in a reu-onmble time; that, ns we have nrnszoa tho world by the suppression of a civil war which wai thought to be beyond tho control of any Government, so wo -hall equally show tho superiority of our institutions by tbo prompt and faithful discharge of our national obligation*. The Department of Aariculturo, under it! present direction, is accomplishing much in developing and utilising tho vast agricultural capabilities of the country, and for information respecting the detail* of ito management reference is mado to the annual report of tho Oommissioner. I have dwelt thus fully on our domestic affairs because of their transcendent im portance. Under any circumstances, our great extent of territory and variety of elimn’e, producing almost every thing that is nrce-sary for the wards, and ev the comforts of man, muke us FinguUi independent of the varying policy ot for- | public: 'ign Powers, and protect us against every | y nr* I rombinsri. dK. WI . Th« United Sti fOO( eminent, and to the peace of rwworld, should y hungyuu Power ehallenga tho American ople. asjt w«re, to the defence of ropuhliean- n ^rainst foroien inTctlVrenre We rfunnot p,rc.-fc , ;ind are unvuiling to consider wiatop- iht present themselves, what ijrht offer to protect »»urselves our lormoi KdJern- d^ftdchire lu itrt iVtho •^Oyi'd heretofore; «uy « ill Devor be driven tror^that course burli* ic aggression of E aro pea n Power®: and we re^ y on tbe nUdoin anU justice of those Powers to respect the system of non-interference which anh fo long been snr.cikned by time, i»l whiob, by its g- od rurults, basappiovod it- If to both continents. Therorrespondence between theXTnTfeaStatoB snd France, in reference tu (jueati"ns wifieh have become subjodls of difcnssion between tho two Governments, will, nt a proper time, bo laid before Congrei-s. • When, tu t!ie organization of our Oovern- incnt, under the Constitution, thn ‘'resident of the Unit d .State* delivered ti is inaugural ad- dreAS t" tho two Houses of Cnugre-F. ne said to them, nnd through them to the country and to mankind, that * the pr^Hervjtiou of the sacred fire of liberty an<l the destiny of the republican iu del of government tre justly considered ;i* deeply, perhaps as finally htakod on tno expor- iment intrusted to the American people.” And the Hou-eof Keprcsontafive* answered Wash- J ingum by the voice or MaJirun: "We adore 1 too invisible hand which Iims led tho American I people, through cn many dilfi ulties, to cherish m £ijr the destiny ot re- More than screnty-8'x ay since those words were tales hnvo passed through iiroagthe existence a* one nation, rifi.-i bv .-irr w, nmi ict, and e.sMldifbed by tne virtue ot me people, tho moat no#! of the oi'i'iudon invites up onee uiore to ’opeat. with solemnity, the pledges oi our lathers to hold ours* Ives answerable before our fellow-rtion for the success of tho republican form ot govern ment. Expericnoe li.is proved its sufficiency In peace nnd m war; It ho* vindicated its author ity through dangers, and ntiUotions, and sudden and terrible emergencie-. which wou'd have crus «? l nny system t at had been less firmly fixed in the* cart of the people. At the inau- gur<*'ion of WsL-hinsitun thuforeizn relations of inn itstrado wus reprO'S- ns. now all the civilized I and tilt by Spain :i urn! limit "uifd \ >'U|dH civil \ . and ' r-. with :i timely procrastinatin^r For that end, mtuft, liach |n our rospeclive posit propaTp the £ ay. I hold it the duty of lh« Executive tllLiFist u{)()8, frugality in tlx expenditure^and a srftring ce niomy i itself a gieiri wttionaljresource, Ol tin banks to whleft authority has boon giver to .issue no test ecu red by bonds of tin United Statq|®vo i^ty ri'ipure tho great est (fiodeiatij^vand,prudence, and the lav tnu%W*o rigidl^^ffrorcod when hvm4x needed. may, cou^fel ou^jRttivo and onlerprisi . try men to bo constantly on their guard, to liquidlute debts contracted in a paper cur- ronf^, andjdsy conducting businevs a- Hourly as possible on a system of cash pay ments or short credits, to hold themsulve- pt^pared tiytuni to the standard «>f gold ariwtlver. /Co aid our fed low-citizens in th^prudont management of their mone tary affairs, tho duty devolve! on u» t» di minish by law tho amount of paper money now in circulation. Five years ago the bam-noto circulation of the •■•"intry amounted to not much tnoro tlmn tw>» hundrod millions; now tho circulation, bank-wnd national, ox'coedssevon humln il miffifcns. The simple statement ol the fact reoouiuierids more strongly than any warJs ot mine could do, the ner.'ssity of jinx restraining this expansion. Tfio grad ual reduction of tho currency U the only measure that can save tho bucinc-s <*f tho country from disastrous calamities ; this cati be almost imperceptibly un plished by gradually finding the nal circulation in securities that may h. i “entangling aliiuncc*, while at the present moment tho re-ostab- lislnnont of harmony, and the strength thnt comes from harmony, will boourb.-t a ciirity Hguin#t “nations who fee! power and forgot right.” For myself, it has been nnd will bo my constant aim to promote peace and amity with all foreign nations and powers; and 1 have every reason to believe that they all, without exception, t«:e animated by tho same di-po#iti<>n. Our relations with the Emperor ot China, so recent in their origin, are moat friendly, ut r-j Our commerce with his dominions is •ere- receiving new developments; and it is I thecoantr. on h very pleading to find that ijiu Government ! ed by b-<* ile rugu'nti * of that greut Empire manifests satisfaction •' with our policy, and roposes just confi donee in tho fairness which mark* our j nVingau untried path, with St.to* so little inteicourso Tho unbroken harmony he- bound together by rapid mean! • f communica- tween t]m United States and the Emperor ! tion asjto bo liaruly known to onoanotber. and of itussia is receiving a new buppori fiom un enterprise designed to carry telegraphic lines across the continent of Asia, through Ins dominions, and fo to connect us w Hi all Europe by a new channel of inter course. Our commerce with Houth Amer ica is about to receive encouruguincnt by a direct line of mail steamships to the rising Empire of Brazil. Tbe dialingui-h- ed party of men of science who have recently left our country to make a scien tific exploration of the natural history and rivors and mountain ranees of that region, have received from iho Emperor that gen erous wolcoino which was to have beeu expected from his constant friendship fur the United .States, and his well know i zeal in ptomoling the advancement <>f knowledge. A hope is entertained thnt our commerce with tho rich and populous c-untries thut border tho Mediterranean Soa may bo largely increased. Nothing will bn wanting, oiv Iho -part of this Gov eminent, to oxlend the protection of our lUg over tho enterprise of our feilow- citizens. Wo receive front the Powers in thnt region assurances of good will; and it is worthy of nolo that a special envoy bus brought u# messages of condolence on the death of our late Chief Magistrate Irom trio Boy of Tunis, whose rule includes the old dominions of Carthage, on the African coast. Our domestic contost, now happily ended, has left some traces in our relations with oi e at leust of the great maritime Power.;. The formal accordance of balli- goront rights to tho insurgent Slate* was unprecedented, and has not been juriitied by the issue. But in the systems of neu trality pursued by the Powers which made thnt concession, thore wa* a marked differ ence. The materials of war foi tho in!ur- gent States were furnished, in a gr«mt measure, from trio workshops of Great Britain ; and British ship#, manned by British subjects, and prepared for receiv ing British armament-, sullied from the ports of Great Britain t«» make war on American commerce, under the shelter of a commission from tho insurgent States. These -hips, having onco escaped from British ports, over afterwards entered no of ii?*, i thorn in every part of the world, to refit, ltd so to renew their depredali consequences of this conduct were most ili-a-lrotis to tho Htatos thou in rebellion, increasing their desolarion and misery by the prolongation of our civil contest. It had, moreover, the effect, to a gi eat extent, to drive the American flag from the *eu, and to transfer much of our .-hipping aud our commerce to the very Power whose eul j 'Cts had crested the necessity for »ucb a ciiungo. These events took place before I was call ed to the Administration of tbo Govern ment. Tho sincere desire for peace by which I urn animated led me to approve the proposal, already made, to submit iht- question* which had thus arisen between tho countries to arbitration. Theso ques tions ate ot such moment Ibattbey must Imvo coalman ..od tbe attention of the great Powers, and aro so interwoven with ttie pawn and interests of every one of them and j a- to have eitturod an impartial docirion. out- 1 regret to inform you thai Great Britain >nnl I declined the arbitrament, but, on the oih» band, invited us to the formation of a that brier . npriy granted. A grateful ptopl to« x on i iho elec- I not hesitate to sanction any moaauri verst .State*, it is j r ,g for their object tho roliof oi l faith requiro; the mutilntod and families made fathei redeemable in the pleasure of th > Govern- J joint commission to settle mutual un *nt, between the two couotri-*, from which Our debt ri doubly secure—fir-t in the : those f *r the depredali ns before mention- actual wcnMtapd still greater undeveloped | « d sh- uld be excluded. The proposition, resources of the country : and next in the ! in that very unsatisfactory form, has been character of our institution*, 'i he most declined. lilical ocon- I The United States did not present tho impeach merit of tbe good wer which was professing and to tho families ofAintelligent observers among \ "“tit^Lomists havo not failed to ren ■tod i public dobt of a country is Faf»* in p huch us have perishod in tho sorvicojafih^i^omiFls hnvo not failed to remark, that the j sul.j country, will no doubt bo choorfullr'V J J “ ** ‘ •' qualiy clear thn g • d faith require* the mutilated and families made latheftess in i security < f rim fre«d »u n i •» tlioir Imerty nnd > the efforts to preserve our national exis-pt .u.. - *• t n Ir to Inlnr. a id tenen. * iljratod j public dobt of a country is safe in pr. j> r- faith of aCf iplo will [Mon ns its people aro free; that the ilobt | tho most fli res kav-\<p>f a republic is tho safest of all. Our his- volving qBi Ifcildiers lory confirms and establish".- the tb-ory. the setllctMi eflesi in 'Aid is, 1 firmly boliovo, destine 1 to give I nations ; aWil thefr pn p r V, their light to claim rim just return ol tho.r labor. Icrii" t»oBt«o gy urge a d a- psaaionuie >r »tu»tiit of li*i» *ubj ct, wiiich ihuuld bee r tu'ly keptalool from all piny strife. W«i nni t «quilly avoid bsstv •*- sumption* of u y nnuril i.opi>i*s bihty lor tho two race- to live ► tie hy fi fe, in a ata'e from all tho Htatos previous to tjy* ry^i- of mutual to tfi nt d good wi I- Tho tx* lion, in the sum of §6,088.091 ^ana the perim n t iiiv• ivi'H u■* hi no inconsistency; annual average increoso of rovqpue dti- !et ns tlirn, go on ui.d iniko that expert- ring the last four years, comp|j4il with mont in good Iu rii, mid not tu too easily | the rovenuos of tho four years immodi- till tnoro signal illustrate 1 secret ot thisfliporiority cprin :* r Tho roport of tho Poglmastor General I ly from tho fact mat in a republic th resents an encouraging exhibit^of klid [ ttonal obligations aro distributed per,ttion! of tho Post Office LUffsirtment widoly # through countless number! during tbo year. Tbo revenues of tho | classes .of society; it ha! it* root in the past year from tho loyal States ^ono oxp,| character of our laws. ”nero all men con- * * ' r* ’ * * ~ ~ 1 hlaieric traditions extending few year.-: now intercourse between tbe State's id dwitt him iutimate: ifi.j exeerienco of centu- nes bus been crowded into i\ few generations, sun has created an int«:iido, inde.HricUolo na- tionr.l’t.v. Inenonr jurisdi- tioa did not roach beyond the inconvenient bourdnries of the had uchieved indepfndenoe: •fiona ol binds, first colonized mec, the country hn* acquired character, un i has for its n«t- ebaih ot I,nkcs, the iful! of ihoesituml tho we t the two iher nali .ns wt.ru wasted by ;es before they could esmb’.i.rii ho necessary degree of unity; ever kn wnto ihe world. b»;* co irorn civil war Within m;deic \ iod cation ot the constitutional autnority of tho General tiov- oriinicnt, and with «>ur local liberties aud .Mute institutions unimpaired. The throng* ot emigrants that crowd to our short* are witnesses of the confidence of all peonies in'.'Ur i.erinnn**noe. Here is the irreat land of free labor* where in in-try hi Messed wtl» unexampled rew«r<l*. and the brand of the workiuciUHn is sweetened by the. otatsci.tu^eFS that the cause of the country “is his own cause, hi* own safety, bis own dignity.” Here every once joys the free use of his Uculii.es and the choice of activity as a natural right. Here, under the combined inilucc.ee •- % fruitful soil, a1 climes, and huppy ii.stitutiona, pipula- situde. >ea. wealth has increased with tv ■ rapidity thnn number.*, fo that io secure against the financial vie .there *un tries, and. alike in l, etiises to ly independent. Herr mure an to provide edt.’cAti 'ii for e ven < soil Here religion, relea.-cd fro nection with the civil g •verntn aubsun e the craft of statotmon, and becomes, in its indojM-n * > ■ -il.iui;;! lito ..t tn*- people. H ren erati .n i« extended to every opinion, in the ;uit-t ct-rtainty that truth need! only u fa<r field lose- are the victory. Hero tho human min i g«.c* forth nu.-hacklud in the pur suit ot srionec. to collect stores of knowleugo and acquire an c\er-incre ising mastery over thu force* o* nature. Here the national doinwin is offered and held in miili'Mii.« i separate free holds, so that our ie||.ov-ctt'zen*. beyond ttio occupants oi any other part of tho earth, con- Fti'utciu reality n people Here exists tbe dem ocratic form ol government: snd thn' form of government. I»y iho contecsion ol European statesmen, ‘ gives a power <>f which no other that be MiltO, ; public y thing ft para! lei oxist the soul.” ist hritory. df. happiness which roach oi tue people of the Uuib'd "’her . in any part of the globe, can tions be found so suited to their habit* titled to their lov e as their own tree Constitu tion? Every me of them, men, iu whatever part of the land he bus bin home, must wish ita stitu- erpe lily. Who of Uu ‘ every step by v Mates have «d‘ independent nut tinguished by . agency 7“ Who v prayer t tbi P .th, (lay iu of the Is of \\ a.-hiuRton. tlmt peoplo of the Unitod tho character of un s to have been dis- 't>n of Providential i me General Government edeni tho maximum nnnud disheartened. Tnc coun ry t* lsb>r, and the ftcdni :u are in ptoyment, cal'ura and prone, ihrir right .d v..,u-t »r> migrr pa ristion i n .. he qacit or not idvlfo u r l ie d e uova itation. Ti t a* rat :> r c.i c >ur honur&H'p ud useful industry, ‘ be boh* fie al to tliuimulv* h ulid try; snd - t'l'itsd ef hsaty ii need ol cd ol en i. Whi • fh« coun ipirion* oi fisiluro. If tbeie be tiotl i «g wanting lb Ihe I ir trial «I tin; i xpnrimunt Tha chsi g'i in their condition is the sub- SMvUinn oi it.li -r hy cenuaut I r the h auis tf slavery. Tim Ircdumi etnnot I airly bo «ccu*ed ol unwilltngncs* i«» work, so long sa s donut isinsiiii about hia froedom ol choice in h'• i tirsntt*. *i'd the c. r ainiy «»i bis reco'oring hts sripuiattd wages- lh this tho rnmra.t# «d the employer snd tbr employed c inetda. Ti " employer d *ire» in bis workmen spirit and Hric.i'v, and these can be putuiMneiiily Mcund til no other way. And il the one ought to be aioly nrecodtng tho rebnllion, was $3,583, 845. The revenues of the last lUcal year amounted to $14,656,168. and tlrToxocnd- ituros to $13,694,728. I»»aviug a s'urplui^8T receipts over oxptMidituros of $861,480. Urogros! lias boon made in motoring the postal service in tho Southern States. The views presented by tho Fostmastor General against the policy of uj^bsme subsidies to ocean mail stoayffipi'p upon ustablishod routes, and i\favor of continuing tho prusopt system, which lim its the compensation for oce*n sorvico to the postage earnings, are recommended to the careful consideration of Congress. It appears, from tho report of the Sec retary of tho Navy, that while, at the commoncomont of,the present year, there wore in commission 530 vessels of all oU*»ft& pnd descriptions, armed with 3000 guns fknd manned by 6l|0OO men; the number of v*9Muls at present in commis sion is 117, with 830 guns aud 12.128 men. By this prompt reduction of the naval -roceljjts tribute to tho public wvlfa ' their fair sharo of the public burden* During tho war, under the impulse* o patriotism, the mon of tho groat body «' the peoplo, without regard to the rowi comparative want of wealth, thronged t our armiests*d filled our fleet! of war and held themselves ready to offer thei lives for tho public good. Now, in thei turn, tho property and income ul tii country sholfld bear their just proporti " (.1 tho burden of taxation, while in qu Mipost svsteni, through ntcan> of v.h mcreasoa vitality is incidentally iori“ rt <1 to all tho industrial intercuts of tho i-atiqn, t e dutio* should ho so adjusted as to tall most heavily on articles of luxury, leav ing tho accessaries of life m free from taxation as tho absolute wants of the Gov- eminent, economically administered, will | and fl ndly dispositi [ttons of public law, of which ‘ t is essential t«» tho pence of 'd, though pucumury repara tion to ihciV injured citizens would have followeJ incidentally on a dcci*ion against Great Britain, such compensation was not their primary object. They tied a higher motive, and it was in the inter ests of peace and justice to establish im portant principles of uiternalionul law. Tno correspondence will bo placed before you. Tho ground on which tho British Minister rests Iris justification is, substan tially, that the municipal law of a nation, nnd tho domestic interpretations of that <hw, are the measure of its duty as u neu tral ; and i feel bound tn declare my opinion, before you and before the world, tlmt the justification cannot bo sustained before the tribunal of nations. At the same time l do not advise to any present attempt at redress hy acts of legislation For the future friendship between the two countries must rest on the basis of mutual, justice. From tho moment of the establishment of our treo Constitution, tue civilised world has heca mi varied by revolutions iu tho interests ot ilemooruoy or of monarchy, but through all olutions tho United Btateshuve wisely ly refuted to become propagandists of J. R. IVEY & CO., COTTON FACTORS, Warehouse, KKClilVINli, t BWABDUG AND CHMillAL Commission Merchants, justify. No favored clam should demand | republicanism. It isthe oub’ government suit freedom from Hsve*8tneni, and the tax-! I od to <>ui'Condition; but we have never sought .hould be io ULtrlbuted y. n„« to f.M un- ; ! y ° ““h^^o.Tr Tv^SfnV.on'r duly on tho poor, but ratlmr on tho area- commend it only by the careful presor mutated wealth of the country. We * ‘ **“ j should look at the national debt juri a* it is—not as w national blessing, hut as m heavy burden on tne Industry of the coun try, to he discharged without unneces sary delay. a till ample Mtorage Comdgnx ont* solicited. Oppo*»tc Post Office- J. H. 1VKV .V CO. Columbus, Ga». Nov. F. I4ti5—liu ^ NEW FIRM. r I 1 lir undersigned beg leavo to inform thair L Inciuri and tho public gi'no-ally, thnt thoy have t in* day formed a coput'tiivrriiip under tho name and style ut FOIXTAINE & HUGHES, fur the trnnsuctiou of a Warehouse nml (ionoral C«u)D)ission kus oess. A J business entruFted to them shsll receivo pruuipt uttentien. Our NVarchouse. in process ot erection, will soon be ready, but iu tbe moan- tiine we will provide *tora«« tor onr patrons until I he building is finished- Oar office at pres ent i* on Randolph -ireci, in IV. W. (karard's butldiug, near the ulU le>«elj Wutebouse. JOIIN Kt'NTAlNK, W. II. llUGIIl^. Columbus. Bcpt. 19.1W'-cetl-tl FIREPROOF WAREHOUSE! 'Vlilmv «M.ri( i i Cullou and M«i patruuagoni our Irira. . , .. •rally. VfcPNOV A MAllAl vet 17-tjaul