Newspaper Page Text
THE RIVAL ISTHMIAN CANALS.
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THE PANAMA EOUT&
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fanal. It from the reports of
the engineer* that fully two-flfth* of
tha entire work ha* already been dona.
The canrfl ran unqueitlonably be com
pleted In much lc»* time than wtl> be
required to build the Nicaragua canal.
The Panama canal I* only W mllea long,
while the Nicaragua canal has a length
of 171 mllea. about two-third" of which
la In the channel of the Ban Juan river
and in I-ake Nicaragua. The octaal
amount of canal excavation to be done
upon the Nicaragua route la greater
than upon the Panama, and the canal
proper will be a few mile* longer. The
engineering problem* are more serious j
on the Nicaragua canal than on that of
Panama, tin the former there are two
dividing range* of hill* or low moun
tain* to be rut through, whereas there
Is only one on the latter. There are
also the special difficulties of erecting
an enormous dam across the Ban Juan i
river, blasting out rocks In the rapids
of that stream and of dredging In the
shallow places In Lake Nicaragua. The
Tanama canal has u good port at each
of Its termini, at f'olon on the Atlantic
*'de and at La Boca, near Panama, on
the Paefflc side. The Nicaragua canal j
has no port at cither end. and million* |
of dollars mil«t be spent In constructing
artificial harbors before shipping can
make any use of the canal.
The latest estimate of the cost of (he
Nicaragua canal Is lldo.noo.noo, but acme
engineers who have surveyed the line i
place the figure as high ns *131.000,000,
and others believe that before the ca . al
Is finished and the two artificial har
bors constructed for It at least 1200,000,-
000 will have to be spent.
The Tanama people say that their es
timates have been made to meet the re
quirements of a company that haH pro
ceeded upon business principles to build
a canal as a commercial enterprise,
while the estimates for the Nicaragua
canal have been placed at a low figure
In order to Induce congress to pass a
bill authorizing the Issue of bonds to
pay the expenses of the work. Inaccu
racy in the Panama estimates would,
they say, he regarded as a very serious
matter by the* company, whereas un
derestimates for the Nicaragua canal
would be overlooked after the United
States government had been fully com
mitted to the enterprise, and congress j
would be relied upon to vote whatever I
additional money or credit might Is- re- j
quired for finishing the undertaking. .
The;French gentlemen say further that I
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--v\ '
- -ISsto.loi
Xmus
— s o % w
pi { o- J
with a corporation, a* la provided In the
pending bill. Thla la wholly a new
duration and la one upon which consti
tutlonal lawyera will probably disagree.
Whether Ihe Nicaragua bill shall ti
passed or not, the Panama canal com
pany intends to complete It* canal ye,.re
before the rival canal can be finished
and thue aeeure all the traftlc between i
the two oceans by the eatabliehment of
steamship llneff between the principal
American and European ports and the
ports- of the western roast of North
and South America and those of Aus
tralia and the Sandwich Islands. The
friends of both canals admit that the |
one which Is first completed will secure j
the business and hold most of It.
In regard to national control over an |
Isthmian canal, the general opinion Is j
that such a canal would .speedily be
neutralized by a treaty between all the j
great commercial nations of the world,
as has been done with the Suez canal,
and that the ownership of a canal by
the United States would not, therefore,
give this government, any rights not
shared by other nations. Great Britain
has a controlling Interest In the stock
of (he Suez canal, but has only the
same privileges In Its use that are pos
sessed by other countries.
ALBERT J. TUCKER.
The World's Telephones.
It is estimated that the total number
of telephone subscribers of the whole
world amounts to about 1,500,000. The
United States stands at the top with
908,000, Then follow Germany, with
100,000 subserfb'-rs; England, with "5,-
000; Switzerland, with 50,000; France,
with 35,000; Austria-Hungary, with 30,-
000; the vast Russian empire, with only
18,000: Scandinavia. 16,000: Denmark, ;
with If/iOO; Italy, 14,*08; Holland and
Spain, each 12,000; Belgium, 11.000; Ja
pan. 3.500; Portugal, Luxembourg, Aus
tralia, each 2,000; Roumania, 400: Bul
garia, 300. It will be seen that ihere is
still plenty of room for extension. There
are many countries w here the telephone
is still quite unknown.
THE ATJC3-TJBTA
THE NICARAGUA ROUTE
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etrait of Magellan. Thle alone h»*
clearly demon at rated the need of a
shorter wafer route between the AU an -
tlreand the Pacific.
The success of tho Suez canal led M.
do Lessen*, who waa the chief ag.-nt
In the construction of that work, - to
seek tocomplete the channel of navi
gation around the world by a waterway
at Pnnnma. The scheme contemplat'd
the digging of a canal from sea -to sea,
partly at the level of the tide water and
partly below It. The work thus far has
heyn a failure, and the plan is believed
by many experts to be Impracticable.
The Nicaragua route, though burdened
with the delays of lockage, Is now con
ceded to be mpre practical, far less
costly and more useful than the one at
Panama. Besides it will accomplish
the same object.
Although many casual surveys lmd
been made both through Panama and
the proposed Nicaragua route, the first
complete Instrumental survey was
made in 1849-50. Since Then and at dif
ferent periods, extending up to last
year, surveys have been made both for
the government and private parties.
The route now accepted as the one
through which it Is proposed to con
struct the canal Is by way of the San
Juan river from San Juan del Norte, on
the Caribbean coast, to San Carlos, on
Lake Nicaragua, and from the western
part of the lake to Brito, on the Pacific
coast The line of the proposed canal
is on tha boundsry which formerly sep
arated Nisarsgsa frsro Casta Rica. Ths
Isngth as ths canal will be 189% miles,
of white 142% miles will be through the
lake and river, and the remaining 28%
miles will have to be excavated. The
lake of Nicaragua is one of the most re
markable physical features In the world.
It fills a cavity in the midst of a broken
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Copyright, 1696. ~ C&Jau.
SCENES ALONG THE ROUTES OF THE RIVAL INTER-OCEANIC CANALS-
Superior with Luke Huron. They will
each he 850 feet long, 80 feet wide uud
30 feet deep. The three on the Atlantic
side will have a lift amounting In nil to
108 feet. Lock No. 1, which will he
nearest the ocean, will have a lift of ::i
feet; No. 2, 20 feet, and No. 3, 45 feet.
The first lock will be situated about 13
miles from San Juan del Norte (Gruy
town).
The complete lockage of a 3,000 ton
steamer will take about 45 minutes, and
It Is estimated that it wtfP take about
28 hours to pass a vessel from one
coast to the other.
The tests made by the engineers of
tVic soil along the proposed route of the
canal show It to be of a superior quality
and easy to work. It can be excavated
easily and will hold Its position along
the bank”. It Is not like the sandy
sides of tho Suez canal, which are con
stantly giving away and making it »■ e
essary to keep alrcdglng machines at
work in the channel.
Most of the dredging will be nom
parativMy easy. l>The grsatgst dtmoul
ti*« will be In bgnstruct-ijig th» dams
and leaks and gutting through tha
rooky hills. The engineers, however,
who have studied the country and made
the surveys statjthat. the work can be
done within the pstimaterj amount of
money. The estimates, however, differ
very materially and range from about
HERAIiD.
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t '#** to# #M Mt o«, tftoto «#A#n*R#i |
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p. p * tifflr* Of' Mi tot, fft TV# -
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, a iiboi ttot to‘•***#%• n# flit
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Mtootot mum i| «« nt ton to' ll 'torf Oi*
The annexed table will show the dis
tances nqw to he traveled by vessel*
and the distance which will be saved
when the canal is completed:
Via M:l- Via Nlc.
Miles between — gellan. canal.
New Yolk and San Fran
cisco 13,174 4..*0i
New York and Sitka H,*» *•!"
New York and Hongkong. ln.tW
New York and Melbourne 12.560 :‘.802
New York and Honolulu.. 13,2'J0 8,417
New Orleans and San
Francisco 13,533 4,147
Liverpool and San I'Tati
clsco 13,401 7,627
The company which now holds the
concession is anxious to secure the
United States government’s aid and to
control the canal by appointing the lar
ger number of directors to the govern
ing board. What will be done In this
matter is y»t to be determined.
Since the term of the original grant to
the company will expire next year an
other syndicate, headed by William it.
Grace, lias received a grant from the
Nicaraguan gavsrnment to construct »
canal In that oauntry. Just where this
canal is t» Se bteJtructed has not been
made public. It 1* knowfi. however,
that the gr*Dt to tho new company is to
begin when the othkr ends. The com
pany holding the rights now is waiting
for sotfio •action - by congress.,and unlit
that time matters will remain in statu
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end of the Instrument, while at tho
other cud Is a small machine which re
cords Ihe message in printed form, it
being possible cither to print (fit mes-
Kage upon a sheet "f pap-T or upon a
long tape like that which is used In the
ordinary ticker service.
"There Is no longer any question of
the value and thorough utility of the
machine,” said Professor Rowland,
'and many experienced telegraphers
who have seen it work pronounce It ab
solutely perfect. An ordinary type
writer operator can send messages at
the rate of 40 words a minute, while at
the same time fceven other messages are
going over the wire, each separate and
distinct from the others.
"I wanted to try the message over a
very long wire, but could not make sat
isfactory arrangements with the West
ern Union Telegraph company for the
use of their plant. However, ihe Penn
sylvania railroad has placed Its private
wires at our disposal. At first I planned
to make the experiments upon u. wire
from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, but
the** wires are kept busy during the
day, and 1 found that the only time 1
could use them would he at night or
upon a holiday, do we have decided
upon a. wire between Jersey City and
I’hiladtdphia for the first trial, and aft
er that, if we want to, we can try a lon
ger wire by using a system of loops."
A Softo on 1
Thanksoivim#.
ms.
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S{ ■ \ E*N
A<K HM NO I#
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m|t|.
*tna« a sTWMMOi
Alpha and Omega
Of the Turkey.
A TMnhiiMii <!•? *ittoHit kt* lur*
Omv *ouH n# Mto* • ** nhni
floo.r* at « ■»«• »HPMI «- fr.yc
oi MmW «tll*<ait Uw |«r»c» "PR
that autamiMit hay al !U1 t bta *•
*,«rt aid ptkrnm iw*» ii*Pt w«
thank.«H Inc .tinner and «rav,ly «*rv
„t up th. nral daM-thhte «Hd
llu artstmratl- (oMthr, *HI Haatwl
and hr.*»n, l«* iam> m«t«d, »tug*4
with tiyntwra at rtwntauti and MW*
panlad l>l piquant . ranlwrry oaura, ha*
la.il lit. plat* dr rralatane* of IP
Amrrtran Th.mko«lvtn« day .tfhrr.
It l> ttur that rarh araaon lhr CNN*
drnt of thla rrpubllc d»llvrrn an appro*
prtatr Thanktuflt ln« addrra*. but It M
notbrabb that yrar aftrr year that of-
Iti’fal rntlrrly nrclrrla «•> »»»• °*» •* “
jtdilrraa any information with t <-«ara
to the all Important turkey ahtl "hero
It t .imra from. ’
No errat h«» crown the demand so»
the *u< rult’jn bln) that lurkey fifaUßi
hun t ome to hr rerofnlard In thla roon
try a» OB Itiiportanl and lurratlve boal.
netut. It wan In Vlnrtmn oloitr 'turtiMi
the alxternth rrntury, that the priml*
live wild turkey waa found. Ita do*
niontli'Hb d denerndaoM. howewr.’ nowa-
Itaurleh In Mlmoat every atat# to »l»n
l nlon li waa Hrlllnl-HnVnHa wh -auld
that’thla white meated fowl *V*h **•*
moat u-uutiful present made - hy th#
new world to the old."
Of all the thousands of turkeys raloeaj
and devour## eneh year the fainou#]
bronse turkey of Hhode Island has the
reputation of Iwinu Ihe moat lusclouC. j
The pr<* era of pre pail nit throe fowl#
for the market Is an Intereatln# one. 1
They are not fed haphazard, like Ih*
ordinary barnyard chlrken. They nro
carefully |«'nne«l up und provided with
nn unlimited rumntlty of chestnut*
around up v.fth meat. If the turkey
does not tHke kindly to this tiesh pro
duclnK diet, ihe mixture Is made Intu
force halls and crammed down the re
hellions turkey's thr.ml. Like the fa
mous aeese of Strasaburc. these overfed
(obblersf usually suffer from enlar#e
ment of the liver. wondeVful stories be
in# told of the quantity of foddWwhich
the ordinary healthy turkey Rubblrreait
consume.
The price or ThanksttlvlidT turkey
meat will vary of course occondW# to
the market In which It Is purchased,
but. under ordinary clrvumstanoea tho
host turkey, already drew#, can ( bo
houKht for from 12 to li e«4t# per
pound. Tons and tons of these fowls
arrive Just before ThnnksKlvins day In
lour larger American dtles. Cold wekth-
Vr Is always favorable for tho urrkey
trade. i ‘ ,! . ’ ’
The professional luikey raiser has lus
business secrets. But few persons* who
devour his produce know’ Just what
those secrets are. n is not generally
known, for example, that Ihe turkey la
usually plucked before It Is dead. Thu
live fowl Is liunir up by Its feet, tho
roof of Its mouth is cut open, and while
it bleeds t<> death its feathers are re
moved. The turkey dresser knows that
the skin of a dead turkey becomes about
as tough as calfskin and very hard to
pick. As soon as the bird Is dead the
‘•plumping” process tnkes place. This
is performed by plunging the plucked
body In boiling water for ten seconds
and Immediately afterward in cold wa
ter. This treatment Is supposed tbgive
the fowl that plump, well rounded ap
pearance which makes it a good seller.
Size Is also an important factor In the
turkey trade, as there Is alwayß a good
ndtured rivalry among neighbors to
cure the biggest Thanksgiving turkey.
Gobblers have been sold In American
markets weighing as much as 3a
pounds. Such a fowl, however, is not
always a desirable one. The meat Is
coarser and not so delicately flavored os
that of the smaller birds. The most de
lectable fowl is the average sited hen
turkey,-weighing from eight to ten
pounds.
The temperature for December, tak
ing the average for ten years, hi til#
Klondike Is 10 degrees below zero.