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PAGE 2—THE BULLETIN, September 19, 1959
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From: POPE JOHN XXIII: An Authoritative Biography by
Zsolt Aradi, Msgr. James I. Tucek and James C. O'Neill. Copy
right, 1959, by Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, Inc., Publishers.
PART VII
MOSLEMS, ORTHODOX,
CATHOLICS AND WAR
Archbishop Angelo Roncalli
arrived in Istanbul, capital of
the “new” Turkey on January
4, 1935, and his first act was a
wise and diplomatic one — he
registered with the police.
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Officially the new Apostolic
Delegate in Turkey had to con
sider himself a foreigner and
needed a visa and permit to
stay. From his first day, Roncalli
was meticulous in observing this
rule, even when his personal
friendship reached the highest
circles of the Turkish govern
ment.
THREE JOBS IN ONE
When he arrived from Sofia,
Bulgaria, only a secretary from
the delegation was on hand to
meet him. Together they went
to the office of the city governor
and the chief of police. The fact
that he complied with the law,
without claiming any rights to
delay the process, impressed
both local and national officials.
The “new” Turkey to which
Archbishop Roncalli had been
assigned by Pope Pius XI was
under the leadership of the
powerful and progressive Kemal
Pasha Ataturk. In its dedicated
drive to achieve national unity
after the overthrow of the Sul
tans the “new” Turkey was
hostile to Christian groups.
During the future Pope John
XXIII’s stay in Turkey the
situation of Christians began to
improve. The Archbishop was
allowed to wear his ecclesiasti
cal habit because he was the
head of a Christian community
and, therefore exempt from the
law which forbade wearing reli
gious dress to priests and nuns.
He wore the Roman collar but
not the cassock and his secre
tary and other priests dressed
in civilian clothes.
In his new assignment, Arch
bishop Roncalli had three jobs.
He was Apostolic Delegate in
Turkey and in Greece, that is,
he was the Pope’s representative
to the Catholics of those two
countries.
He was also head of the Apos
tolic Vicariate of Constantino
ple, the older name of Istanbul.
In this office he was bishop of a
flock who looked to him not as
a diplomat but as a father.
The last responsibility, which
could not be written into his
credentials, was that he was ex
pected to have some contact
with the Orthodox Patriarch of
Constantinople, who held the
“Primacy of honor” among all
Orthodox patriarchs.
Archbishop Roncalli took up
his residence in Istanbul and
from there visited Athens from
time to time. The story of his
tremendously effective work in
Greece requires a separate chap
ter in itself.
The Catholic population of
Turkey was very small. The
total population of the country
in 1940 during his time there
was 17.9 million. Of these about
20.000 were Catholics of both
the Latin and Oriental rites.
Of these, about 10,000 were
located in the Vicariate of Con
stantinople with 67 priests and
49 churches. Also under his
jurisdiction was the Vicariate
of Smyrna with about 1,000
Catholics spotted throughout its
110.000 square miles. A mission
territory, Trebizond, counted 214
Catholics in its area of 120,000
square miles.
Archbishop Roncalli spent the
major portion of his pre-war
years exercising his ministry as
head of the Latin Rite Vicariate.
He showed particular zeal in
supporting Catholic schools,
providing funds to keep them
in existence when there was
danger of their going under for
lack of money.
Although he functioned on a
non-diplomatic level, Arch
bishop Roncalli traveled two or
three times a year to Ankara,
the capital; to pay formal calls
on the diplomats and officials of
the government. In the war
years the calls were more fre
quent and of great import.
SAVES OLD CHURCH
The Turkish government out
of courtesy gave him such facili
ties as are granted to diplomats
and he developed friendships
with government officials.
Among his close friends was
Numan Menemengioglu, secre
tary general of the Turkish
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
At the time of his selection to
the papacy, Turkish papers re
called how often Archbishop
Roncalli had expressed admina-
tion of Kemal Pasha Ataturk
and how that admiration had
been reciprocated by Ataturk
himself.
The Turkish diplomat Reckid
Staffet Atabinen recalled in an
article how highly Ataturk ap
preciated Roncalli’s orders that
certain prayers and sermons be
delivered in Turkish in the na
tion’s Catholic churches.
When Ataturk died in 1938
Catholics of Istanbul took part
in the national mourning. Cath
olics gave the same honors to
Ismet Inonu, who succeeded
Ataturk, when he too died.
Archbishop Roncalli’s good re
lations with the Turkish govern
ment also played a part in the
modern history of one of the
most important monuments in
the world, the church of “Hagia
Sophia,” in Istanbul.
This was built in the 9th cen
tury by the Emperor Justinian.
Originally a Catholic Church, it
bacame in turn an Orthodox ca
thedral and finally a mosque,
one of the most venerated in
Islam.
With the overthrow of the Ot
toman Empire, the Ataturk re
gime planned to turn the build-
Late in 1934 Archbishop Roncalii was appointed Apostolic Dele
gate to Greece and Turkey. Here he visits a community of
Capuchins in Istanbul.
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Folding Chairs, Religious Rec
ords & Music, Robes & Books
ing into a museum. Thanks to
Roncalli’s endeavors this plan
was not carried out and it was
preserved as a historical monu
ment.
But he won even greater con
cessions. The Turkish govern
ment consented to remove some
of the modern decorations and
thus uncovered the ancient
Christian painting of the Cross,
the image of Christ, the Blessed
Virgin and the saints.
In his first year in Istanbul,
Angelo Roncalli’s father died in
Sotto il Monte. The 81-year-old
peasant Giovanni Battista Ron
calli, whom the future Pope was
to remember when it became to
choosing his name of John
XXIII, left a testament and ex
ample to which his more famous
son was always faithful.
It was the example of a sim
ple life, of accepting God’s will
and continuing the tradition of
his ancestors, peasants like him
self, of loving the land. Angelo
Roncalli was unable to attend
(Continued on Page 3)
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