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Reports On Americas Civil War
Among First Items Published In
Century - Old Vatican City Daily
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By Msgr. James I. Tucek
(N.C.W.C. NEWS SERVICE)
VATICAN CITY — The files
of a century - old newspaper
here recalled the daily news
accounts of a tragedy suffered
in the United States 100 years
ago.
The newspaper is the Vati
can City’s L’Osservatore Ro
mano and the tragedy was the
Civil War. The centenary of
the foundation of the former
and the centenary of the be
ginning of the latter will be
marked in 1961 within months
of each other.
The Civil War began with
the firing on Fort Sumter off
Charleston, S. C., by confed
erate shore batteries on April
12, 1861. Three months later,
on July 1, the first copy of
L’Osservatore Romano was
issued.
The year 1861 witnessed the
tragedy of brother fighting
against brother in both the
United States and Italy.
Troops from Piedmont in
northern Italy had invaded
the Papal States tow r ard the
end of 1860 and annexed the
papal provinces of the March
es and Umbria. In the month
prior to the firing on Fort
Sumter the Kingdom of Italy
was proclaimed by the first
Italian Parliament meeting at
Turin on March 17, 1861, and
Victor Emmanuel was declar
ed the first king of Italy. The
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
in southern Italy was yet to
be conquered and the re
mainder of the Papal States to
be annexed. Italian would fire
upon Italian before this would
come to pass, just as in the
United States, American was
firing upon American.
There were Americans in
Rome who received the news
of the outbreak of the Civil
War with great concern. The
United States had diplomatic
representation in Rome at the
time with the title of Resident
Minister. Gen. Rufus King,
U. S. Minister in Rome, would
have certainly received the
news with greatest concern.
There were also the priests
and students at the newly
opened North American Col
lege. Three or four of the 38
students were Southerners.
Doubtless they watched the
small one or two paragraph
wire dispatches on L’Osserva-
tore’s back page that gave ac
count of the war’s progress al
most daily. But Father Wil
liam McCloskey, rector of the
college, insisted that the stu
dents desist from all discussion
of the war and its issues and
that they confine themselves
to prayers for peace.
Father McCloskey’s worries
were expressed shortly after
the news reached Rome in his
letter to Archbishop John B.
Purcell of Cincinnati. “Where
is it going to end?” he wrote.
Civil War Nuns Memorialized
of the Charleston fire or were
told about it because one of
them, Claudian Northrop, a
Charlestonian, wrote to his
brother about it.
At this time also Bishop
Patrick Lynch of Charleston
was writing to his students in
Rome. He wrote one letter to
another Charleston seminarian,
William Meriwether, giving
some details on how the war
was going and telling how one
of Northrop’s brothers had
been wounded in battle near
Richmond.
In that year of 1862 only one
seminarian from the South,
John Smith, entered the North
American College. He dropped
out of the seminary later, but
how he got through the block
ades to reach Italy remains a
mystery to this day.
An item in L’Osservatore on
February 8, 1862,
“Gen. MacClellan
THE BULLETIN, April 15, 1961—PAGE 3
been sent specifically to
France, Bishop Lynch’s special
mission was to Rome. Bishop
Lynch arrived in Rome in
June, 1864. Although he was
invited to take lodging at the
North American College, he
chose to lodge elsewhere, pos
sibly mindful of the delicacy
of his mission.
Minister Rufus King in
quired at the Vatican about
Bishop Lynch’s presence in
Rome and he was assured by
the Vatican Secretary of State,
Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli,
that the Bishop was recog
nized only in his ecclesiastical
capacity.
Prior to this Gen. Sherman,
en May 5, 1864, had begun
his march through Georgia,
reported: I News of Sherman’s march in
appeared the pages L’Osservatore coin-
before a congressional com- cided with the arrival of Bish-
mittee to explain the progress op Lynch in Rome. L’Osserva-
of military operations. It is tore never gave it that name,
rumored that he expressed “March through Georgia,” but
confidence that the rebellion day by day it tallied the name
will be smothered shortly.” and number of towns and vil-
The war was to drag on for lages that were being deva-
another three years of blood- stated and the Bishop must
shed and destruction. have read the news with
L’Osservatore’s news on anxiety.
March 1 was that “the expedi- Hardly a year later L’Osser-
tion of Gen. Burnside has vatore reported in its April 21.
completely destroyed the Con- 1865, issue: “Grant announced
federate fleet at Roanoke.” On by telegram that he believes
March 26 it reported that “the Lee’s capitulation is immi-
House of Representatives had nent.”
adopted Lincoln’s project for Three days later the news
the emancipation of the dated from New York, April
slaves.” 13, wa s: “Lee has capitulated
The entire front page of with his w hole army. Lincoln
L’Osservatore on May 13 was has suspe nded the draft and
dedicated to the 70th birthday the enlistment of volunteers,
of Pope Pius IX. On the back Th e assassination of Presi-
page of the same issue it car- dent L i nco in on April 14 was
ried the news of the bombard- rep0 rted without editorial
ment of New Orleans. comment on the front page of
The issuance of the Emanci- L’Osservatore’s issue of April
pation Proclamation of Sep- j 27, 1865. It read:
Nuns Helping, the Wounded of the American Civil War
(1861-65) is the subject of this stained glass window in the
new Church of St. Brigid, Lexington, Mass. Among the first
to answer President Lincoln’s initial call for 75,000 volun
teers were Sister-nurses from 12 religious communities.
Nearly 600 served throughout the war, and without pay.
They attended the sick and wounded of both the Union and
Confederate forces, in hospitals, troopships, prisons and
emergency stations near battlefields. The centennial of the
Civil War recalls the many tributes of praise heaped upon
these Angels of Mercy. Boston Pilot photo. (NC Photos)
tember 23, 1862, was given a
three-line notice in L’Osserva
tore’s issue of January 20,
1863. With a New York date
line on January 3, it said: “A
“London, April 15: Reuters
Agency has it from New York
that Lincoln was assassinated
last night with a. pistol shot:
he died this morning. An at-
F™lr a H 0 A. WaS /“,“fl ed ( ^ tempt was also made against
In any event he decided to
ride out the storm and keep
the students in Rome, since
the difficulty of passing
through the blockaded ports
would make their return peril
ous.
The South’s victory at the
Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)
on July 21, 1861, gave its gov
ernment confidence and put
it in the position to invite
foreign recognition and per
haps eventual foreign aid,
which it could see would be
needed. Aware of this, the
Union’s Secretary of State,
William H. Seward, in Octo
ber of that year asked Arch
bishop John Hughes of New
York to go to France to try
to dissuade Napoleon III from
giving support to the Confed
eracy. The Archbishop accept
ed only on condition that he
be made no partisan to the
struggle but go only as a pri
vate citizen on a mission of
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peace. After France, Archbish
op Hughes proceded to Rome
and took lodging at the North
American College during his
stay.
Fire broke out in Charles
ton on December 11, 1861, de
stroying along with a great
part of the city both the cathe
dral and the Bishop’s resi
dence. The mews reached
Rome with the dispatch in
L’Osservatore which appeared
January 8, 1862, saying: “The
news is confirmed of a con
siderable fire at Charleston: a
great part of the city and its
most important public build
ings are destroyed.”
Almost always these dis
patches appeared on the last
page under the heading of
either “Direct Telegraph Dis
patches” or “Latest News.” In
the dispatches the Union forces
were always called “the fed
eralists” and the Confederate
forces “the separatists.”
Apparently the North Amer
ican seminarians saw the news
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Lincoln which, declaring the
states of the South rebellious,
orders that all slaves inhabit
ing those states are to be free.”
The first inkling of Gettys
burg reached Rome on July 16
when L’Osservatore reported
that “the entire army of Lee
is in Pennsylvania. More de
tails were given in a later dis
patch which said:
“An encounter between the
Confederates and Meade’s army
has taken place at Gettysburg
(spelled ‘Gettisbourg’). The
Seward. He is not expected to
survive
“Lincoln was assassinated in
a theater. The assassin, called
Booth, killed him with a pistol
shot from behind ... It is
impossible to describe the ef
fect produced on commercial
affairs. Public opinion is struck
with horror. The New York
stock exchange is closed.”
The first place on L’Osser
vatore’s front page that day,
however, was given to the an
nouncement that “the Encycli-
several days- I ca i and Syllabus of Pope Pius
“Mead’s report counts much | TV R „ hppn
damage: the number of the
dead and wounded is consider
able with many generals
among them. The report an
nounces that the Union has
taken numerous prisoners and
has maintained its positions
The Confederates will not re
new the battle. A message
from Lincoln announces that
news from Meade up until the
evening of the third gives evi- f|
dence of a great victory for | §?
the Union forces.”
Now Bishop Lynch of
Charleston was commissioned
by President Jefferson Davis
of the Confederacy to call at
the European courts to per
suade public opinion in favor
of the Southern states. Where
as Archbishop Hughes had
IX of December 8” had been
printed and were available to
the public.
Father McCloskey upon re
ceiving the news wrote to
Bishop E. P. MacFarland of
Hartford: “The Americans here
are in mourning, the ladies
wearing black, the gentlemen,
crepe on the left arm.”
Bishop Lynch of Charleston
was still in Rome. With the
surrender of the South he was
caught in an embarrassing
situation and was fearful of
the consequences of his return
to the United States. But a
general pardon issued by Pres
ident Andrew Johnson gave
him courage. Returning by
way of Paris, he took an oath
of allegiance at the U. S. lega
tion in Paris and set sail for
New York.
The struggle was over in
the United States, but war
was to continue in Italy for
five more years.
By 1867 the last of the war
time Southern students at the
North American College had
returned to their home dio
ceses, as one student wrote “to
a country reduced to poverty
and to a strange land.”
In that same year, 1867, the
U. S. Congress voted to dis
continue funds to support the
Rome legation and thus im
plicitly suppressed it. Gen.
King tendered his resignation
on January 1, 1868. The dip
lomatic mission was never
again to be opened (Myron
Taylor was the personal envoy
of Presidents Roosevelt and
Truman), though to this day
the Annuario Pontificio, the
Vatican’s official yearbook,
lists the legation as “vacant.”
The struggle in Italy reached
its climax wtih the fall of
Rome on September 20, 1870,
and the city was annexed to a
unified Italy the following Oc
tober 2.
Both nations, the United
States and Italy, now set them
selves to the long and arduous
task of recovery. Out of the
sufferings all would become
stronger: the United States,
Italy and the Church. And,
paradoxically, the two leaders
of the two losing sides, Pope
Pius IX and General Robert
E. Lee, would be admired by
succeeding generations for
their motivations and noble
ness of conduct in defeat and
would become heroes each in
their own nations.
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