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1 if I fmUA*E. J«9IIS. «EO., HATIIBB.U- Al-im, 14, 1838. fTri-wcebly.J-Vol. «.-!\„ 13. H p——»i ■■f""——n«wiiW«mi—i—r'MW'--uii-i-Mjm>w\y» ww ..j, < v,.- f . AW , w< j ir . w iiitmi ■wwimhi iwi—i \vn at n i win ilmmui ■ i — n—■ — ——- " WKr published Efty TRI-WEEKLY and weekly, HE& Jit JVo. Broad Street. Daily paper, Ton Dollars per annum EmH, - ,'. Tri-weekly paper, at Six Dollars in BK or seven at the end of lire year. Weekly < ■hree dollars in advance, or four at the end I Hear. * SKonicle and sentinel, ■ Morning, April 13. I gentlemen have consented to , Hkgents for tlio Chronicle rSc Sentinel in '% jjaShsavk Peuut, Scrivcn County. k Mahsh, Burke. ®‘ Harws, Elbert, Mooue, Lincoln. HMP|> C Allowing gentlemen, were on Mon* HHBelected Direct.as of the Georgia Insur HHjHSHl'rurst Company lor the ni.-uin ; year, viz: Metcalf, » Kneeland, IWttr, A Johnston, Era ipElould, D L Adams, B W 11 Morgan, J M.Adams, IpyjaCHphomas, J 1* Stewart, If/ME. P. Kathbonc, at a meeting of the Board on Tuesday, JrS. Metcalf, Esq., was unanimously j rh to-elected President. Post Olliccs in Georgia. IMt Oirioes have recently been ostablish- Piedmont, Harris County, and the oth- < engo, JelVorson County. itng Postmasters have been appointed. 'arver, Tarversville, Twiggs County. Velchcll, Murtaysville, Hall County. 1 unt, Cold Water, Elbert County, ougc, Piedmont, Harris County, arker, Heads, Fayette County. Bell, Powelton, Hancock County, escott, Marengo, Jefferson County. nnapolis Republican of Saturday slates i of election will be issued to tbe Shcr ling an election to be held on Wednes • 16th inst., to supply the vacancy in the ional District occasioned by the death of Wheeling Gazette states that horn lire? up of the ice en tbe 11th ult. to the there were 133 steamboat arrivals at . The river is now regularly falling. icket ship St. James, at New York from an Friday, had on hoard $150,000 in Including this sum, the amount of ape led into New York in the preceding i was about bait a million of dollars. rmal breaking ground, in commence be construction of the Cincinnati! and mwnne Water Canal, look place oA the 31st ult. JlM'ttw farm of Gen. Harrison at North Bond. shovel full of earth was excavated hy Savannah Georgian of yesterday says:— 1 SBvo yesterday rcceivtd by the steamer J. Stone, jHtpt. Mendal, the Darien Telegraph of yeslcr- Hw, in advance ot the mail. From it wo extract IrfDIAX JILTUIEIIS XlliU I’aLLAHAS ■jHL—A gentleman just arrived from Tallahassee, us that on the night of the Ist instant, a of the name of Purify were murdered 20 miles of 'Tallahassee. The Indians the dwelling and two while children in negro women were also killed and Mrs. received two shots through her body and |l» s stabbed by tbe Indians, She crawled, hmv- EflHpt, into a thicket where she concealed hciself. Taylor of Monticello, slated to our informant, could not possibly survive.” jPj)n Saturday the 31sl. the following were the rates fur Bank Notes at Louisville, Ivy: £ ’ .■Eiolalos Bank 2 a :i per cant, premium; Missis. E BBipl Banks generally, 35 to 60 pet ct. dis; Miss- Alab. Railroad, 50 per ct. dis; Louisiana pis Banks, N. O. 5 dis; Alabama, 25 dis; Banks of fey .' Mobile, 25 dis; Tennessee, Sa’dis; Slate Bank ■Bk . Kiftaf Illinois, 3 dis; Indiana, I f dis; Cincinnati, 2 Bsßjjg; North Carolina, 10 dis; South Carolina. 10 , - HH|L|Seorgia, ail solvent banks, 10 dis; Florida no SlHHfe Michigan 20 dis - Pennsylvania, par lo 2 per l|H; New York, par; Maryland par to 2 per ct. of Columbia, per; Virginia 2 per ct. H Sud-Tukasc.y Bill. —The Madisonian says that it learns ftom a most authen iHp'lNrce, that the whole Connecticut Delega 5L;' appk&ok on the result of the recent election in j j ■Ml'Mate, as a clear indication of the opposition ■SlßfiN?® people to the measure, and they will thcrc- % r SBp* vote against it in any shape. The Senators fe be instructed to that effect, by the K new legislature, which will meet eatly next | w M az Expuiimro Expcditiox.—Lieutenant ||| ot the Navy, lias succeeded lo the cotn of this expedition, and is actively engaged KlK’thc ncecssaty arrangements to carry it into IHHbcL Although a junior in rank lo the other horetoloie assigned In the same duty, I|j9to is said, by the National Intelligencer, to bo qualified for the command, both in respect iPiPex pertinents I knowledge and scientific attain. ■Spents. The possession of these requisites caused Hhmiii In be selected to procure, in Europe, the appaialus for ibis service, a duty fie salislaclorily discharged, Since then has been engaged in various naval surveys.— Courier. y Mr. Clarke, operator at Apothecaries’ Hal). been engaged by the Admirably, in analysing hundred and sixty.seven sacks ofllour, I HVch were lying in warehouses at Hull. He jb samples from each sack, and in some he that upwards of a third was plaster of pur. ij m K and ground bones; two of the most abomina ory ingredients, an - l which the stomach of neither all’Hnan nor beast is capable of digesting, lie sent “'Specimens of this slulF baked, in many of its pro- the Lords of the Admirably. The per- who owned it, and who was about lo send it Spain or Portugal was fined in the penally ol IV-^B 151 ' thousand pounds. Mr. Clarke has also ana- Souchong lea, and found there was twenty H v o per cent, of lead ore in it MU. WUBSTEIt’S second Speech on the Sub-Treasury Hill. Delivfiied Milieu 12, 1838. Mr President : Having at an early stage of the debate expressed, in a general manner, my opposition to this bill, I must find an apology for again addressing the Senate, in the acknow. ladged impo lance of the measure, the novelty of its character, and the division of opinion re specting it which is known to exist in both Houses of Congress. To be able, in this state of things, to give a preponderance to that side of the question which I embrace, is, perhaps more than 1 ought to hope; but I do not feel that I have done all which iny duty demands, until I make another effort. The functions of this Government, which, in lime of peace, must materially all'ect .he happi ness of the people, are those which respect com merce and revenue. The bill before us touches both these great interests. It proposes to act di rectly on the revenue and expenditure of the Government, and it is expected to act, also, in directly, on commerce and currency; while its friends and supporters altogether abstain from oilier measures, deemed by a great portion of Congress and of the country to be indispensably demanded by the present exigency. We have arrived, Mr President towards the close of a half century from the adoption of the Constitution. During tho progress of these years, our population has increased from three or four millions to thirteen or fourteen millions; our commerce, from little or nothing, to an export of a hundred and ninety millions, and an impoit of a hundred and twenty .eight and a half millions, in the year 183 G. Our mercantile tonnage ap proaches near to two millions. We have a re* venue, and an expenditure, of thirty millions a year. The manufacturers of the country have attained very great importance, and up to the commencement of tho derangement of the cur rency, were in a prosperous and growing slate. The produce of tho lishorics has become vast; and the general production of the labor and ca pital of the country is increasing far beyond all example in other countries, or other limes, and has already reached an amount which, to those who have net investigated the subject, would seem incredible. Tho commerce of the United States, sir, is spread over tho globe. It pursues its objects in all seas, and finds its way into every pon which l he laws of trade do not shut against its approach. With all \he disadvantages ot more cosily ma terials, and of higher wages, and often in despite of unequal and unfavorable commercial regula tions of other States, the enterprise, vigor, and economy which distinguish our navigating iu> '.crest, enable it to show our fag, in competition with the most favored and the most skilful, in the various quarters of the world. In tho mean time, internal activity does not lag nor loiter. iNcW and asdf'd modes of intercourse and facilities of transportation are establish;; 1 : or are in progress, everywhere. Public works are projected and pushed forward in a spirit, which grasps at high and vast objections, with a bold defiance of alj expense. The aggregate value of the property of the country is augmented daily, A constant demand for new capital exists, although a debt has already been contracted in Europe, for sums advanced to -States, corporations and individuals for purposes connected with internal improve merit; which debt cannot now be less than i hundred millions of dollars, Spreading over a great extent embracing different climates, am with vast variety of products, we find an intense ly excited sf/iiit of industry and enterprise tc pervade the whtde country, while its externa commerce, as I have already said, sWeeps ovei all seas. We arc connected with all commercial countries, and, most of all, with that which has c.-tablished and sustained the most stupendous system of commerce arid manufactures, and which collects and disburses an incredible amoutii of annual revenue; and which uses, to this end and as means of currency and circulation, a mix ed money of metal and paper. Such a mixed system, sir, lias also prevailed with us, from the beginning. Gold and silver and convertible bank paper, have always consti tuted our actual money. The People are used to this system, li has hitherto commanded then confidence, and fulfilled their expectations. Wi iiave bad, in succession, two national banks; caci for a period of twenty years. Local or Stall banks have, at the same lime, been in operation and no man of intelligence or candor can denj that, during these forty years, and w;!h the opcia, lion of a national and these State m,dilutions the currency of the country, upon the whole, tia been safe, cheap, convenient, and satisfactory When the Government was established, it fouru convertible bank paper, issued by State banks already in circulation; and with this circnlaliur it did not interfere. The United Stales, indeed had themselves established a bank, under the ole Confederalion, with authority to issue paper. A system of mixed circulation, therefore, was exact ly that system which this Constitution, at its adoption, found already in existence. There is not the slightest evidence of any intention, ii. j establishing the Consi;*- ul jon, to overthrow 01 | abolish this system, although it certainly was tlu object of lira Constitution to abolish bills of cred it, and all paper intended for circulation, issuer upon the faith of the States alone. Inasmuch as whatever then existed, of the nature of money ot currency, rested on State legislation; and as ii was not possible that uniformity, general credit and general confidence could result from local and separate acts of the Stales, there is evidence—l think abundant evidence—that it was tho inten tion ot the framers of the Constitution to give t- Congress a controlling power over the wholt subject, to the end that there should he, for tin [ whole country, a currency of uniform value ! Congress has heretofore exercised this authority, and fulfilled the corresponding duties. It has maintained, for forty years out of forty-nine, a national institution, proceeding from its power and responsible to the General Government. Will; intervals of derangement, brought about by wat and other occurrences, this whole system, taken altogether, has been greatly successful in its ac< ual operation. Wo have found occasion to ere' ate no difference between Government and Peo, pie—between money for revenue, and money foi the general use of the country. Until the com mencement of the last session, Government had manifested no disposition to look out for itsel exclusively. What was good enough for tin People, was good enough for Government. Nc condescending and gracious preference had, befon that period, ever been tendered to mombeis o Congress, over other persons having claims upor the public fundsj Such a singular spectacle hai never been exhibited, as an amicable, disinterest ed, and patriotic understanding, between thos who are to vole taxes on the People, lor the put pose of replenishing the Treasury, and those whi 1 from the Treasury, dispense the money bac . again among those who have claims on it. I ' that respect I think tho Secretary stands alum He is the first, so tar as I know, in our long li ] of able heads of Departments, who has thougl [ it a delicate and skilful touch, in financial ai ministration, to be particularly kind and compl-J .. sant to the interest of the law-makers, —tho t who hold the tax-laying power; the first who ’l great deleience and cordial regard for members Congress have led him to provide for them, as t J | medium of payment and receipt, something m< I valuable than is provided, at die same time, — .r, 1 the army, the navy, the judges, the. Revolutionary ! pensioners, and the various classes ol laborers in . the pay of Government, f Through our whole history, sir, we have found I a convertible paper currency, under proper con- ( trol, highly useful, by its pliability to citcumstan , ces, and by its capacity of enlargement, in a reu f sonable degree, to meet the demands of a new - and enterprising community. As I have alroa- | i dy said, sir, we owe a permanent debt of a hun- i died millions abroad; and in the present abun- | i dance of money in England, and iho stale of de i rnand here, this amount will probably bo lucres- ■ ; scd. lint it must bo evident to every one, that, j r so long as, by a sale use of paper, wo give some reasonable expansion to our own circulation, or i at least do not unreasonably contract it, we do, to , I that extent, create or maintain an ability for loans - ' among ourselves, and so far diminish the amount j of annual interest paid abroad. - | But let mo now, Mr. President, ask the alien -3 I tion of the Senate to another subject, upon which, - ! indeed, much has already been said: I moan that < i which is usually called the ensure hxktem. i Sir, what is that system? Why is credit a f ■ word of so much solid importance, and of so pow r ciful charm, in the United Stales? Why is it that a shock has been fell through all classes artd } all interests, the first moment that tins credit has s been disturbed! Docs its importance belong, , equally, to all commercial Stales! Or are there r peculiarities in our condition, our habits, and r modes of business, which make credit inure iu f dispensable, and mingle it more naturally, more f intimately, with the life blood of our system! i, A full and philosophical answer to these in quirics, Mr. President, would demand that 1 • should set forth both the ground work and the a structure of our social system. It would show c that the wealth anil prosperity of the country e have as broad a foundation as its popular cOnsti - tulions. Undoubtedly there are peculiarities in “. that system, resulting from the nature of our pm l; litioal institutions, from our elementary laws, and - from the general character of the People. These I peculiarities most unquestionably give to credit, d or to those means and those arrangements, by e whatever names we call them, which are calcu- J luted to keep the whole, or by far the greater part, o! lire capital of the country in a stale of con s slant activity, a degree of importance fur cxccc i ding whut is experienced elsewhere. [i In the old countries of Europe there is a clear i. and well delincd lino, between capital and labor, -a lino which strikes through society with a hoti e zontal sweep, leaving on one side wealth, in mas . scs, holdcii by few hands, ami those having little 1 participation in tire laborious pursuits of life; on ■ the other, the thronging multitudes of labor, with a hero and there, only, an instance of such accu e mulalion of earnings as to deserve the name ol >, capital. This distinction, indeed, is not universal v and absolute in any of the commercial States ol f Europe, and it grows less and less definite as i, commerce advances; the cftect of commerce and J manufactures, as all history shows, being, every Ii where, to ditfuse wealth, and not to aid its nccu- I. mulalion in lew hands. Rut still the line is greatly mote broad, marked, and visible in Euro t pcan nations, than in the United -states. In those it nations, the gains ot capital, and wages, or the is earnings of labor, are not only distinct in idea, s, as elements of the science of political economy, 3- j but, to a great degree, also, distinct in fact; and a 1 their respective claims, and merits, and diodes. ot a relative adjustment, become subjects of discussion d and of public regulation. Mow, sir, every body j- may sec that that is a stale of things which does o not exist with us. We have no such visible and \1 broad distinction between capital and labor; and ir much of the general happiness of all classes re il suits from this. With us, labor is every day nug is meriting iis means by its own industry; not in all is cases, indued, but in very many. Its savings ol d yesterday become its capital, therefore,of today, it On the other hand, vastly the greater portion ul i, the property of the country exists in sucli small i- quantities that its holders cannot dispense alto gether with their own personal industry, or if, in d some instances, capital bo accumulated till it rises r, to what may beCalled affluence, it is usually dis i- integrated and broken into particles again, in one d or two generations. The abolition of iho rights ir of primogeniture; the descent of properly of eve e ry sort to females as well as males; the cheap h and easy means by which property is transferred le and conveyed; the high price of labor; the low i; price of land; the genius of our political institu y lions; in lino, every thing belonging to us, coun. i, teracts large accumulation. This is or actual s, system. Our politics, our Constitutions, our clo u;jplai v laws, our habits, i ll centre in this point, y or lend to !his result. From where I now stand, id to the extremity of the northeast, vastly the great s, os I part of the proper.'; °f I-' lO country is m Hie ii hands and ownership of those whose ocrsonal in- J, dusiry is employed in some form of productive! Id labor. General competence, general education, \ enterprise, activity, and industry, such as never t- before pervaded any society, are the character!*- is tics which distinguish the People who live, and is move, and act in this state of things, such as I j n have described it. >r ' M 0 ™; « r - if this view he true, as I think it I" ! ; j(, r . ' '"I e all must perco-.v .uaiin the United Stales, capi -- lal cannot say to labor and industry, “Stand y 0 d yonder wdiile I come up hither;” but labor and is industry lay hold on capital, break it into parcels, ir use it, dilfuse it widely, and instead of leaving it it to repose in its own inertness, compel it to act at t, once as their own stimulus and their own instru d inert. •1 But, sir, this is not all. There is another view i- still more immediately affecting the operation and o use of credit. In every wealthy community, e however equally property may be d.vided, there e will always bo some property-holders who live on 3. its income. If this properly be land, they live on , rent; if it be money, they live on its interest, s The amount of real estate held in this country a on lease, is comparatively vciy small, exctqil in r, the cities. But there are individuals and farni h lies, trustees and guardians, and various literary ir and charitable institutions, who have occasion to n invest funds for the purpose of annual moneyed la income. Where do they invest ? where can they i" invest? The answer to these questions shows i. at once a mighty difference between the stale of ir things here, and that in England. Here these i- investments, to produce a moneyed income, are d made in banks, insurance companies, canal and If railroad corporations, and otbur similar insiltu. ie tions. Placed thus immediately in active bands, o this capital, it is evident becomes at once the ba re sis of business; it gives occupation, pays labor, of excites enterprise, and performs, in short, all the m functions «ff employed money. But, in England id investments for such purposes usually take an t- other dilection. There is, in England, a vast se amount of public slocks, as eight or nine hun r dred millions sterling of public debt actually ox io, ists, constituting, to the amount of its annual in ck tcrest, a charge on the active capital and industry In of the country. In the hands of individuals, por ic. lions of this debt are capital; that is, they produce isl income to the proprietors and income without la ;ht I bor; while, in a national point of view it is mere Id. 1 debt. What obtained for it, or that on ac ai- I count of which it was contracted, has been spent ose in the long and arduous wars, which the coun ose try has sustained, horn the time of King Wiliam sos the Third, to our own days. There arc thou thc sands of individuals, therefore, whose fixed in lore come arises, not from the active use of properly for either in their own hands, or the hands of otbeir, !'ut bom ihu interest uu that purl of mis national charge to which they arc enliiled. if, therefore, we use the term cajiital nut in the sense of po litical economy exactly, hut us implying whatev er returns income to individual*, we rind an al most incalculable mass so circumstanced as not to bo the basis ot active operations. To illustrate this idea further, sir, lot us sup pose that, by some occurrence, (such as is cer tainly never tone expected,) this debt should he paid off, suppose its holders were to receive, to morrow their full amounts; what would they do with them! Wiry, sir, if they wore obliged to loan tire one quarter part into the hands of tho industrious classes, for the purposes of employ ment in active business; and if this operation could bo accompanied by tlio same intelligence and industry among the people which pievail with us, the result weulddo more toward raising the character of die laboring classes, than all re forms in Parliament, and other general political operations. It would be as if this debt had never been contracted; as if the money had never been spent, and now remained part of the active capi tal of the country, employed In the business of hie. But this debt, sir, has created an enormous amount of private property, upon the income of which its owners live, which duos not require their own active labor or that of others. We have no sjch debt; we bavc no such mode of in vest men t, and this eiiruinstance gives quite a dd ierent aspvct and a dilicient reality to our condi tion. Now, Mr. President, what 1 understand by by the credit system is, that which thus con* accts labor and capital, by giving good character and good morals bestow on those who have not capital, a power, a trust, a confidence, which en ables them to obtain it, and to employ it usefully fur themselves and others. These active men of bussines build their hopes ol success on their aCcnliveness, their economy, and their integrity. A wider theatre fs? useful ac ivily is under their feel, and around the ' , than was ever' spread be fore tke eyes of the young and enter prising (ton- ( cratioas of men, on any oilier spot enlightened by the sun. Before them is the ocean. Every thing in that direction invites them to efforts of enterprise and industry in the pursuits of com merce and the fisheries. Around them, on all hands, are thriving and prosperous manufactures; an improving agriculture, and the daily presenta tion of new objects of internal improvement: while behind them is almost half a continent of the richest land, at the cheapest prices, undei healthful climates, and washed by the most mag nificent rivers that on any part of the globe pay their homage to the sea. In lire midst of all these glowing and glorious prospects, they arc neither rc.-lrained by ignorance, nor smitten down by the penury of personal circumstances. They aio not compelled to contemplate, in hopelessness, and dsspalr, all the advantages thus bestowed on their condition by Providence. Capital though they may have little or none, cubit supplies its glace; not as the refuge of the prodigal and the reckless; not as gratifying present wants with the certainty of future absolute ruin; but as the gen ius of honorable trust and confidence; as the blessing, voluntarily offered to good character and to good conduct; as the beneficent agent, which assists honesty and enterprise in obtain ing comfort and independence. Mr. President, take away this credit,and what remains! I do not ask what remains to the few, but to the many! Take away this system of cred I, and then tell me what is left for labor and industry, but mere manual toil and dully drud gery! It we adopt a system that withdraws capi tal from active employment, do wo not diminish tlie rate of wages! If we curtail the general husi ness of society, does net every laboring man find his condition grow daily worse! In the polities of the day, sir, we hear much said about divorces; and when wc abolish credit, wc shall divorce la bor from capital; and, depend on it, sir, when wc divorce labor from capital, capital is hoarded,and labor starves. The declaration so often quoted,that ••all who trade or; borrowed capital ought to Break,” is the most aristaocratic. sentiment ever uttered in this country. It is a sentiment which if carried out by political arrangme.nl, would con denin the groat majority of mankind to the perpo'ual condition of mere day laborers. If goes to lake away from them all that solace and hope vvhiehj arises irom possessing stencilling which they can call their own. A man loves his own; it is fit and natural that lie should do so; and lie will love hiscountry and its institu tions, if he have some slake in it, although it ho hut a very small pan of the general mass of pro perly. Bit be hut a cottage, an aero, a garden, ns possession raises him, gives him self respect, and strengthens bis attachment to his country, it is our happy condition, by the blessings of Providence, that almost every man ol sound health, industrious habits, and good morals, can ordinarily attain,at least, to lids degree ot comfort and respectability; and is a remit devoutly to lie wished, both fur its individual and its gen.c-rai consequences, I cv, u 10 H'is degree of acquisition, U»*t j creme, of which 1 have already said so much, (as its general effect is to raise the price of wages, and render industry productive,) is highly im portant. There is no condtion so low, if it lie attended with industry and economy, which this credit does not benefit, as any one will find, if ho will examine and follow out its operations. Such, Mr President, being the credit system in the United States, as I understand it, 1 now add that the hanks have been the agents and their circulation die instrument, by which lire general operations of this credit have been conducted.— Much of the capital of the country, placed at in- Iciest, is vested in Bank stock, and those who borrow, borrow at the banks; and discounts of hills, and anticipations of payments in all its forms, the regular and appropriate duty of hanks, prevail universally. In the North, the hanks have enabled the manufacturers of all classes to realize the pro ceeds oflheir industry at an early moment. The course has been, that the producers of commodi ties for Southern consumption, having despatch ed their products, draw their hills. These hills are discounted at tho hanks, and witli the pro ceeds other raw material is bought, and other labor paid; and thus the general business is con tinued in progress. All this is well known to those who have laid opportunity to he acquaint ed wi h such concerns. But bank credit has not been more necessary to the North than to tho .South. Indeed, no where lias interest been higher, or the demand for capital greater, or the full benefit oi credit more indispensable, than in the new cotton and sugar-growing Stales 1 ask gentlemen from those Slates if this he not so! Have not the plantations been bought, and the necessary labor procured, to a great extent, on credit! Has not this credit been obtained at the hanks! Even now do they not find credit'., or advances on their crops, important in enabling them to got those . crops to market! And if there had liccn nocre . dit—if a hard money system had prevailed, let - me ask them what would have been, at tins ms t merit, the condition of things in Alabama, Loui siana. Mississippi, and Arkansas! These States, a sir, with Tennessee and the South Atlantic - States, constitute llie great plantation interest.— 1 That there lias liccn a vast demand for capital to .. j i, e jn-euic-d in (hi* interest is sufficiently pro-ed ' i>v the high price paid for 'he use of money- I In my opinion, sir, credit is as essential to the ( great export of the South, as to any oilier inter est. The agriculture of the coilon and sugar producing States partakes, in no inconsiderable degree, of ilie nature of commerce. The exports ut the South, indeed may bo considered as the aggregate result ot various forms and modes ol industry, carried on by various hands, and in various places, rather than as the mere produel oflho plantation. 'That product itself is local hut its indispensable aids and means are druwi: from every part of tho Union. What is it, sir that enables Southern labor to apply itself so ex el us i vely to tho cultivation of Uui-o great arti cles for export! Certainly, it is so applied, be cause its own necessities for provision and clo thing arc supplied, meanwhile, from other quar ters. The South raises to soil, and not to con sume; and with the proceeds of the sales it sup plies itsetl with whatever its own consumption demands. There arc conceptions; hut this is the general truth. Tho hat makers shoe makers, furniture makers, and carriage makers of the North, the spinners at Lowell, and tho Weavers at Philadelphia, are all contributors to the gene ral product both of cotton and sugar, for export abroad; as arc the live stock raisers > f Kentucky, the grain growing farmers, and all who produce and vend provisions, in Indiana, Ohio and llli nois. The Northern ship owner and tho mari ner, who carry llicse products to market, are a gents acting to Iho same end; and snare they too who, little thinking of cotton fields, or sugar es tates, are pursuing their adventurous employs i incut in the whale fisheries, over the whole sur face, find among all tho islands, of the Pacific and iho Indian oceans. If wo take the annual cotton crop at sixiy millions of dollars, wo may, perhaps, find that the amount of forly five mil lions is expended, cither for interest on capital advanced, or lor tho expense of clothing and sup pwrting labor, or in the charges which belong to the houseold, theeducation of families, and to the domestic expenditure of the proprietor. ( Thus, sir, all the laborious classes are, in truth, cotton B ,"Givers ami sugar makers. Each in its own way, and to the extent oi its owp, p.nduct ivoncss, contributes to swell llio magnitude of that enonnot's export, which was nothing at the commencement of this Government, and which now lias run up to so many millions. Through all these operations the stream of credit has con stantly flowed, and there is noj 'ono of them that will not be checked and inlenupted, embarrassed, and thwarted, if this stream bo now dried up.— This connexion of the various interests of the country with one another forms an important and interesting topic. It is one of the natural tics of the Union. The variety of production, and mutual wfnils mutually supplied, constitute u strong bond between different Suites, and long may that bond last, growing With llietr growth, and strengthening with their strength. But, Mr President, that portion of our produc tions which takes tho form of export,becomes distinct and visible; it is prominent and striking and is seen and wondered at, l>v everybody. The annual returns alt show it, and every day’s conn mctcial intelligence speaks of it. We gaze at il with admiration, and tho world is no loss admi ring than ourselves. With other branches of industry the case f quite different. The products of these branches being put in the train us domestic exchanges, am • consumed in the country, do not gel into statist! • cal tables, aro not collected in masses,, and .at I seldom presented, in the aggregate, to the publii ' view. They aro not of the character of a fev ' largo and mighty river's, but of a thousand littfi 1 streams, meandering through all the fields of bn siness and of life, and refreshing and fertilizing tin; whole. Few of us, Mr'. Pro-idciit, ore aware of vvha would be the amount of the general production o llio country, if il could be accurately ascertained, The Legislature of Massachusetts, under tho re commendation oflho intelligent Chief Magistrate ol that Stale, lia/i caused to ha prepared and pub, lishcd a report on the condition and products of certain branches of its industry, for tho year end ing in April, IHII7. The returns of llio authorities ol each city and town were made, apparently, . with much care; and the whole has been collated by tho Secretary of Slate, and tho result distinct ly presented in well arranged statistical tables. 1 From a summary of the statements in those tables, ’ I will take the liberty of selecting alow articles ’ and of adverting to them here, as instances, oi specimens, oi the annual product of labor and in dustry in that Stale. And to begin with a very necessary and impor tant article. I find, that of boots and shoes, the value of the whole amount manufactured within . the year exceeds fourteen millions and u half of dollars, if the amount of other articles of the same, class, or material, be added, viz. leather, saddles, trunks, harness, A,c., llio total w ill be not lar from eighteen millions and a half of dollars. I Vvili read the names of some other articles, and stale the amount of annual product belonging to each : Colton fabrics $17,409,000 Woollen fabrics 10,399,000 Fisheries 7,002.000 Looks and stationary, and paper 2,092,000 Soap and candles 1,630,000 Nails, brads, and tacks 3,600,000 Machinery of various kinds 1,336,000 Agricultural implements 645,000 Glass 831,000 Hats 700.000 Clothing, neckcloths, &c. 8,013,000 Wool 539,000 Thtse, sir, are samples. The grand total is ninety-one millions seven hundred thousand dol lars. From this, however, deductions are to he made for the cost of the raw material when im ported, and for certain articles enumerated under different heads. But, then, the whole statement is confined to some branches of industry only; and I - present an entire and comprehensive view, there should be added the gains of commerce within the year, the earnings of navigation, and almo-t the whole agricultural product of the Slate. The result of all, il it could be collated and exhibited together, would show that the annual product of Massachusetts capital and Massachu. setts industry exceeds one hundred millions ol dollars. Now, sir, Massachusetts is a small Slate, ■in extent of territory- You may mark out her | dimensions seven or eight times on the map ol | Virginia. Vet her population is seven hundred 1 thousand souls; and the annual result of their j laborious industry, ecohomy, and labor, is us I have stated. Mr. President, in looking over this result, it h most gratifying to find, that its great mass consist) in articles; equally essential and useful to allclas ses. They aro not luxuries, but necessaries ant comforts. They belong to food anil clothing, It household coiivenienciea, and education. A they are more and more multiplied, the great nia • jority of society becomes inoro elevated, lielle s instructed, and happier in all respects. I havi looked through this whole list, sir, to find who t there is in il that might be fairly classed trmoni - the higher luxuries of life; and whst do I find - In llio whole hundred millions, I find but on i, such item; and that is an item of two or thfe c hundred thousand dollars of "jewelry, silver, an - silver plate.” This is all that belongs to luxufj o in her annual product,of a hundred millions an il of thi*. no doubt, the far greater portion "as ten abroad. Andjctwehcar daily,-it, of the amse 1 A f ’—o7-- ■ -r' u sing of aristocratic wealth, by llio progress of - manufactures, anil (he operations of the credit system! Aristocracy, it is said, is stealing upon 0 ns, and, in itie form of aggregate wealth, is watch. • > n ß 1,1 seize political power from the bands of the People! We have been more than once gravely ’I admonished that,in order to improve the limes, 11 and rcMitru a metallic currency for ihe henefit of 1 the poor, the rich ought to melt down their plate! h Whatever such a melting process might find to 11 act upon elsewhere, Mr. President, I assure you r > that in Massachusetts it would discover lillle. A ■ few spoons, candlesticks, and other similar arti cles, some old family pitchers and tankards, and tile silver porringers of our nurseries, would bo • about the whole. ■Sir, if there be any aristocrats in Massachu setts, the People are all aristocrats; because I do not believe there is on earth, in a highly civilized 1 society, n greater equality in the condition of men, 0 than exists there. If there be a man in tbc Slate 0 who maintains w hat is culled nu equipage, or c drives four hoiscs in his coach, lam notacquain- K ted with him. On the other hand, there are few who are not able to carry their wives and ilaugli -1 ters to church it! some decent conveyance. It is ’ no matter of regret ot sorrow to us that few urn • very rich; but it is our pride and glory that Tew are very poor, ft is our still higher pride, and our just boast, as f think, that all her citizens pos sess means of intelligence and education; and that ’ of all her productions, she reckons, among the vol ry chiefcst, those which spring from the culture ' of Ihe mind and the heart. Mr. President, one ol the most striking charac teristics ol this age is the extraordinniy progress which it has witnessed in popular knowledge. A ’ now and powerful impulse has been acting in the . social system of late, producing this effect in u striking degree. In morals, in politics, in art, in literature, there | is a vast accession to. the number oV rentiers, and ! to llio number of proficients. The present state ot popular knowledge is not the result of a slow > an I uniform progress, proceeding through a lapse ’ | of years, with the same regular degree of motion. ‘ It i« evidently the result of s»mu new causes, _ brought into powerful action, « n d producing their consequences rapidly and strikingly. What, sir', I ate these causes? ’Phis is not nn occasion, sir, for discussing such | a question at length: alloy* me to *ay, however, that the improved state of popular knowledge is ’ but the necessary result of the improved condition ol the great mass of the People. Knowledge is ’ not one of our merely physical wants. L|fo may f bo sustained without it. But, in order, to livry men must he led, and clothed, and shelleied; and > in a state of things in which one’s whole lahuy can do no more than procure clothes, food, and ’ shelter, he cini have no time nor means for mental h improvement. Knowledge, therefore, is not at tained, and cannot be attained, till there is some degree of respite from daily manual toil, and never 3 ending drudgery. But whenever * less degree ’’ of labor will produce the absolute necessaries of e life, then (here come leisure and means, both to I' teach and to leai n. u But it this great and wonderful cx elision of " popular knowledge he ihe result of an improved condition, it may, in the next place, well he ask. 13 cd.what arc the causes which have thus sudden- S J ly produced that great improvement 1 How |s II it that tin) means of food, clothing, and shelter, are now so much more cheaply and abundantly procured than formerly? Sir, the main cause I c lake to ho the progress of scientific art, or a now extent of the application of science to art. This, c it is, which has so much distinguished the last half century in Europe and in America; and its effects are everywhere visible, and especially among us. Men has found new allies and aux« ’ diaries In the powers of Nature, and ill the inven- I ions of mechanism. " To he continued. c A CHEAT BAKOAiai. • fpid' subscriber being determined to emigrate to if *- the west, offers for solo ins valuable tract of . land, containing three thousand acres, situatu H and lying in Jackson county, Gn, on Ihe Mulberry fork ol Ocunoii river, the residence immediately on ' the bog mountain and mam Alabama road, vutious ■ other roads intersueling at the same place, viz : die Milledgeville mad lending to tt inn's Perry, on Chattahoochee, Hurricane Sboal road, loading to Cnruesvdlo and South Carolina. Gr-al pan oL llio , above land is red mulatto land, of superior quality ; ' 100 acres of rich river low grounds; about 800 acres ir cleared, great p irt fresh and in good repair, abouml •' mg withsuperb springs, well improved, wirh a con venient framed dwelling bouse, two siory high, on r- u most splendid eminence ; an excellent Colton 0 and 7 breshing machinery, and all other necessary , out houses. JVo place is heller calculated for pub . lie business of any kind, in llio up country, fceve, ral eonvonienl settlemonls on the premises, not im -1! torfering with each oilier The whole can be pur r, chased tor nine thousand dollars, one third in ad it vaneo, the hallnncs in two annual paymenls, which is not more than two thir ls of ilu; real value J-ikely young negroes will be Inken at their value. ’ n opril 13 w3in _ HARKItiO.N THURMOND. » g r . NOTlCE.—Uanaway fnm Jyf . the subscriber, on the 10, U J lost, two negro fellows, Jacob and Spencer; Jacob is a bright / nodalto, straight black hair, one or more teeth out in front, low, uhout live, or li vo feet six inches high, and about 35 yi-urs of ago. Spencer ii dark complected, wptl made, about the same height ol Jacob, and about 20 years of ago; they both absconded lire same night, and it is more limn probable they are togethei and are lurking about some river plantation between this and Augusta or Savannah, it is more than likely ihey will make for Augusta. Any person or persons apprehending'said negroes,4z delivering them sale to s the subscriber, in Barnwell District, Augusta or Sa vannah jail, 1 will give fifty dollars, and if any por e son or persons can prove to tbo coni iclion of any - while man or moo, fir harboring or carring off said r negroes, I will give one hundred dollars for the ap , prehension of said person or persons, with Ilia 1 negroes. JEN MINUS J WOOD. ’’ Speedwell P. O Barnwell Hist S. C. april 13 ’ Gtorpia , Klicrl County . £ 1 s HU certify that 1 purchased a fifty saw Colton .1 (nn of Mr. Gamut O. (fleshy, of IVilke* county, with which I have ginned lour hales ol cotton, J weighing 301 His. each, for fourteen days m sprees | sion, alter having hesn m use soma lime previous. This 7th April, 1838. DUUUYB.CADE. ,f .. , ~ Gear pin, Wilke* County: ' I do certify that 1 purchased a fifty saw Colton r , Cfiii of Garralt O. Glcsby, that 1 believe Ip be equal ’* to the above gin, and Would recommend any person d who may wish to purchase a gin to call on Air. J, ir Glesliy. This 7lh April, 183 s. . 1 ap il 13 at FELIX G. EDWARDS. ADiUINISTRATOU’S SALE; . is IN piirsiinnce of an order of the Court of (Fai ls 0 nnry of Richmond county, will ho su'd si the _ s . Court HuusC in Hoolyjreunty, on the first Tuesday — j in June next, within the legal hours of safe,,two tracts of land in said county of Dooly, belonging to ” the estate of Jarvis Ballard, deceased, viz : Lot No. 323, m the 2d District. • * Lot No. 310, in the fifth Histriet. er mar 30 A.J. MILLER, Adin r. (/ft Georgia, Je/lersoii county: 01 \\t HERE AS Ashley Phillipa, ndmi*iiit.-afor >8 Vl on the estate ol Stephen Cotter, late of said JI eoonty, deceased, applies (or letters disfnlsson - it These are therefore to cue and a-!immisK all and , singular the kindred and creditors of r-Wsaidd# ,i ceased, to he and appear nl my otlicu Wilkin •’ 1 , lime prescribed by law, to shew enuifa if aiav .***" y> liaic, why said loiters should not bo gnuD' uo ” td Given nudor rnv hand at oflioo, iu ’ ... nl this JCih d-iy c.f March ' «•; w oui»vil.o, • ■ ,1 nrar I* E/LR rlk "n