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TU E CONSTITUTIONALIST.. JAMES GARDNER, JR. T£l£MS. Daily, per annum $3 OO Tri-Weekly, per annum G 00 If paid in advance ..5 00 Weekly, per annum .8 00 if paid in advance 2 50 To Chibs, remitting $11) is advance, FIVE COPIES are sent. This will put our Week. y pa per in the reach of new subscribers at TWO DOLLARS A YEAR. (J'p’Suhscribers who will pay up arrearages, and send four new subscribers, with the money, can get the paper at $2 00. JLpAU new subscriptions must be paid in ad vance. ILr’Postage must be paid on all communications and letters of business. [ From the N. Y. Commercial Advertiser, VJth ins/.] POSTSCRIPT. B Y T E L E O K A P It. ARRIVAL OF THE CAMBRIA. VERY LATE FROM ENGLAND. The steam ship Cambria, Capt. Judkins, ar rived this morning at Boston. The Cambria did not leave .Liverpool until the sth inst., con sequently she made the passage in less than fourteen days. The following despatch, (No. 1,) was re ceived by us at half past 10 o’clock. (Correspondence of the N. Y.Commercial Advertiser.) Liverpool, Oct, sth, 1817— 12 o’clock. Corn, ice.—Lest Western canal Hour 20s a 2Gs Gd per barrel; Richmond and Alexandria 25s to 25s Gd; Philadelphia and Baltimore 25s to 25s Gd; New Orleans and Ohio 22s to 245; ■ Canadian 25s to 265; sour 19s to 21s; white I and mixed wheat 7s to 8s per 70 lbs; red Cs 3d 1 to7sGd. Oats, per 15 lbs., 2s Gd to 2s 8d; oat- i meal, per 240 lbs., 2is to 265; Indian corn, per 1 quarter, 30s to 355; Indian meal lls to 15s per barrel; barley, per GO lbs., 3s a -Is. Rye not quoted. The belief entertained at the departure of the last steamer, that the upward tendency then indicated in the market would be main tained, has by the territic occurrences of the last fortnight been wholly dispelled. From a number of causes, the most startling I of which is the unparalleled of j the money market, the price of brqudstuffs I has gradually but steadily retrograded; the only article which has preserved its firmness being Indian corn. A slackened demand has of course materially contributed to this result, but this cause must be regarded as merely temporary. At the London Corn Exchange, yesterday, the arrivals of English grain were small, owing, to which and the unusually large attendance of purchasers, the demand was somewhat ac tive at an advance of from one to two shillings per quarter upon the previous Monday’s quo tations. Notwithstanding the large supplies again brought forward, an average amount of business was done and the market closed firm ly. Cotton. —New-Orleans ordinary to middling 5d a 5:1 d; fair to good fair Ggd a 6*{d; good to fine 7 Mobile ordinary to middling 5d a5 pi; fair to good fair G£ a G.{d; good to fair 6]d. Alabama and Tennessee ordinary to middling 5 a s£d; fair to good fair s£. Bow ed Georgia, ordinary to middling 5d a s:]d; fair to good fair Gjf a 6 good to line Gg a 6 : |. Sea Island ordinary to middling 5d a 10Ad; fair to good fair a 14d; good to fine 15d a ISd. Stained ranges from 5 a Bfd. The prices of cotton since our last advices have, it will be observed, seriously receded. — A circumstance indisputably resulting from the aggravated condition of the money mar ket and the consequent impossibility, save in the rarest instances, of obtaining accommoda tion, the universal panic which has seized upon manufacturers and the total extinction of any tiling like speculative effort. In the lower quality particularly the decline is more felt, and the operations since the arrival of the Caledonia have been of the most limited character. The sales for the week ending the first, were about 21,000 bale-, of which 800 only were on speculation and 200 for export. On Saturday the 2d, the sales were about 3000 and v ester -4000 were disposed of, all to consumers, spec ulation being entirely suspended and the de mand being disprportioned to the supply. SECOND DESPATCH. Commercial and Financial.—The fearful condition of mercantile and monetary affairs recorded in our last summary, and then rapid ly culminating to a point of distress and de rangement rarely reached by the organs of commercial vision, has within the last fort night become vividly developed by all its disas trous reality. One after another has failure followed upon failure, each one vibrating throughout every avenue of trade and involv ing in its gloomy consequences those, who but for their unfortunate connexion with the de faulter, could have withstood the shock of the commercial storm. Os the numerous causes to which this drea ry state of things is assignable, the most palpa ble appears to be the misrcgulation of the mo ney power—a system originating with the Bank of England, and eagerly imitated by all money lenders, whereby gold has become too dear to buy, and accommodation a phantom. The reflex of a system so fatal to the pros perity of trade has been deeply felt alike by the merchant and the manufacturer, and the attestations of its consequences can be found in harrowing abundance in the crippled count ing house and the deserted factory. The failures during the past fortnight have been enumerated as follows : Cockrell & Co., Loudon, £OOO,OOO. Perkins, Scklusser & Mul lins, £250,000; Fry, Griffiths & Co., amount of liabilities not ascertained; Lyall, Brothers St Co., £100,000; Samuel Philips & Co., £150,- 000; Cockburn & Co., M. L. Bensusan Sc Co., Alex. McDonald & Co., and John Shewall & Co., all of London, whose liabilities also have not been ascertained accurately. In Manches ter the failures and stoppages are Burt, Wa l>in & Co., Alfred Armstrong, James Guest & Co., Stocks & Tart, Edward Porter & Co., ilondar & Milner, and E. M. Broadhurst, At Liverpool, we have to notice the suspen sion of A. Steel & Co., Lake, Calrow & Co., J. St M. Murray, William Atherton, Watson, Brothers & Co., W. & J. Tomlinson, and E. & P. Parry, whose liabilities are estimated at upwards of a million sterling—six or seven houses in Glasgow, including the firm of Reid, Robertson & Co., have yielded to the pressure, the last named of which chiefly falls upon Manchester. An earlier failure, omitted to be noted, is that of Alison, Cumberlege & Co., whose liabilities reach £600,000, and we have also to add the suspension of E. M. Cooper & r Co, and F. H. Glover. During the whole of the past week the English funds underwent a remarkable fluc tuation, Thursday was one of the heaviest daysWiat have been experienced. On Friday it was announced that the Bank of England wpuld for the present discontinue altogether its advances on stock and Exchequer bills, the rate of which had the day before been raised from 5 to 54 per cent.; an intimation was also given that the rate of discount for first class paper would henceforth be 54 per cent, for bills not havipg more than 15 days to run, 6 per cent, for bills of not more than two months, and G 4 for all beyond that period. A decline I was the immediate consequence and the mar- ; ket do ;cd heavily. <)n Saturday considerable | anxiety was manifested which gradually wore i away toward the close, no failure of any im portance being announced. Up to two o’clock yesterday, matters had been in a very uneasy state. For money, Consols commenced at 847, after which sales were effected at 83|; for account 1 the highest price after opening was 85J, and , subsequently 85§. Foreign securities had dim- I inished in value and a very small amount of business had been transacted. General Intelligence.—Parliament will be convened on the 11th inst., but not for the I j despatch of business. The Macedonion frigate, Com. DeKay, was j very near being lost oft the coast of Scotland on the 14th of Sept. tShe escaped with loss cf j jib, fore-topmast stay sail, foretop-sail and \ other sails, and with great difficulty reached an | anchorage off Arran Island. Subsequent ac counts announced her perfect safety. Italy. —Dr. Wiseman has arrived from Rome, charged with private despatches for Lord John j Russell. The Dr. has been permitted to as- | sume the title of Archbishop of IN estminstcr, ; which is regarded as the prelude to the estab- ! lishment of a Roman Catholic hierarchy in j England. The Astatic Cholera is making fearful ra vages in Russia, and in consequence of its ap pearance in Warsaw, the Emperor has deferred his visit to Poland, a circumstance not re gretted by the people of that country. Switzerland. —Active preparations arc mak ing in Switzerland for suppressing the Son derbund by force of arms; a sanguinary civil war is apprehended from the resolution of the 1 latter to resist the Diet. Two cantons alone I are prepared with 40 000 men to take the field. The news from Italy presents no new fea ture, the Pope is firm and the Austrians do: not seem inclined to provoke hostilities. The j affairs of Spain arc still very unsettled. Cata- | 1 lonia continues to be disturbed by Carlist | bauds and the entire line of the Pyrenees is in ■ a state of blockade. i The abstract of a commercial treaty between Spain and England has been published, but the terms are rejected by the British Govern ment. France is not yet tranquil; considerable cla mor has been raised by the appointment of the Due d’Aumalo to the Governor-Generalship ! of Algeria. j In Ireland a strong opposition is made to I | the payment of rent. It is announced by the Belfast Northern [ | Whig that the Baracol, Capt. Owen, has arriv ed there, laden with two thousand five hun dred barrels of flour, shipped by the Society ; of Friends at Philadelphia for the use of the I destitute Irish. The reported marriage of the Duke of Wel lington and Miss Contis, is contradicted. Miss Coutts, it is said, among her other acts of mu nificent and somewhat eccentric benevolence, is founding an assylum for convicted and pun ished felons who have been thrown upon the world. The mail steamer Caledonia arrived at Liv- j erpool on the 20th September. The packet ships Siddons on the 23d, Liverpool 24th. The | Roscius sailed 19th, Ashburton 24th, and the York town Oct. 1. Postscript—2 o’cock. —This day’s corn mar ket displays considerable though unlocked for activity, and prices up to this moment show a decided tendency to ascend. Some purchases of Western Canal flour have already been made at 28s per bbl. Wheat is also firm, and Indian corn is in demand at an advance. The Cotton transactions of this morning are of the most languid character, in short, with out the slightest disposition to a reaction. The respectable house of W. Maury, which is an nounced in the Times to have suspended pay ment, did not come to a stand still; there was was merely a suspension for some hours, which has ceased, Mr. Maury being now actively en gaged in ordinary operations. lion. Alex. 11. Everett, American Minister, died at Canton on the 2yth of June. [ From the Loudon Morning Coronicle, Sept. 27.] Commercial affairs during the last week show more case and tranquillity than might under the circumstances have been expected. ; If the trade to the country is cramped, and i i the means of its prosecution more than usual lv difficult to obtain, there has been an under j current of liquidation at work throughout the kingdom, by which the transactions of bu siness have beeli balanced, and which by the very necessity of the case will tend to produce a more sound and wholesome condition in every department of trade. From our Correspondent. Havre IVlarket- HAVRE. (Thursday,) JSEPT. 23.—Cotton.— Since the date of onr preceding circular, the aspect of things has become much more alarming than could have been anticipated, the daily accounts of the calamitous failures which have occurred in London, and which must inevitably lead to still farther derangements, exercise a very baneful in fluence on credit, and casts a gloom over the mer cantile and financial community in general. The j j great depression in business uad depreciation in ; prices of cotton in Liverpool, in consequence of | this alarming situation of affairs, has been produc tive of considerable liatuess in our market, which has throughout the u hole of the week been in al most a complete state of stagnation. The transactions have therefore again been on an exceedingly limited scale, buyers still operating with the greatest caution, and the decline in Ame rican descriptions may be written at fully f. 6 a7, '■ notwithstanding which sales cannot be effected without much difficulty, and our quotations are now becoming quite irregular. Whatever might have been the expectations entertained of amendment which seems warranted by the great fall in every article of food, they are for the present far from l encouraging, and until the panic created by the I existing crisis has become less intense, it is to be i apprehended that confidence will rather decrease | than otherwise. The sales this week amounted to 1 1,000 bags, including 120 American on speculation, and 3000 American and 50 Surat for export. The import was 10,703 bales, exclusive of four vessels arrived but not reported. The American short staple were quoted, viz : ordinary 6 aG.j; mid. fair GA a 6.R fair lj-1 good l air ?4 a ?:J; good to tine 7* aß4d. Sales from 15th to 23d Se Pt .—SBG bales New Orleans, duty paid, f. 95 a 1 15; 521 do. Mobile do. 91 a 101;1C7 do. Upland do. 93 a 103 50; 120 do. St. Domingo do. 95; 10 do. Last India do. 90; 152 do. Paytado. 10!. HAVRE, Sept.29.— Cotlon.-~' There has been a gain a considerable degree of flatness in the as pect of business, during the past se’nnigbt, the ac counts from all parts having been, generally speak ing, of an unsatisfactory tenor. Those from Eng land, however, arc of a rather less gloomy char acter, within the last three or four days; and it is now hoped that the crisis has reached its highest point; our market is beginning to wear a less un wholesome appearance, and prices have become more settled than previously. 'Phe transactions nevertheless continue M' a very limited description, and the buying is merely from hand to mouth-—but several sales have been made in Cotton to arrive, Avhich were before impracticable, and some pur chases of New Orleans, deliverable at the fall of the year, were effected on the basis of 95f. for or dinaire, and 9Gf. for delivery in the course of next month. Imports from New Orleans lISG bales; N. York 4300 do,; other ports 905. Total G 371. Sales from 2od to 29th September—l42l bales : New Orleans to arrive, 100 Upland to arrive. To -1 tal 2853. [Correspondence of the N. Y. Com. Advertiser. J j HAVRE, Sept. 30.—Morning.—Our Cotton mar ket closed exceedingly dull yesterday evening; the sales were only 250 bales, "at a decline of fully f.l on our quotations, the intelligence received from England being aguii of a gloomy, character and that from the interior bearing no prospects of a|better trade. The} general aspect of the market is that of <rrcat dullness and want of confidence. Wo have nil 11 iii'iwii uwim iiiiii ifw ■ wiTn~Mi—iiTrawiTrnrwTTr also to notice a decline in prices of Wheat, the | crop being satisfactory. The weather which was very cold last week, has become line, and there will be u good harvest in our wine countries. Punishment of the Deserters- I We have not room for the orders in full j in which the trial and sentences of the differ ent deserters are given, but give the sub stance. i By a general order, dated the Cth Sept.it I appears that a court martial, of which Col. : Riley, of the 2d Infantry, was President, tried j twenty-nine men for desertion to the enemy. 1 Their fate may be read in the following sen tences of Gen. Scott. Sentences. The court found the above named prisoners, [the names are given again below) severally i guilty as charged, and sentence each (two i thirds of the members of the court in every I case concurring in the sentence) “to be hanged j by the neck until he is dead.” 2. The General-in-Chief approves the fore- Iti nr mi/1 ennfonnoa tll#> tol- going proceeding ana sentences, witn me uu- , lowing exceptions: the cases of Thos. Riley, company I, 3d Infantry; James Mills, company 11. same regiment, and John lleilley, company K, sth Infantry. These three prisoners severally committed the crime of desertion as charged, in the early j part of April, 184 G. At that date the 1 nited States were at peace with Mexico and all the i world: for the present war did not break out, in fact, till a later date, and was not recognis ed to exist, by the Congress of the United S. till the 13th of the following month. No higher punishment can, therefore bo 1 legally indicted upon those atrocious offenders, I T. Riley, J. Mills and J. lleilly, than that pre scribed for as state of peace, viz: fifty lashes with a rawhide whip, well laid on the bare back of each,and their punishment is commuted | accordingly —with the addition, that each he 1 branded on a cheek with the letter if, kept a close prisoner as long as this army remains in Mexico, and then be drummed out of the | service. 1 So much of the punishment, in the case of | Henry Newer, company D. Ith Artillery, as relates to hanging, is, on the recommendation of many members of the court, remitted; and a like remission is made in the case of Edward j M’Hcrron, company Cl, same regiment, out of consideration for a son, a private in the same company, who has remained faithful to his colors. There being some slight circumstances of 1 mitigation in the several cases of Hazekiah Aides, John Bartley, Alex. M’Kee, and John Bowers, all of company 11, 3d Artillery, their sentences arc commuted as in the cases of T. Killey, J. Mills and J. lleilly above. The remainder of the prisoners tried by the ! same court, and for the same crime, viz; Henry, I Venator, company 1,2 d Dragoons; E. Ilhode j i company I, 2d Dragoons; AV. A. Wallace, com pany C, 3d Infantry; Lawrcn .c Mucky, com- j puny K, 3d Infantry; Patrick Dalton, company B, 2d Infantry; John Sheehan, company G, Oth Infantry; John A. Myers, company G. sth Infantry; Henry AVhislcr, company E. 4th ' Artillery; Elizicr S. Lusk, company V, 3d In fantry; James Spears, company D, 7th Infan try; Dennis Conahan, company I, 7th Infantry; Janies M’Dowcll, company I), 7th Infantry. Martin Lydon, company D, 7th Infantry; AN m, 11. Kecck, company F. 4th Artillery; AN illiam Outhouse, company I, 2d lafantry; Henry | Octker, company D, 4th Artillery; William I O’Conner, company K, Ist Artillery; Andrew i Nolan, company G, Ith Artillery; Herman | Schmidth, company I), 3d In'antry; B. AN . j I Qarrctson, company M, 3d Artillery; will be hung according to their several sentences, be tween the hours of 0 and 11 o’clock in the forenoon, next after the receipt ol this order, J as may be arranged by the commander of the j post or camp where the said prisoners may respectively be found. [ The above named men, excepting 11. T enator, V. Rhode, J. A. Myers and J. Sheehan, were executed at San Angel, Spt. 10, 1817.] By command of Ala]. Gen. Scott. H. L. scour. A. A. A. G. j Two days subsequently, we have further or ders from which wo learn that the lour men ; j named above were not hung on the 10th as ' they were passing at the time from Tacubaya Ito Mixcoac. They were ordered to be hung i on the 11th September, and the sentence was j executed at Mcxcoac. Thirty six other prisoners wore tried by a court martial over which Col. Garland presi ded. Their fate may be read in the following sentences dated the 10th September, after their conviction for desertion: And the court accordingly sentenced the several prisoners (two thirds of the members j in every case concurring in the sentence) each to be hung by the neck till he be dead. [Their names are given below.] Before the same court, Martin Miles, of com pany A, Bth Infantry, and Abrahan Fitzpatrick, of the same company and regiment, were duly tried and convicated upon the charge of deser tion, and the court, two-thirds of the mem bers concurring, accordingly sentenced each to be shot. Before the same court were duly tried and convicted upon the charge of desertion, the following named prisoners: James Kelly, com pany C, 3d Infantry; John Murphy, company C. Bth Infantry; John Little v company C, 2d Dragoons. And the court accordingly senten ced each “to receive fifty lashes well laid on with a raw hide on his bare back; to forleit all pay and allowances that arc or may become duo them; to be indelibly marked on the right hip with the letter 1), two inches in length; to wear an iron yoke, weighing eight pounds, j with three prongs, cadi one foot in length, j around his neck, to be confined at hard labor, I in charge of the guard, during the time the army remains in Mexico, and then to have his head shaved and to be drummed out of the service. Before the same court was tried, upon the charge of desertion, Lewis Prcifcr, of company C, 4th Infantry, whom the court found to be not guilty of desertion, but guilty of absence without leave, and accordingly sentence him “to forfeit all pay and allowances that are, or j may become due him, and be discharged the service.” 2. The general in-chief approves the pro- | ceediugs,findings and sentences in the foregoing cases. The remainder of the prisoners sentenced to death by the court: Frederick Fogal, com pany E, 2d Dragoons, Henry Klager, same company and regiment; Henry Longenham mer, company F, same regiment; Francis O’- Conner, 2d Infantry; John Appleby, company D, 2d Artillery, M T Frantius, company K, 3d Infantry, Peter Neill, company 8., Cth Infan try; George AV. Jackson, company II; Ist Ar tillery: Kerr Delany, company D, 4th Infantry; John Price, company F, 2d Infantry; John Cuttle, company 13, 2d Infantry; Richard Par ker, company F, 6th Infantry; Parian Fritz, company F, 6th Infantry; John Benedick, company F, Cth Infantry} Augusta Morstadt, company I, 7th Infantry; John Rose, company F, 6th Infantry; Lachlen McLachlen, company F, 6th Infantry; John Cavanaugh, company E, Bth Infantry; Richard llanly, company A, 2d Artillery; Gibson McDowell, company A, Bth Infantry; Lemuel A. AVheaton, company A, Gth Infantry; Patrick Casey, company F, 6th Infantry; Patrick Antison, company E, 4th Infantry; Harrison Kenney, company E, 4th Infantry; Robert Hogan, company I, 4th Infantry; George Dalwig, company K, 2d Ar tillery; Barney Hart, company K, 2d Artillery; Hugh McClelland, company A, Bth Infantry; ! Thomas Millett. company I), 3d Artillery; and | John McDowell, company A, Bth Infantry, ; will be hung by the neck until dead, between | the hours of 6 and 11 iu the forenoon next I after the receipt of this order, under the direc * tion of the commanding officer of the post at which they may respectively be found. [Exe cuted September 13, 1847, at Mexico.] ()n the recommendation of the members of the court,the sentences of AbrahamFitspatrick, company A, Bth Infantry; John Brooke, com pany F, Gth Infantry; and David McElroy, company E, Gth Infantry, are remitted. On account of mitigating circumstances in the cases of Rogers Duhan, company F, Gth Infantry; Samuel H. Thomas, company C. Sth Infantry; John Daly, Rifles Regiment; Thomas Cassady, company A, Sth Infantry, thesen j tence of death is commuted to the following: “To receive fifty lashes, well laid on with a rawhide whip, to be branded on the cheek : with the letter D, to be kept in confinement \ while the army remains iu Mexico, and then | to be drummed out of service.” AVe conclude this miserable record of retd- \ > L l/DJItDIUt IlUo lilloUJL clUlVx If tUIU UL ILtii" 1 butivo justice meted out to these scoundrels, i token in. arms, against their oicn companions, with ! ■ the following from the American Star: Execution of Deserters. — On the morn ing of the 9thi was hung at San Angel, sixteen 1 deserters from the American army, who bad ; 1 taken up arms against their Government. Ini- 1 mediately after, some tenor twelve were whip ped and branded on the cheek with the letter D. Riley, the chief of the Sun Patrico crowd, came in for a share of the whipping and brand ing, and right well was the former laid on by a Mexican muleteer, Gen. Twiggs deeming it too much honor to the major to be flogged by an American soldier. He did not stand the operation with that stoicism we expected. The next morning four others of the same company were executed at Mixcoac, on the loth thirty more were hung upon one gwllows at the same place. The thirty were brought i out tor execution about the same time that , Chapultepec was being stormed, and Col. j Harney, pointing to that place, told them that they should live long enough to see the Ameri can flag hoisted upon the battlements of that fortress and no longer. In a few moments our colors were raised, and after it was shown to them they were launched into eternity. The clergy at iSan Angel pleaded hard to ; save the lives of these men, but it was in vain. Gen. Twiggs told them that to Ampudia, Ar ista and Santa Anna did these men owe their deaths, for they stooped to the low business of soliciting desertion from our ranks, and had succeeded in seducing from duty and allegi ance the poor wretches who had to pay so dearly for their crimes. According to our military laws, Riley could not be hung,he having deserted from the army before the commencement of hostilities, but all that could be awarded him was well admiuis | tered. Augusta, 0 1 org i a . SATURDAY MORNING, OCT. 23. t' AVe are indebted to our attentive cor respondents the editors of the Charleston Eve ning News, Courier and Mercury for slips con taining the news brought by the StcamerCain bria, per telegraph. It will be found iu lull in our columns this morning. AVe would call attention to the cargo sale of AViues, at Charleston on Tuesday next, 2Gth iust., by A. Tobias, Auctioneer. £:£'• The Mayor of Charleston has issued his proclamation setting apart Thursday, 4th No j vember next, as a day of ’Thanksgiving and Prayer. IAVe some days since noticed that Rich ard Griffin was supposed to be the name of the gentleman killed by the accidental discharge iof a pistol at Social Circle. AVe have since ! learned it was his father, Air. Jeremiah Grif fin, of Mississippi, formerly of Columbia Co. Mr. Griffin, is well known as the worker of a profitable Gold Aline in Columbia county, which lie disposed of about a year ago. AVhile he resided in that county, he was considered one of its most respected citizens; and his tragical fate will be felt by many relatives and friends. New Hooks. Received from the publishers, through Air- Thos. Richards, the following now and inter esting books. Christianity; and its relations to Poetry and Philosophy—a neat volume of about 150 pages. Parts Ist and 2nd of The life of Henry The Fourth, King of France and Navrrae, to be compledte in four parts, by G. P. K. James. The AVaysidc Cross; a tale of the Carlist AVar, by Capt. Milman, of the 33rd Regiment. Southern Quarterly Review AVe have received the October number of this valuable work. Among the Contents are the following in teresting articles. Natural Influence of National Literature. Mexico —Her People and Revolutions. Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers : of the Great Seal of England. | The Territorial Government of the United i States, Dr. Chalmers. Liebers Political Ethics. Critical Notices, &c. The True Boundary. Is it the Nuccps or the Rio Grande ? Until recently, no party in this country | stood forth as the advocates of the Mexican ! j claim of the Nucccs as the boundary between | i Texas and Alcxico. Now r , however, the j | AVhigs, by their journals, arc show ing a dispo- I I sition to take sides openly with the enemy on j this mooted question. AVhile it was a matter open for discussion and there w T as ground for | hope that the dispute could be settled w ithout ! a resort to arms, it did not seem so outrageous- ! ly factious and unpatriotic for American citi zens to argue and contend in favor of the pre tensions of Alexico. But when Mexico per emptorily and arrogantly refused to negotiate the question, rejected our Ambassador and chose the stern arbitrament of arms, it be came no longer a question of international law r , of polemics or of geography, but of force. The law of the sword —the law that might makes right, became sole arbiter of the con flicting claims. Mexico having chosen this mode of settling the dispute, and commenced the game of war to win a more perfect title, it is a waste of time for her Statesmen and Diplomats to ransack her archives or rummage among treaties for terms prescribing bounda ries, or old maps and surveys defining limits of her several departments. It is equally useless for her friends and advocates in this country to spend ink and breath in vindica ting her pretensions. may now be rank ed as practically upon a par with the title pre posterously set up, until the last century, by ■ the Kings of England, to dominion over France. For centuries they were on paper, “by the grace of God,” Kings of England, Wales, Ireland and Fk\xcm. The title of Mexico to the territory between the Kio Grande and the Nueces, must hereafter be ranked in the same category of absurdities. But we insert for the information of the : curious a summary by the Washington Union , of an able argument put forth on this subject by that paper on the 7tb inst. The Nucccs- We submitted to our readers, in our last evening’s paper, the best authorities, and the detailed argument which we have collected lon the boundary of Texas. AV now lay bc- I fore them a condensed summary of these points, | under another aspect. It has been often shown by extracts from letters and speeches of Thomas ’ Jcffcrsons, James Madison, James Monroe, John Qaincy Adams, and Henry Clay, that they repeatedly declared the Kio Grande to be the true boundary of Texas, and our title up to that river to be clear as to New Orleans itself. Mr. Clay not only ailinucd this in 1820, but reaffirmed it in Iris letter of April, 1844. We say further, in the contro llers 7 between Mr. Adams and Don Onis in 1818, the former insisted that Texas, to the Kio Grande, was ours as a part of Louisiana — it was so delivered to us by the French com missioners in 1804, and so received by us. — Mr. Onis, the Spanish minister,claimed it as a part of Spain; but whether Texas was French i or Spanish, it was admitted on both sides that the Kio Grande was the boundary of Texas, so tar as to embrace the whole region between the Kio Grande and Nueces. In 1836, Texas, when she declared her independence, and in her tivst as well as her last constitution, set forth the Rio Grande to be her boundary.— Santa Anna and all his generals so formally acknowledged it by solemn treaty in 1836, Texas has had organized counties and sur veyed lauds there; she exercised her mili tary powert here; but what is stronger, through the courts and judges at San Antonio, she repeatedly exercised jurisdiction by ser vice of process’ there in civil and criminal cases, and executed there decrees of courts. Great Britain, so far as regards the country west of the Nueces, lias long since formally acknowl edged the Kio Grande as the boundary of Tex as, by calling upon Texas when a republic, to confirm grants of lauds as titles to individuals for a part of this country; thereby admitting the sovereignty of Texas over the territory, and directly repudiating that of Mexico. Such was the state of the case when wo finally an nexe d Texas in December, 1845; and in that same month, and long before wo gave orders to advance to the Rio Grande, Congress, by a unanimious vote, (the bill being reported by John Davis, the whig senator from Massachu setts,) passed a law exercising jurisdiction over this very country, established a custom house west of the Nueces, and a custom-house district embracing this very territory between the Nueces and the Kio Grande. To sum up the cases, France, under whom we claimed, always acknowledged the Kio Grande as the boundary of Texas. Spain, under whom alone Mexico claimed, always acknowledged the lower Kio Grande as the boundary of Texas. Jefferson, Madision, Monroe, Adams, and Clay, always affirmed the Kio Grande to be most clearly the boundary of Texas. Texas so claimed always, and exercised military power, granted and surveyed lands, organized coun ties there, served process, received votes, and exeio'sed civil and criminal jurisdiction there Great Britain formally acknowledged the Kio Grande in 1841 as the boundary of Texas.— Our Congress, by a unanimous vote, also re cognized it in December, 184-5, and carried our laws and sent our custom-house officers there; and yet the Mexican whigs would have us now give tip to Santa Anna all the country west of the Nueces. Wo to the stateraan who suggests the disgraceful surrender! Bet ter let him abandon the dag of his country, and rally with some new’ legion of traitors and deserters to give our gallant soldiers in Mexico, in the language of Mr. Corwin, “hospitable graves.” The limits of our article will not permit a greater accumulation of facts on this point. But w’e shall at another time quote from au thorities standing high with the Whigs, both prominent Mexican as well as American au thorities, language indicative that they con sidered the Kio Grande the true boundary. Among the distinguished names in the cata logue wall be found not only Mr. W ebster and Santa Anna, but, also, Col. Thomas 11. Ben ton, whom the Whigs are so fond of quoting. The adverse opinions of no Democrat, how ever distinguished, could conclude American rights to this territory even if consistently maintained. But they lose all force when found on both sides. The question however, as to what lino has hitherto been recognized by the constituted authorities of Mexico and the United States, of France, of Spain and of England, and by their respective Statesmen as the true bounda ry, will be hereafter a mere question of his torical interest. The claims of Mexico were pritna facie extinguished to the territory east of the Kio Grande by the battle of San Ja cinto in 1836. In attempting to recover them in 1846, they have been very thoroughly and permanently cloven down in the battles of Polo Alto and Resaca. The finishing strokes have been given in 1847, at Buena Vista, at Cerro Gordo, at Contreras and Ghurubusco, 'and as, the grand coup dc grace, in the capture of the City of Mexico. The rights of the Mexican Republic exist now only in the sic volo , sic jubeo, of the American people. Their w ill is the law of the case. The BSagnctic Telegraph- We learn from the Columbia (S. C,) Tele graph, that Mr. Haley, the active and energetic agent for constructing this line, passed through that place a few days ago, and stated that the communication (by lightning) between Colum bia and Charleston would be completed on or about the 20th of November, The wires were being put up between the two places. Reduction, — The Directors ol the 1 elegraph between Washington and New-York, have agreed to charge one-third less for all over 100 words sent for the use of the public Press. The Newton Company We find in the Athens Banner a letter from Jalapa, giving an outline of the march of Maj. Tally's command from Vera Cruz. It states the total loss in killed, wounded and missing, in the four severe actions on the route, at 105, among whom we notice the fol lowing, attached to Capt. Loyall’s company of mounted Georgians, viz; Corp. K. J. Terrell and private John Cast-ley, wounded in the ac tion at Passo Ovigas on the 10th of August; private John Mabury in the action of the 12th at the National Bridge; also James Davis killed on the road. Three other men attached to the same company and supposed to be killed or captured, had made their way safely to Jalapa and rejoined their company. Late Battles at the City of Mexico- Wc would reucur to the capture of the city of Mexico, to make honorable mention of sev eral who were natives of this city, and of Geor | gia, and who wore wounded on those bloody i fields. The veterans Mclntosh and Twiggs, fell covered with wounds, of which they sub sequently died. They could do no more Hum yield their lives in the service of their country. The brave Capt. Win. 11. Walker, who was wounded, as also Lieutenants W. Smith, and F. Selleck, who were likewise wounded, were natives of this city. The two former were of the regular army, the latter belonged to the r egiment of the South Carolina Volunteers. They have all fought bravely under the flag of their country. Peace to the ashes of the honor ed dead; honor to the gallant living. The country will cherish the memories of the first, and do honor to the heroic bravery of the lat ter. — Chronicle Sj Sentinel, ‘22d inst. [COMMUNICATED.] The Wilkes County Kail Koad- Mr. Editor: —Two years after the grant of the original charter, the amendment was pass ed, by which the name of the Company was altered, banking privileges wore granted it, and also the right of uniting with the Cincin nati Kail Hoad. This amendment was accept ed by the Stockholders, Jan. 12th, 1836. By its 16th section it is provided, “That no ex clusive privilege or right of road, extended to the corporation by the act of which this is amendatory, shall prevent the State from granting a charter to any Company that may hereafter apply for a rail road to run from | Macon to the Tennessee State line, and from i granting any chart cr or charters to construct j any road to cross said road, at any point west i of Eatonton, or Madison, or Athens.” This saving to the State the right of grant ing charters for roads west of M idi sun, Eaton ton or Athens, has been held to abe virtual ; concession that east of those places the State ; had relinquished such right. This implication j is the strong-hold of those who suppose that no charter can be granted to our road. i U If there was any ambiguity in the 2d section ! of the original charter, whereby the words ad | mitted of two interpretations ; one of which ' would deprive the State of the right of char tering roads to cross the Georgia Road —and j the other of which would not; —on such a i supposition, the words of the amendment | would throw light on the intention of the Lc ; gislaturc, and decide the meaning. But when I there is no ambiguity, and when there Is but | one (even though a somewhat obscure or dif i ficult) meaning which the words can bear, — that meaning cannot bo changed by mere im plication. What is the ground on which the implica tion rests r It is on the supposition that the sa ving of the particular right would not be made, j if the State had a general right of granting ' charters, including the particular right. But 1 can no other reason for the reservation he sup ' posed, than that the State had relinquished j (in so fur as roads crossing the Georgia Rail Hoad are concerned) its general right to grant charters ? Suppose for instance tlrat in the opinion of any advocate of the road from Macon to thu Tennessee State line, (no matter how ill found j cd the opinion) the State was considered to ; have relinquished her right cast of Madison,— he would of course wish to have the right so* ! cure west of that place. If such ill grounded opinions prevailed among members of the Le gislature —from inattention, from rumor, or any other cause —these members would op ! pose any extension, of the charter, without j some provision in favor of the country west of i Madison. Might not some such apprehension have given rise to a salvo for which there was no j ° ground in fact? Again —look at the very words of the sec tion itself. On which side of Madison was the proposed road from Macon to the leuncs seo line to pass r On the western side. Docs ; not the State then in this section on which such reliance is placed, make a special reserva tion of the particular right, in the very section tchich creates the general right I The question did not arise before the Legis lature in a direct and absolute form. “Did or did not the former Legislature relinquish the right of the State to grant charters for roads crossing the Georgia Rail Road ? but in alto | getlier a different and hypothtieal form. — Whether the former Legislature did or did not relinquish such light,—shall we relinquish the right, as to the extension of the road r” It must be recollected that the Legislature which granted the amendment was different from that which granted the original charter, i Now there is no doubt that this second Lcgis ! laturc had a perfect right to extend the exclu sive privileges of the Georgia Hail Koad as to building roads ? Did they do it, however r Was this act passed with such intention r When the Legislature granted the banking i privileges, did it do so by implication ? When ; it granted the privilege of extending the road, was it by implication? No—it made express ■ grants of both these privileges. Is it at all ; probable then that it intended to make any j extension of the exclusive privileges of the ' road, (the most odious feature in the charter I —because barring the previous rights of others) by a mere implication ? . Would not the interpretation of the origi nal grant be a judicial act? The Legislature has a right to extend it —the Judiciary to in terpret it. That provision of the Constitution of our State which was considered as worthy of the foremost place, was that “the Legisla tive, executive and judiciary departments ot government snail be distinct, and each de partment shall be confided to a separate b<)d v of magistracy ; and no person or collection of edrsons, being one of those departments, shall exercise any power properly attached to cifh-