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’m**! ■ ■'fiiw. iwi j " if? nrl m TTT'. THECONSTITUTIONALI ST. JAM ES G A HOMER, JR. TEKMS. Dail_y, per annum $8 Tri-Weekly, per annum .6 00 If paid in advance 5 00 Weekly, per annum . 9 00 - If paid in advance 250 To Clubs, remitting $lO in advance, FOE COPIES are sent. This will put our Weekly pa per in the reacii of new subscribers at TWO DOLLARS A YEAR. who will pay up arrearages, and send four new subscribers, with the money, can get the paper at $2 00. [pTAII new subscriptions must be paid in ad- ! ranee. ff~r*Postage must he paid on all communications and letters of business. Tims’s Changes. i saw her once—so freshly fair, That like a blossom just unfolding, She open'd to Life's cloudless air. And Nature joy'd to view its moulding ; Her smile, it haunts my memory yet— Her cheek’s fine hue divinely glowing — Her rosebud mouth—her eyes of jet— Around on all her light bestowing. Ohl who could look on such a form, So nobly free, so solftlv tender. And darkly dream that earthly storm Should dim such sweet, delicious splendor? For in her mien, and in her face. And in her young steps' fairy lightness, Nought could the raptur'd gazer trace But Beauty's glow and Pleasure's brightness I saw her twice—an altered charm— But still of magic richest, rarest, Than girlhood's talisman less warm, Though yet of earthly sights the fairest; Upon her breast she held a child, The very image of its mother; Which ever to her smiling smiled, They seemed to live within each other*, But matron cares, or lurking woe, Her thoughtless, sinless look, had banish’d. And from her cheek the roseate glow Os girlhood’s balmy morn had vanish’d j Within her eyes, upon her brow, Lay something softer, fonder, deeper. As if in dreams some vision’d woe Had broke the Elysium of the sleeper. I saw her thrice—Fate's dark decree In widow's garment had arrayed her; Yet beautiful she seem'd to be. As e’en my reveries portray'd her; The glow, the glance hud pass’d away, The sunshine, and the sparkling glitter; Still, though I noted pule decay, The retrospect was scarcely bitter; For in their place a calmness dwelt, Serene, subduing, soothing, holy; In feeling which, the bosom felt That every louder mirth is folly— A pensiveness—which is not grief— A stillness—as of sunset streaming— A fairy glow on flower and leaf, Till earth looks like a landscape dreaming. A last time—-and unmoved she lay, Beyond life’s dim, uncertain river, A glorious mould of fading clay, From whence the spark had fled forever. I gazed—my breast was like to burst— And as I thought of years departed. The years wherein I saw her fxr^t, When she, a girl, was lightsome-hearted ; And when I mus'd on later days. As moved she in her matron duty, A happy mother, in the blaze Os ripen'd hope, and sunny beaut} I felt the chill—l turned aside— Bleak Desolation’s cloud came o'er me— And Being seem’d a troubled tide. Whose wrecks in darkness swam before me ! [From the Cudeakm Courier of the Mthinst.] Bv our E«celusive Express. 18 HOURS IX ADVANCE OF THE MAIL LATER FROM MEXICO. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE RE LATIVE TO A TREATY WITH MEXICO. Through the nimbleaess of our ponies, we yesterday received intelligence from New Orleans to Monday last, being (on account of the failure of the mail) forty-eight' hours later than has reached us in regular course. The failure of the mail was doubtless caused by the recent freshets that have prevailed at the West. An endorsement on one of our pa pers mailed at Montgomery on the 11th inst. says: “The Express Rider reports the roads flooded. The mail due this morning cannot get in, as he passed it 20 males out.” On the outer envelope of the Express package, it is stated that “the Alabama River is rising rapid ly.” We have great fears that the recent heavy rains will prove very destructive to the crops, bridges, &c. at the West, and look with much anxiety for further advices. Our express letter brings ns the New Orleans Commercial Times of Monday, and a slip from the office of the Picayune up to 10 o’clock, A. M. of that day. The news from Mexico will be found interest ing, inasmuch as the heads of a correspondence that has taken place between Mr. Buchanan, Secretary of State, and the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs are published. Mr. Trist, it wiil be seen, is invested with full powers to concluded a treaty of Peace, but we find little indication that the Mexican government are disposed at the present time to enter into ne gotiations. [Freni the N. O. Picayune Ectra, July 1 1 —10 A. M. J Arrival of the Steamship M’Kim. LATSI2 FJZ33S VESA GiJUZ. The steamship M’Kim arrived at this port on Sunday afternoon in charge of her first olK cer, Capt. Pilsbury having died on the passage of yellow fever. The M’Kim left Vera Cruz on the 3d inst. There had been nothing later received* from the city of Mexico than was brought down the night of the Ist inst., but fuller accounts had transpired at Vera Cruz than were received by the Alabama. We have no further information of the march of Gen. Pillow. II id any disaster occurred to him, the news of it could scarcely have failed to reach Vera Cruz promptly. Our letters make no mention whatever of him or his com mand. By this arrival we have files of papers from the city of Mexico to the 29th ult. inclusive. In the Dlario del Gobierno of the 26th of Juna, appeared an important diplomatic correspond ence. The first note is from the Mexican Min ister of Foreign Affairs to the Secretaries of Congress, referring to that body a communi cation from Mr, Buchanan, which announces Mr. Trist’s appointment. We learn that this letter was communicated to Santa Anna by or through the British Minister at Mexico, Mr. Bankhead, who has exerted himself to bring about a negotiation for peace between the two nations. Mr. Buchanan’s letter is dated April 15th. It acknowledges the receipt of the Mexican Minister’s letter of the 22 I February, declin ing to accede to our proposition to send com missioners to Jalapa, Havana, or other point before the blockade of the Mexican ports should be raised ami the Mexican territory evacuated by our troops. * Mr. Buchanan writes that the President holds such a condition" absolutely inadmissi ble—neither demanded by national honor nor sanctioned by the practice of nations. He urges that such a preliminary condition would render wars interminable, especially between contiguous nations, unless by the complete submission of one of the belligerents. He shows how peurile a course it would be fur a nation which had sacrificed men and me- ney to gain a foothold in an enemy s country, to abandon all the advantages it had won and withdraw its forces in order to induce negotia tions, without any certainty or security that peace would ensue from such negotiations. He then cites the case of our last war with Great Britain, to show that we never consid- j ered for a moment that our nation re juired us 1 to insist upon the withdrawal of British troops } before consenting to treat for peace. We sent i commissioners to Ghent when portions of our : territory wore in the possession of British troops; and it was notorious that while nego- j tiatlons were going on At Ghent, hostilities were carried on upon both sides with unwont- • ed vigor; the most memorable actions of the war taking place after negotiations had been concluded. Such a preliminary condition to negotiation cannot be cited in modern times; at least, Mr. Buchanan knows of none. He then exposes the unusual conduct of Mexico under another aspect. The President, in his desire to avoid the war, had sent a min- , ister to negotiate a peace. Even after the war was commenced, by the attack of the Mexi- \ can troops upon Gen. Taylor, the President had reiterated propositions with a view of opening negotiations which should put au end j to hostilities. He had declared to the world that he would exact no -*ouditious that were not honorable to both parties; and yet the Mexican Government had refused to receive the minister sent to her, and after refusing to ac cede to the opening of negotiations, Mexico had never made known upon what basis she would consent to a settlement of the differences be tween the two. Republics. There will never be a termination of hostilities, Mr. Buchanan proceeds, if Mexico continues to [refuse to] listen to the overtures which have been prof fered, and which tend to the establishment of peace. The President will not, therefore, make further overtures for the opening of negotia tions until he has reason to believe that such will be accepted by the Mexican Government; i but, nevertheless, such is his desire for peace, ( that the evils of the war shall not be prolonged I one day later than the Mexican Government makes it absolutely necessary. Accordingly, | to carry his determination into effect, he had sent in the quality of Commissioner, to the head quarters of the army in Mexico, Mr. N. : P. Trist, First Clerk in the State Department, i with full powers to conclude a-definite treaty : of peace'with the United Mexican States. — Mr. Trist is recommended as possessing the full confidence of the President, and worthy of ; that of the Mexican Government. In conclusion, Mr. Buchanan forbears from | commenting upon the closing passage of the last letter from the Mexican Minister, lest it should give to his present note a less concilia tory character than he desires for it. He re- | curs with pleasure to another passage in the same letter wherein is expressed the pain with which the Mexican Government has seen al tered the cordial friendship which it had cul tivated with this Republic, the continued ad- j vancement of which it had always admired, ! and whose institutions had served as a model of its own. Such sentiments, continued Mr. Buchanan, the President deeply feels; his strongest desires are tiiat the United Mexican States, under such institutions as prevail witn us, may protect and secure the liberty of their citizens, and maintain an elevated position among the nations of the earth. Such is an outline of Mr. Buchanan’s letter of April loth. Wo have not translated it, as the original will no doubt at once be made pub lic. T/u re is no indication in it of the basis upon which Mr, Trist is authorized to conclude a treaty. This letter- the Mexican Minister acknow ledges on the 22d of April, saying that the President had instructed him to reply that tne whole subject matter of it had been expressly reserved by the Sovereign Congress of the na tion for its own control, and that the letter would be at once transmitted to it for its ac tion. We learn by the Mexican {Papers that Con gress was at once convened to take the matter into consideration, but up to the 29th of Juno no quorum had been procured. By a letter from a source entitled to great respect, we further learn that Gen. Cicott gave the Mexican Government till the 30th. ult., to act upon the letter, when, if nothing should be done, he would march in. The best opinion in Mexico, In our judgment, we have had an opportunity of learaig by this arrival. That opinion gives but poor encourage ment for peace, but does not entirely despair. Other gentlemen, with very ample opportuni ties for judging, write from the city of Mexico, that there is no hope of a settlement of the difficulties; that the Mexicans have not yet been suiiiciently whipped; and that General Scott will have to reach the city of Mexico,— None of the letters we have seen mention any thing about the number or position of the Mexican troops. From the Sun of Anahuacof the 2d inst. we copy the following order issued by Com. Per ry upon returning to the mouth of the river from Ills Tabasco expedition: GENERAL ORDER—No. 3. U. S. Flag Ship Mississippi, } Off Tabasco River, June 25, 1817. j The commander-in-chief, on returning to his ship from the expedition undertaken to capture and occupy the city of Tobasco, seizes upon the earliest moment to offer his warmest thanks to the officers, seamen and marines, composing the force engage ! in the attack, for the gratifying proofs of zeal and courage, man liest by them on the occasion. Notwithstanding the extensive and judici ous arrangements made by the Mexicans for defence, they exhibited little gallantry in main taining their well chosen position, and the only disappointment evinced by the brave officers and men, proceeded from the fact that the enemy did not stand more firmly to their arm . M. C. PERRY, Commanding Home Squadron. The commodore arrived atAntou Lizardo on the 30th June, with the squadron. We have no tune to make use of our Mexi can files, the mair'closing at so early an hour. ARRIVAL OF THE STEAMSHIP JAS. L. DAY. Later from the Brazos. The steamer James L. Day, Capt. Wood, arrived this morning from the Brazos Santiago. By her we have received the Matamoros Flag of the 7th inst. The news is without impor tance. The steamboat Enterprise has been sunk in the Rio Grande, fifteen miles above Reyaosa. Boat a total loss. Capt. Dunlap’s company of mounted men from Illinois had arrived at Matamoras, the men in fine health and the horses in tole rable condition. McCulloch’s company has returned from Comargo to Matamoras. We copy the following from the Flag: Fkom the Inteiuoh of the State.—Mr. Holliday, a gentleman well known in this city, returned on Tuesday evening last from a jour ney into the interior, sixty miles beyond San Fernando. The object of his journey was to purchase mules for Government, which was frustrated on account of an irregular competi tion in the same business by the band of Cara bajal, who were spread over the country ti lting forcible possession of all the mules and i horses fit for service. The ulcados of several j diiierent villages beyond IS an Fernando advised I Mr. Holliday not to prosecute Iris journey further, assuring him that it would be impos sible to obtain mules, and ho was running a great risk of being cither killed or made pri soner. lie was informed that a part of Urrc Vs forces was in Victoria, and that the mules and horses which were being collected by the Mexi cans were intended for a force which was rais ing and was to rendezvous at Victoria for the purpose of making a descent upon Tampico. This he learned from many different sources, and be believes that an attack on that post is intended, the weakness of the garrison there strongly favoring such a design. [From the N. O. Times.] Tampico. The brig Harriet, Gapt. Brown, arrived hero on Saturday, from Tampico, the 29th ult., but brought no news. The rainy season had sot in at Tampico, but the health of the troops wore satisfactory.— Not a single case of yellow fever had occurred since the commencement of the occupation. Papers from the capital had reached Tampi co to the 19th ult., but they contain little of importance, except the reiteration of the forced contributicfii of a million of dollars, and stirring appeals on the part of the journalist >, i to the patriotism of the people, in view of the anticipated advance of Gen. Scott from Pue bla. Mrs. Do Pussy, the wife of Col. Dc Hussy, and his two sons, had arrived there; also Mrs. Daly, with Lt. Daly of the Louisiana Volun teers. There was to be a grand fete'on the 4th hist., Cant. C. B. Hunt, being appointed ora tor of the day. Col. Gates, on the 2oth ult., issued an order prohibiting the importation of spirituous ii ■ quors. Vera Cruz. By the arrival of the steam ship M’Kira, Cant. ITisbury, from Vera Cruz, the 3d inst., via Brazos, the 6th inst., we have accounts from both those places up to the respective dates of departure. No news had arrived from the interior since the receipt of the last advices; cense juently nothing had transpired, in relation to the expected onward movement 1 of Gen. Scott's army. I 1 Died at Ska. —We regret to announce the I death of Capt. Pillsbury of the MTvim, who I j caught the yellow fever at: Vera Cruz, and | died on the 7th inst., at sea. Capt. P. was \ the son of the Hon. Timothy Pillsbury, a ' i member of Congress from the State of Texas. | Left at Vera Cruz on the 3d inst., the brig ] Velasco, Capt. Bell, up for this port, about the : Bth inst. . ! . Havana By the arrival here, on Saturday, of the brig Selina, Capt. Brown, from Havana, the Ist inst., we have received tiles of papers to date i of departure. The U. S. schr. On-ka-ky-e left Havana, for the Gulf, on the 30th ult., and the British sloop of war Thunder, on a cruise, on the 27th ult. Storm. — A heavy thunder storm broke over Havana, on the 25th ult., during which the electric lluid occasioned considerable injury to the churches of Santa Theresa and San Fran i cisco dc Paolo. ! The late Difficulty at Havana. —The two I officers who refused to pay the tine imposed on ! them by the authorities, for alleged breach of ‘ the sanatory regulations, Lieut. Twiggy aid de-camp to Gen. Twiggs, and Lt. J. 11. /ones, of the Marines, came passengers by the Selina. I It appears that these officers, after consulting , the American Consul, paid the tine, $290 each, under.prote.st, and were released, being anxious to be on the theatre of war, to which they > were on their way. We think they have been rather hardly used, since they really did ob tain permission to land, on touching at the 1 Moro. I SATURDAY NIGHT, July 10, 1847. The near approach of the steamer’s news keeps the Cotton market in a state of suspense, j | To-day’s sales only amount to 500 bale *. Pri- j | ccs are very firm. 1 Sugar and Molasses —Limited sales arc malt- 1 j ing at firmer prices. Flour —The bad weather operates unfavora i bly on the market. The sales to-day comprise | 1500 bbK choice Illinois, at $5,60. The price i of Ohio brands is s•>. Grain •—The Corn market remains at a,stand, in consequence of the rainy weather, and we are again without any sales of note to report. A lot of 750 sacks Wheat was sold to-day at sl,lß per bushel. Whisky —ls dull at 21 a 22c. per gallon. Exchange —There is but little doing either in foreign or domestic bills. Sterling, 104£al05i; ; Francs 5f.35a51.40; New York, 60 days, l^a2^ | percent discount; Checks, percent dis. Freights —We have not heard of any engage j meats to-day. 4k [Correspondence of the Savannah Georgian .] Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated MACON, July 14, 1847. The annual .examination of the Young La dies of the Weslyan Female College of Macon, commenced on Monday last, and continued yesterday and 1 o-day. The College is in a flourishing condition at this time. There are one hundred and twenty-seven young Ladies in it, and the classes that were examined whilst I attended, gave great satisfaction. The delighted parents and guardians of many of the young Ladies say that their proficiency has fax’ exceeded their most sanguine expecta tions. On to-morrow they wall recite essays of their own composition, and I have no doubt will startle many of the spectators by the talent they display. On the same day the lion. Robert M. Charlton of Savannah, will deliver the annual address, which w r c all ex pect will be a rich treat, as the subject is so suited to his vivid and poetic imagination. I will endeavor to give you soma idea of it by the next mail, together with a more detailed account of the examination. I however, can not close without paying a just tribute to the fair representation from Savannah at the ex- ; animation. Miss Mary E. Walker, Miss Anne j M. Snider and Miss Harriet F. Allen elicited ; the admiration of all that were present. Haw a Farmer out West preserves his A two gallon pot is filled with eggs; and one j pint of lime, of the consistency of common ! white wash, poured in, and the pot filled with I water. A board is then placed on the top, and i the water which is never changed, as well as ' the eggs, remains pure and sweet. Thisprac | tice is the one most common in France, the inhabitants of which, to their love of frogs and soup, add also, it appears, a very commenda- i ble taste for eggs. The Way they do it in Mississippi i The Mississippian, published at Jackson, | says—“ The people of Lowndes county have just given a beautiful and tasteful display of the public spirit for which that county is re markable. When it was heard that the regi ment had arrived, ton or twelve of the finest carriages in the county were at once despatch ed for the use of Captain Roger’s company, Tombigby Volunteers, (McClung’s old com | pany.) When about half way down, the dis ■ t nice of a hundred and fifty miles, it was as j certained that the company had gone by the j way of Mobile, when the train returned home, 1 except a carriage for Col. McGlung, and an | ambulance for Lt. Patterson, whose wounds would admit no other mode„of travel. This is a beautiful specimen of county pride.— Lowndes has a right to bo proud of her Vol unteer-, and their Volunteers of their coun ty.” Augusta, ©corgia. svNFjcEmoßNiMaiyvi,i is. FOR GOVERNOR HON. 6. W. TOWNS. OF TALBOT. The Mails. The Western Mail has failed for two days from offices beyond Montgomery, Alabama. The Northern Mail due last evening also failed from offices beyond Charleston. These failures arc no doubt caused by recent heavy rains. In another column, however, will be found advices from New Orleans to the 12th inst., received by the editors of the Charleston Cou rier, through Riddle’s express. There had been an arrival at New Orleans bringing later intelligence from Mexico, which will be found j of some interest. The State Hail Road. Our correspondent “W.” makes some sug gestions in relation to the State Road worthy of consideration. It is a topic of great impor tance and public interest, and there should be a free interchange of opinion among our citizens between this time and the approaching session of the Legislature. We hope that when that | body assembles, it will come together fully j advised of public sentiment on the subject, and prepared to legislate intelligently, and satisfactorily to all interests. The suggestion of our correspondent, as to the mode of com pleting the road, strikes us as a good one. It would, at the same time, furnish a desirable and safe investment of the Poor School Fund. W e find the following provision in an Act of 1843—Sec. 3rd. Sec. 3. And be if farther enacted bg the au thority aforeaf**'! , That for the purpose of aid ing in the clucation of the poor as herein be fore provided, seventeen hundred and thirty three shares of the capital stock of the Bank of the State of Georgia, eight hundred and ninety shares of the Bank of Augu ta, and all of the available assets of the Central Bank af ti*r the payment of its debts, be and the same are hereby set apart and appropriated as a per manent education fund, the annual income whereof shall be distributed to the several counties of this State, and paid to the Justices of the Inferior courts thereof rateably, in pro portion to the number of poor children there in, as herein set forth. We are not prepared to follow him further in his speculations as to the disposal of the road, and the employment of the proceeds of the sale in other enterprises of a similar kind. The investment of State funds in such works, and their sale after completion, or failure, at one half or one-third cost, would in a short time, and by a few such transactions, m ike the very respectable amount of capital Georgia might control for the purpose, “Small by degrees, and beautifully less.” The destiny of our State is a great and no ble one. Her position, her resources, and her enterprising population, mark her as the lead ing State of the South. Her voice mid her in fluence must be widely felt on all questions affecting the interests and the enterprises of the South, in commerce, agriculture, manu i . and the mechanic arts. May she prove true i to herself, and to the high responsibilities which are imposed upon her by a benign Provi dence. Oar CRy A ataorities—Health Police— Condition of our Streets. We take pleasure in bearing testimony to the attention which seems to be paid by the proper authorities to the means for keeping our atmosphere pure and healthy. Laborers are busily engaged in effecting a thorough draining of the Canal, and. the re turn channel, whereby that source of disease may be removed. The incessent rams would have made some much frequented portions of our narrow streets great nuisances, but for the precautions already taken and still in progress to keep them dry, by layers of turf, and a su perstratum of coarse gravel, and by opening the drains. The present superintendent of streets and hydrants, Mr. Riley, is indefatiga ble, and shows himself to be an efficient and valuable officer. Democratic Nominations for Senators. 7th District—Tattnall and Bullock—JOHN A. MATTOX. 12th District —Thomas and Decatur —WM. H. REYNOLDS. 13th District—Baker and Early—Dr. WM. J. JOHNSON. 17 th District —Macon and Houston —JOIIN A. HUNTER. 2oth District —Twiggs and Bibb —W. W. WIGGINS. 26th District—Monroe and Pike —Col. AL LEN COCHRAN. 28th District —Merriwether and Coweta— OBEDIAH WARNER. 30th District —Gwinnett and Delvalb—JAS. P. SIMMONS. 40th District —Paulding and Cass —FRAN- CIS IRWIN. 43d District —Habersham and Rabun —ED- WARD COFFEE. 44th District—Lumpkin and Union—ELI IIU S. BARCLAY. Sivord to Commander Tatnall. The citizens of Savannah intend presenting the gallant Tattnall with a sword. A meeting of the subscribers was to have been held in Savannah on Friday evening last. The Mountain Eagle. The above is the title of a new paper, the first number of which reached us by yester day’s mail. It is published by R. W. Wyatt, at -Dalton, (formerly Cross Plains,) Murray county. We learn from it, that it had rained almost every day for the last too weeks in that section of country, and on the 13th instant there was every prospect of its continuing for some time to come. Sunday last was the 11th day of July, and was remarkable as the anniversary of sundry memorable events. On the 11th of July, 1806, the celebrated duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Ham ilton, which proved fatal to the latter, was fought. John Quincy Adams was born July 11th, 1737, and was consequently 80 years of age on Sunday. Hon. Timothy Farrar, of Hollis, N. H, the oldest living graduate of Harvard University, excepting Dr. Ezra G rcen, f of Dover, N. XX., completed his hundredth year on Sunday, and if he survived tae day, will be, with Dr. Green, a twin centenarian graduate of Harvard, a circumstance which is unprecedented in any L niversity in this coun try, and we believe, in any in the -world. Mrs. Fremont. This lady, it appears, who left Washington with the famous Kit Carson, designs travelling ! under his protection, for eighteen h undred miles, to a point where she has agreed to meet her husband. Here is a wife worthy the young hero-explorer of the Rocky Mountains. [communicated.] Mr. Gardner :— The article in your last pa per over the signature of “Georgia,” on the subject of our. State Road, has prompted me to give my views on that enterprise. He has shown the importanceof the country to be ! drained by the Te nnessec and its tributaries. i The road is important to Georgia; first, on ; account of the benefit to the citizens as a high way for commerce, —and this is its great value; secondly, on account of the revenue which it will give to the treasury. But these benefits | cannot accrue, all will admit, until it shall have reached the Tennessee river. The first and most important consideration therefore is, “how shall we finish the road ?” I fear our j j legislature will not have the firmness to finish j it by taxation, or by borrowing money for that purpose. Then we must look out all other i resources. The prospect of completion by its | own income before it shall reach this great ! river of the West, I fear, is rather gloomy; i perhaps the first half will have decayed be fore the other can be completed. I think of but one other resource which can be appropri ated, to the benefit of all parties. lam not sufficiently acquainted with the property in vested in the poor school fund to say what is its amount, but whatever it may be, it could be appropriated to the completion of the road* For every mile that is finished, will not only benefit the citizens of Georgia, in facilitating commerce, but the State’s revenue also. And the poor school fund need not suffer; may it not be benefited by the plan I suggest? By the statute which shall appropriate this fund to the road, I w ould have it provided that seven per ct. or such per ct. as that fund now makes, ; if it realizes more than seven, shall be paid from the income of the road, before any other de mand on its profits. By this means the in come of the fund will be preserved, and the j corpus placed as far beyond contingency as it is possible. The road is real estate, which can not be dc Proved, as bank stock may; such • ■ ock, I believe, is the property in which the poor school fund is now invested. I canthere f >re see no reason why the State, in its reve nue, in its commerce, and its poor school fund, will not bo benefited by this proposed trans fer of funds. I know the poor school fund is deemed too sacred to be touched for any such purpose. Ido not propose to disturb it, but only to place it where it will be more secure, i both as to capital and interest. For it will be ! physically impossible to make way with the i road, in which the capital will be invested, • The interest by the act proposed, will be more j certain than the profits of banking, or any I other lilie investment# And if the State | has any other property over which she has control, I would give it a similar direction. While on this subject, I will, in my way, j make another suggestion about this State Road# j I have already said, that the first object of in i tcrnal improvements, by the State, is the ad vancement of commerce# In this way there ! j is no doubt our citizens recurve ten times the ! benefit that the State or any other stockholder j ... 1 ; wall from the most profitable road in dividends# ; | Then it is manifest that the State should build as many improvements as she may have means to construct, for tills object, as well as to in- i crease the revenue of the State—as I will di rectly show. I would have the road sold, at | some suitable time, and the money re-invested in other rail-road stock controlled by private cn- | terprise. When the road shall be sold, should be settled by the legislature. If sold before completion the purchaser should be obliged to finish it in some convenient time, but as early j as possible. But perhaps a bettor sale could ■ be made if the road could be completed before , the sale. Suppose then, the road could be sold, when finished, for $1,000,000 —and I think it would sell for double that sum—and the money prudently reinvested in private en terprises,it might be made to build two millions’ worth of road. Let it be provided after suitable projects shall have been selected, that the State will take one-half of the stock, if indi viduals will take the other. This would ! secure the prudence of private interest in 1 selecting, and diligence and economy in prose- J cuting the new enterprises. When the stock is J divided between the State and private stock holders, it will give equal power over the pro perty, so that the rights of both would be se cure if adverse interests should arise. I will not enter into details now. What I wish to im press on the public is, that the State would be benefited, in both revenue and commerce, by the proposed plan. I presume it needs no ar gument to prove that every mile of rail road built in the State in its various ramifications, independently of dividends to the stockhold- j ers, benefits the people to an extent not to be calculated. I believe it is equally obvious that the revenue of the State would be increased by the re-investment. It is proverbial that public property is imprudently managed, but by the proposed plan, the new enterprises would have all the supervision of private in terest. We have some experience on this sub ject, in the difference between the profits of banks under the control of the State and those in which she held stock controlled by private interest. As examples I will name the Da rien bank and the bank of the State of Geor gia. Moreover every new mile of rail road, as a general rule, will help every other mile of road already built. Georgia, on account of her geographical posi tion between the Gulf and Atlantic coast, must become the great thoroughfare of the South. She fills up the space between the points at 'which the mountains can be turned at the South, and these two coasts, and hence no Ocean steamers can compete round the Florida capes, with, her great Pensacola ter-* minus, from our improvements on the one hand, or through our Southern mountains op the other. I have said the Pensacola termi nus, because it seems to me that nature points to this port as the direct route to New Or leans, Texas, Mexico and, in a few years, to China and India across the Isthmus. I gat down to make remarks about Georgia im provements, but the connection is so obvious and direct that I have ended on the other side of the Globe. \V. Electric Telegraphs 100 Years Agro. The following statement and quotations are derived from an article in the first number of the National Magazms, edited by Pod wood Fisher. Professor Steinheil, of the Buiver g ty of Munich, who claims the invention for Germany, says, — “As long ago as in 1807, Sommcring erected iu the apartments of the Academy of Sciences, at Munich, a galvanic telegraph, of which, in i 1809, an account was published.” It was bv the employment of the voltaic pile to bring about the decomposition of water, by means o: thirty-five gold pins immersed iu an oblon<>- glass trough, each of these pins being marked with a letter or number, and admitting of con | nection with the pile by an isolated wire. The ascension of the air bubbles of the water de i composed, was to serve as the telegraphic sig ! nal. So as early as in 1817 and’2o, Oerste ' and Fechuer, and Amperes, give out schemes i for the construction of electric telegraphs.— • And, as heretofore hinted, our own land sha ! (towed forth prophetically, by John Kedmau ! Coxe, of Philadelphia, the following dLstinc | tive idea on the subject, which was published as early its in February, 1818, in Thompson’s Philosophical transactions, vol. 7, p. 101, Ist series. “I have,” says he, speaking of the galvanic current, “contemplated this important agent, as a probable means of establishing telegraphic communications, with as much rapidity, and, perhaps, less kxpkx.se, thafi any hitherto em ployed. Ido not know how far experiment has determined galvanic action to be commu nicated by means of wires; but there is no rea son to suppose it confined, as to limits, cer tainly not as to time. Now by means of ap paratus, fixed at certain distances, as telegraph ic stations, by tubes for the decomposition of water and of metallic salts, See., regularly ranged, such a key might bo adopted a*: would be requisite to communicate words, sentences, or figures, from one station to another, and so on to the end of the line. I nail take another opportunity to enlarge upon this, as I think it might serve many useful purposes; but, like all others, it requires time to mature. As it takes but little room, and may be fixed iu pri vate, it might, in many cases of besieged towns, &c., convey ample intelligence, with scarcely a chance of detection by the enemy. However fanciful iu speculation, I have no doubt that, 1 sooner or later, it be rendered useful in prac tice.” It docs seem to tis that Mr. Coxe had the true idea of the magnetic telegraph in 1816, and that he fully comprehended all its conse quences. But after all, it is the practicable in strum"at by which the result is accomplished, which the world value-. Men of business look to practical results. Professor Steinheil claims the first actual consfritrtitn of a magnetic tele graph as belonging to Gauss ami Weber, of Germany. He says this took place in 1833, and a publication of it was made in 1834, Weber, he says, laid over the steeples and kutscs of Oottingen a copper wire 4,768 feet long, and discovered that it required “nospecial insulation.” This established tire principle of bringing tile magnetic telegraph into the most convenient form, (fm-s, he says, first employ ed the incitement of induction, and demon, t ■* ted that it required only a limited number of signs tor the transmission of communications. In 1833, Steinheil says, they first actually con structed a simplified galvanic magnetic tele graph. But singular as it may seem, the idea of magnetic telegraphs, and, actual experiments upon them, have bean traced back ahe hundred years.' Gass says there was a communication from Iluiubolt,according to which, “lietoncurt, in 1798, established a communication between Madrid and Azangices—a distance of 26 miles —by means of a wire, through which a Leyden jar, was discharged, and which was used as a telegraphic signal.” In Professor Stcinheil’s- above cited article, he remarks as follows:—- “The velocity with which frictional electricity is transmitted along metallc conductors calle I forth, as long ago as in the last century, the idea of employing it for telegraphic communi cations. Wiuklen, at Leipsic, in 1748, dis charged several Leyden jars through a wire of considerable length, and on that occasion the river Pleiss formed a part of Ms circuit. La Monnler, in Paris, produced shocks through a length of wire amounting to 12,789 feet. Wat son extended the experiment over a space of four miles near Shooter’s Hill, composing his circuit of two miles of wire and an equal dis tance of dry ground. (This was in 1746.- See Philos. Trans., vol. 55, 1748.) Lomond traas mtitecl telegraphic signals to a neighboring room by means of a pith ball electrometer, acted upon by frictional electricity.” — Young's Travels in France, 1784 Here, then, is proved the curious fact, that the idea of electro-magnetic telegraph has ex ercised the minds many scientific men for one hundred years, that in several different forms it has been actually put in execution; and that the very form of clcctr ctity conveyed on wires has been used! It is now proposed to convey this intelligence over water; but it is seen in the above paragraph that Winklen. used a river as part of his circuit in 1746 ninety-nine years ago! But the important things in business—that which was to give a realizing value and cele brity to this idea—was yet to come in the form of a practical machine,, which men could use in every-day ILe. So fa- a> we n America are concerned, the first realizing, practical know ledge of this invention was communicated to. the public by Professor Morse, in his magnetic communication between Washington and Bal timore. This plan was carried into effect in [ 1838. Professor Morse shows that it was in 1832 the idea was first suggested to him by con sidering some of the experiments of Franklin. This proves that the first idea with Morse and the actual making of the telegraph by the Ger mans was nearly cotempovanoous, Neverthe less, there can be no doubt Mr. Morse’s plans i are original with himself. But how happens it that the positive success of the telegraph in 1797 was not known and improved upon: [ From the Pkoenixiridi Pioneer, j A S73r33;ESA&EAN T£tl P. DISCOVERY OF A REMARKABLE GAVE, The Ledger of Tuesday last, contained a slight notice of the discovery of a large cavern in the limestone quarries at Port Kennedy,Montgome ry Co. On reading the article, we felt a sud den desire to visit it, and make some acquain tance with the regions within the earth since we had wandered so long and so fur on it outer surface. According, by on Wednesday morning, a par ty of four—consisting of J. P. Fleming, Esq., Messrs. E. Bowen, of Lancaster, E. Chambers, of Kennctt Square, and ourself —left Phoenix - ville for the purpose of making an exploration. A delightful ride through the green wood crowned hills of Valley Forge, and along a high