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6 THE SOUTHERN WORLD, JUNE 15,1882, §he $gor t h gJwp. Constructing a lice Hive. Editor Southern World—In reply to the many and increasing inquiries of your readers, I will endeavor to give a few spe cific directions for constructing a very sim ple style frame hive. This hive is not an orthodox Langstroth or simplicity model, but unswers every purpose, the frames be ing of the some dimension as for those styles. Take an incii plunk and measure for the porta as follows j Hides, length 20% inches, height 10% inches; back end, length 12 inches, height 10% inches; front end, length 12 incites, height 0% incites. Measure 1% inches from the top of tho end pieces and saw horizontally across two-thirds through the plank, than split out with a chisel from the top downward, making a place like the rabbet in a door facing. Take a strip ol tin 12 inches long and 1 inch wide; tack this horizontally across the end so that it will project % inch above the lower rabbet. Mail the sides to the end, keeping them ull even at the top and you have a hive. For a top take a plunk Hi inches wide and 22 inches long and nail a strip around on this that will just let it tit over the hive out side. Now set the whole on a wide plank and the difference between the two ends will make the entrance. For the frames make the top bar 10 inches long, % .inch wide, and % inch thick. Take strips % by % inches for the other parts; 8% inches long for each end and 17% inches long for the bottom bar. Nail the ends to the bottom bar and the top bar to the endsallowing it to project over an equal distance at each end. Eight of these frames are required for each hive of the above pattern. The frames will hang on the rabbets in the hive. To get the bees into the new hive, provide yourself with a bit of old rags or loose cot ton and light the same for a smoke. Blow a little smoke in the entrance, then tilt the hive down and continue your smoke until the bees seem subdued. Take the old hive a short distance away and set with the head downward on a table, placing the new hive (without the frames) in its stead. Now comes the tug of war. Cut the combs loose on one side of the hive, then cut the nails with a chisel and remove tliut side. Now cut the combs out with a large table knife, keeping the bees back with the smoke, and as you cut them out lit them in the new frames, tacking small strips of wood across each side to hold them in position. As soon as you fill a frame hang it in the hive. By the time you have cut out half the comb you will begin to take out small clusters of bees hanging to the comb, shake these off on a newspaper spread in front of the hive so that one sido of it will be even with en trance and they will soon crawl in. When you have cut the combs all out, shake the trees on the paper and they will soon be in and at work. Gather up the scraps of comb and if any frames were not filled hang them also in the hive, spreading a cloth neatly over frames and replacing the top. Ex amine them every day or two, using a little smoke, and os fast os they secure the comb to the frames, remove the strips of fasten ings. Now get your Italians, for one colony of these bees will gather as much honey os two colonies of native bees. The queens can be introduced at any time after the bees are in the movable frame hive, by first removing tho black one and carefully observing the directions furnished with the cages in which they are shipped. 1 would advise in all cases where it can be conveniently done, to pro cure a nucleus with a tested queen from some reliable party near. You then have your queen without introducing her and the nu cleus is in all essential particulars tho model for a large hive. For the accommodation of those who do not readily understand, I will send a dia gram of the hive and a specimen frame by mail, for 15 cents to defray expenses. It will materially facilitate the success of those who anticipate embarking in thisiudustry to sub scribe for some standard bee journal, and also to procure a simple and reliable work on the subject, “A. B. 0., of Bee Culture," for example. The small sum of $2.00 judi ciously Invested would be amply suflicient to procure both. Diligently read the in structions to be derived from these sources and carefully apply it with your personal observations and success will surely be the reward of your efforts. Mitchell’s Apiary, 1 Chas. R. Mitchell. Hawkinsvillc, Ga. J Keating & Higginsbottom have started a new flouring mill at Crawford, Texas. INDUSTRIAL NOTES. Raleigh, N. C., is to have a cotton mill. Newberry, S. C., will soon have a machine shop. Nashville, Tennessee, has ten large flourish ing mills. D. S. H. Darst, of Gonzales, Texas, is im proving his mill. Stricklin & Lawson are enlarging tbeirmill at Florence, Ala. Thomas L. White has remodeled his flour ing mill at Alden, Va. The "Todd Mills,” of Dallas, Texas, are putting in new machinery. A large grain elevator and flouring mill is being built ut Athens, Ga. Boaz & Co., of Calhoun, Ga., are putting improved*machinery in their mill. Adams, Chambers & Co., are enlarging and improving their tobacco factory in Lynch burg, Vu. A large flouring mill to be driven by an automatic engine is being built at Weston, West Virginia. Dunlap & McCance, of Richmond, Va., are changing their mill. It will have a capacity of 000 barrels. Tbe Athens factory pays a dividend of 12% per cent., besides a sinking fund to purchase new machinery when needed. A school for training shepherds 1ms been established in Algeria. The pupils are in structed in all that effects the breeding and rearing of sheep. Newbern, N. C. has a cannery with a ca pacity of 8,000 cans per day. It is now can ning berries and will soon can peaches; also, vegetables and oysters in season. The New Cotton Chopper. Tho engraving shows a cotton chopper hav ing a carriage with gear wheels connected with its rotary axle and driving two shafts connected endwise by a universal joint. Radial arms attached to the rear shaft carry the chopping knives, with revolver at the rear of two plows provided with adjustable colters tor barring off the rows. An upright frame is connected with the carriage frame and provided with handles, and a swiveled bearing for connecting the plow beams and handles with the shaft, so that the chopper can be readily gaided and controlled. The radial arms carrying the chopper knives are slotted to admit of adjusting the knives so that they may work at any desired depth in the ground, and to leave more or less of the plants standing, os the adjustment toand from the center opens and closes the dis tance between the knives. The knives are set at an inclination with the plane of the chopper wheel, and their entering ends are sharpened so that there will be space between the rear end of each knife and the point of the one following to leave enough plants for a hill. This implement Is easily managed, very simple in its construction, and is well adapted to its purpose. It was recently pat ented by Mr. Josiah L. Hughes, of Cleve land, Tenn. LONDON PURPLE. [Reprinted from tbe "American Entomologist," taken from advance sbeeta of Bulletin No. J of tbe U. 8. Entomological Commission, by C. V. Riley.) This powder is obtained in the following manner in the manufacture of aniline dyes. Crude coal-oil is distilled to produce benzole. This is mixed witli nitric acid and forms ni- tro-benzole. Iron filings are then used to produce nascent hydrogen with the excess of nitric acid in the benzole. 'When distilled, aniline results; to the arsenic acid, to give an atom of oxygen which produces rose ani line, and quicklime are added to absorb the arsenic, The residuum which is obtained by filtration or settling is what has been denom inated "London Purple,” the sediments be ing dried, powdered, and finely bolted. The powder, is, therefore, composed of lime and arseniousacid, witii about 25 per centof car bonaceous matter which surrounds every atom. Experiments which I made with it in 1878 impressed me fuvorably with this powder os an insecticide, and its use on the Colorado potato-liectlc by Professors Budd and Bessey, of tbe Iowa Agricultural Col lege, proved highly satisfactory. I was, therefore, quite anxious to test its effect on tlie Cotton-Worm in the field on n large scale, and in the winter of 1878-711 induced the manufacturers to send a large quantity for this purpose to the Department of Agri culture. The analysis® made of it by Pro fessor Collier, the chemist of the Depart ment, showed it to contuin: Percent Rose aniline 12.411 Arsenic acid 48.05 Lime ..... 21.82 Insoluble residue ..... 14.57 Iron oxide ..... 1.10 Water 2.27 loss 4.07 100.00 * Ordinarily tbe Rose aniline bos mixed witli lla little ulmlc acid, and an increase of Z per cent «f ar senic acid. Through the liberality of the manufac turers, Messrs. Hemingwuy & Co., a number of barrels of this powder were placed at my disposul the past season and distributed to various observers and agents in Georgia, Alabama and Texas. Early in the spring Mr. A. R. Whitney, of Franklin Grove, Illi nois, found it to be a perfect antidote to the canker-worms w[hich hud not been prevented from ascending his apple trees, and the ex- ]>crimentsof those whom I had trusted to make them on tho Cotton-Worm, as welt ns those made under my own supervision; all showed that its effects ore fully equal to those of Paris green. Like the latter it kills the worms quickly and docs not injure tho plants, if not applied in too great a quantity. Farther, it also colors the ingredients so as to prevent their being mistaken for harm less materials. Finally, its cheap price re moves the temptation to adulterate the poi son, as every adulteration would prove more expensive than the genuine article. It is evun superior to Purls green, as owing to its more finely-powdered condition, it cau be more thoroughly mixed with other in gredients and used iu smaller proportions. Experiments on a large scale have been made with the dry application at the rate of 2 lbs. to 18 lbs. of diluents, also at the rates of 1, %, %, and % lb. to 18 of tho diluents. The last proves only partially effectual, and in no case were the plants injured or the leaves even burned. Iu all but the last cose the worms were effectually killed, but os the mixture, at the rate of % lb. was applied witli greater core and regularity than is gen erally had on a large scale, and also in very dry weather, the proportion of % lb. to 18 of the diluents is most to be recommended. All higher proportions are simply waste of the material. All that has been said under the head of Paris green as to the desirability of adding a small quantity of flour or other substance to give adhesiveness to the liquid will hold equally true of Loudon purple, but the lat ter has in many respects a great advantage over the former, especially in its great cheap ness. It can be sold in New York at the low rate of 0 cents per pound, and there is no reason why it should not be obtained at any of the large shipping points in the South at figures ranging between 7 and 10 cents per pound. This means virtually that the cost of destroying the worms by this powder is reduced to such a minimum asdepend mainly on the labor nnd the other ingredients or dil uents employed. Farm Surveying. An inquiry was referred to us the other day from a subscriber to the World who desire to be informed how to measure and ascertain the area of a field of irregular shape. The only replv that can be given is that there is no general rule or method that will apply to every case. A good geomet rician can devise a method for estimating tliearcaof any figure that may be presented, witli sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes, but he will find it dilficult if not impossible to construct a rule of general ap plication tliut will ussuro correct results in tlie bands of a person who is not somewhut familiar witli mensuration. If a field ap proximates the shape of a square or oblong, or any considerable portion can be thrown into such shape, the estimation of area is simple enough. It is only necessary to multiply the distance in yards, along one ‘end of tlie oblong or square, by tbe length of an adjacent side and divide the product by 4840. The answer will be acres. If the the field is four sided, or can be assumed os such by throwing out a little and taking in a corresponding area in straightening tbe lines, but does not approach the square or oblong, the area may he estimated by multi plying half the sum of the two opposite sides by half the sum of the other two sides (in yards) and dividing tho product by 4840. If a field cannot be easily thrown into a four sided form it is best then to divide into triangles. The estimation of area by tri angles is the basis of practical land survey ing. If‘the measurements are made accu rately there is no difficulty in tbe calcula tion. To illustrate the method, we will draw a triangle of the simpler form, aright A 1) angled triangle, having a right angle at A. This can be easily estimated by multiplying A 1$ by A C and dividing the product by 2, or by multiplying B C by A D—the shortest distance from A to the side B C—and divide by 2. In general, to estimate the area of a triangle multiply tlie length of any one side taken as a base, by the length of a perpen dicular drawn from the angle opposite the base chosen to that base, and divide by 2. Tho measurement may be taken in yards, and in that case the results of each calcula tion will be square yards and must be divid ed by 4840 in order to reduce to acres. The inquire leads us to remark upon the importance to every farmer of having a cor rect survey nnd plat of his farm. In every county there is a more or less competent surveyor, who would usually be glad to make four or five dollars per day by survey ing and making maps of farms. Such plats should show the location of all woodland, streams, ponds and all prominent natural features, as well os houses, fences and other structures. It would be well also, to desig nate the position of ditches, nnd the "lay" of the land. If such a map be constructed,on a scale of ten chains—40 rods or 000 feet— to the inch, it will bean easy matter to measure tlie distance between any two points by applying a scale of inches to the map. Cheap copies of such a map might be made by some of the modern transfer methods, so that the owner could easily use a copy for every year to show the crops planted in each field or portion, the yield and other matters of interest. It may also be used to note down projected improvements or work of any kind to be done on the farm and will serve as a valuable reminder as well as a record for future use. Such a map and copies would be worth many times more than the first cost to the owner of a farm who takes any pride in scientific systematic, and accu rate farming. When wo first commenced farming we were the owner of an heirloom in the shape of a very good surveyor’s compass and chain, and one of the first jobs undertaken was to make an accurate map of our farm as we had done of the old plantation, and we therefore know from experience the great value of such a map. g. HUGHES’ COTTON CHOPPER.