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THE RIVAL ISTHMIAN CANALS. *T«Hm hit w wrrfh lorirmttn mm*f m m to «***» «f to f**M*v» I «n 4 fto*r*4«# ««n# mum to* to «• to* Km «aw*r* W*i«**ic«* «4 •***» m#f to tmfrmHy tttjM to rt«to* THE PANAMA EOUT& •to** tto m il~i>d *■• ** 1# % * tofr tN*Mt ** ftotoi pitiiiii#** #i*->lMltt h»#mM #«9to ««to MW* ItoMUM *•### #«<#»#>»# to** lM»*ftol **# * Mi#to# nt #Nf »#*»» ** *«#•*•'t### Ml IN* #•**#• •»*# »to*A mie * mm mm •#*** MM# M# to* I##® I ## # * MNM#*• to# Ito* ###■# Mi #MI* MM '4 Ito* fr **#*••» Miyt MM IVto fWMtoito*to •*• II lM*to # »«#M* H. #• Ml 'MM* I '4 Mi to«* M»to # *MMi «4 • **% *•* Wto ***** *♦«#•#, M lb# MfMMsi •#*#•■* MM tto* M»■ »»»>**# #t #» **# MMM nanifr - *#4 II imrnrnm, ********* m top> ** * itn n Tto »»» to*”*# t##t *•# fto##®** **### #• •## Ml Mm to#**#* «* * to*** *M •#*#** ******* ti% ***** w r**#***# tto* «if| mJ* *A# g#*#*## l * I#* I «'•***§ «« ton *4# tof »«it« t%»* to**M toto# H|ntu» Mil •# • »i».»Mto» *f Mft ■hi t ill «•*# • •*»«#* ******* **#» ***** 4MM tor * *>J TO rt or ■ # t$ «4bMirito«wft ttoto *•*4 . * _«• 4 ito* tot*' pf, %i * Ml ftp*# #MT it MM <NM »M #to»%. Mr#. ■•***• if Vito- MM»M# f IIMMPI* r mm# rstMtotodL irrpi "•• »w- ******* to •# f#to#fto*# to# to Mw* ****** tototo MM to# • totok ttotoM #MMW. to* '* '' to* 'f tow*. #M# to# tototo **•» to to* to toft to fmM'ftotoli •##«#•#? lit tof tour *# tint ttorf «*** ***#» m* pm** w**m* _*+m**'*** >rr*firito» tof tMOtof* tonfr w<Mt toi*mr **# rto to* I Ito #rtototfl*#to»to if tM rNV ctotoirtofltf »*4 »l totft *«* I*l* MM •*# t# W ftowr *M* •M»to (M to 1 tof* tofwto tM rtototol toMi tM »lfc(ytto»«r> Mil* M*«to »H* In toMfto totlt itorVrMtf (M rtolrf to to V* to t**"# ■ pimw** tM «toi to%*****"•• j Mi* MM rs fto* to*w»4# Ito fto# ; riff# *#M tto# t»f* v**toMtoto rt lIM ttoflto* Ml tof ttor toltk* rs tie lf*tot OtoOMwrr n*L ttto M «#* •*** ttotorr rwr* rs *r *•* t*M •# ton rtorrmnito tMMr* tofr t« MM tto» M«4 wtotrf* toto4 Ito vtltt* ttotoffi f«»r tIM IrrMi *f <-toiitot TM t»if»torm Mm *tt*t UahM • •!#■ Inn rs trttßftM *• *M CttMtot* ctot m toto to tofr»rtotto Ito# fttlhf Ito «f tlto »M 4 ton 4 torrr totomrttoltoto* tint UM»y m* to frrr M farttorto *nmm t**t nitl « II ohvtotr further tlftlMi, Th" to### rofiijwiiiy tor# <»btrH»<l t re* ! Hrwrt of tto# otto mir oprififi fro## tM i tonvertotoest «*f ColhinM* M# Ml* eight Iftri rm»re in #hk h to oototofilrt# ttoto I C&V *?r *> Jiti C\ tN fanal. It from the reports of the engineer* that fully two-flfth* of tha entire work ha* already been dona. The canrfl ran unqueitlonably be com pleted In much lc»* time than wtl> be required to build the Nicaragua canal. The Panama canal I* only W mllea long, while the Nicaragua canal has a length of 171 mllea. about two-third" of which la In the channel of the Ban Juan river and in I-ake Nicaragua. The octaal amount of canal excavation to be done upon the Nicaragua route la greater than upon the Panama, and the canal proper will be a few mile* longer. The engineering problem* are more serious j on the Nicaragua canal than on that of Panama, tin the former there are two dividing range* of hill* or low moun tain* to be rut through, whereas there Is only one on the latter. There are also the special difficulties of erecting an enormous dam across the Ban Juan i river, blasting out rocks In the rapids of that stream and of dredging In the shallow places In Lake Nicaragua. The Tanama canal has u good port at each of Its termini, at f'olon on the Atlantic *'de and at La Boca, near Panama, on the Paefflc side. The Nicaragua canal j has no port at cither end. and million* | of dollars mil«t be spent In constructing artificial harbors before shipping can make any use of the canal. The latest estimate of the cost of (he Nicaragua canal Is lldo.noo.noo, but acme engineers who have surveyed the line i place the figure as high ns *131.000,000, and others believe that before the ca . al Is finished and the two artificial har bors constructed for It at least 1200,000,- 000 will have to be spent. The Tanama people say that their es timates have been made to meet the re quirements of a company that haH pro ceeded upon business principles to build a canal as a commercial enterprise, while the estimates for the Nicaragua canal have been placed at a low figure In order to Induce congress to pass a bill authorizing the Issue of bonds to pay the expenses of the work. Inaccu racy in the Panama estimates would, they say, he regarded as a very serious matter by the* company, whereas un derestimates for the Nicaragua canal would be overlooked after the United States government had been fully com mitted to the enterprise, and congress j would be relied upon to vote whatever I additional money or credit might Is- re- j quired for finishing the undertaking. . The;French gentlemen say further that I . torto i 'ixpitorf •* mmmtmm vmi% | m* fMrtoito ***«*#mM«*4 tontofi totoito’ to# i Ontfi rtoto tw rtoMtoto to# #*# v*mmpmptm rs iton i n otto# on *f#o i*##* ! *n*n# Ml to* inotownto** tM* «r**tmto [ «%*# •** ItliNtoNMftoto to#* *■' nOMro Of 0# - tto# iprH tonototorto TM* trtoto#to#MM •#*•* On r#lr# ■*--■# < ft.v« Q»t iijT'OM'lt * I * to## Hi#**** y |tor rr r.I fl>rinr M* *to» Vo**** . #f •«**»#■# • o*l* ontoo s mini [ AtnoftoNMl fxO'trM Ml frfsif to* ttot> Of* 1 in* to-airrif *frr*f t#| 11**01 IMrimi : t » 4 • tnoto f *'<»*#» f i psni IM'M Mill* VrtoMr #* f iOPtoi# . *v*» % mo Cton* e#M r mtotonom ##**#*• ,w # itoltoM M *Mt*l4r» «n #-to«#-#«to mm* | vtitol ito# l*nM#4 toioM* ton*# y««nt 9*m [ om ttorn jM#tot# »Mt» m in# f#^#*nihwn j m*4 • *«*** of nnt «*nrto *n«Mn ito# [ t*M#* Mill tonfr )r# no #§*«• | • flortotos# - of #*to# «nt ito* Montoir* i irtooi r ttnmt n»« ««t*m o tontn# tv* it 5 on n nm#4 #nrt | r*f* root th* toftr-tiMMinn ! fttoM nitotop tontto‘H nt# m* mm*m ft# Ino tOMiiiito* A toofttorr ## ion#* * : nif n n#QiOl rs ttoto in tori* jtitono# ! ppn# of tomprmm tto nppr*ff , i** M# ; f t> lot Ito# t>#4' t *:#f of to n • : yyit m H I " r##a* (Mtttt MtUtotf 44t*# f lf tof tint n#’»to#*Mrn4 tot ii fitnttl# »S --v\ ' - -ISsto.loi Xmus — s o % w pi { o- J with a corporation, a* la provided In the pending bill. Thla la wholly a new duration and la one upon which consti tutlonal lawyera will probably disagree. Whether Ihe Nicaragua bill shall ti passed or not, the Panama canal com pany intends to complete It* canal ye,.re before the rival canal can be finished and thue aeeure all the traftlc between i the two oceans by the eatabliehment of steamship llneff between the principal American and European ports and the ports- of the western roast of North and South America and those of Aus tralia and the Sandwich Islands. The friends of both canals admit that the | one which Is first completed will secure j the business and hold most of It. In regard to national control over an | Isthmian canal, the general opinion Is j that such a canal would .speedily be neutralized by a treaty between all the j great commercial nations of the world, as has been done with the Suez canal, and that the ownership of a canal by the United States would not, therefore, give this government, any rights not shared by other nations. Great Britain has a controlling Interest In the stock of (he Suez canal, but has only the same privileges In Its use that are pos sessed by other countries. ALBERT J. TUCKER. The World's Telephones. It is estimated that the total number of telephone subscribers of the whole world amounts to about 1,500,000. The United States stands at the top with 908,000, Then follow Germany, with 100,000 subserfb'-rs; England, with "5,- 000; Switzerland, with 50,000; France, with 35,000; Austria-Hungary, with 30,- 000; the vast Russian empire, with only 18,000: Scandinavia. 16,000: Denmark, ; with If/iOO; Italy, 14,*08; Holland and Spain, each 12,000; Belgium, 11.000; Ja pan. 3.500; Portugal, Luxembourg, Aus tralia, each 2,000; Roumania, 400: Bul garia, 300. It will be seen that ihere is still plenty of room for extension. There are many countries w here the telephone is still quite unknown. THE ATJC3-TJBTA THE NICARAGUA ROUTE Wmmm m* pm* •on##*# on*#* # * too**, ■ tore# #tto*4r *rto n*M* tMOMtorttorv **# tto* ] I tom #m # totto# mtotorroe Mr*##* n**4 • | n*'.o4i nrwM***o nr# #»###♦*«# tn# its | I toMtoi from tin 9to*#M onmn ft tom < to# 9#Mi |m#o tot * * #l#' tvtnt'fMßr t*o 1 i irmn nmr* * to* tototo* ** t^oto 1 * Mr* ##* • 1 I p^ (t | nfi i t'too. * to* Motorr*'* *♦'- •■*## 1 i #to« <****#, m it too* tM# totot# Mi «to* j **>tf fitltMl Of tl# tot*mtot *<Mot ! J itoot r* *i f| rtof Hr>4 or* tton * m* I ito#* toot I# tto* t*>iito* t nt n *4r<« or I or# tm tin «omtoiMi of • «mrt ? o##f#i 4 tool f* * 5 #f * * rttnl * 1 * tototo •otoMtoM* Pwm**o« tim Tot* • I totro Tton fioof too* tort* ton ttoto H* t •• ■niiMm#-- *'*% to tto* tot *# thin'- I c*mm mmpmpm aton**#* [ toopn mn nt ito* romroirM «tomn* tto*#* I too** to**# torm mtot tonfm tto# ir i## nt I ito# I Him# *»#*<* fvtotn uni to* tot#*# j to# too*# totoiMtfo #i * ttorH »#• ton rot ! fNNftM rittl from tto# At mm to toot tot" 1 I iM otf*toi%torl nnni tto* too# tortto *#n I tto* «>*»## tom**# nM totontn to*# too I n«? ? *e**4 Otto# tto* o»«:< * s*• h ! *> i*e»o r .* •'* - etrait of Magellan. Thle alone h»* clearly demon at rated the need of a shorter wafer route between the AU an - tlreand the Pacific. The success of tho Suez canal led M. do Lessen*, who waa the chief ag.-nt In the construction of that work, - to seek tocomplete the channel of navi gation around the world by a waterway at Pnnnma. The scheme contemplat'd the digging of a canal from sea -to sea, partly at the level of the tide water and partly below It. The work thus far has heyn a failure, and the plan is believed by many experts to be Impracticable. The Nicaragua route, though burdened with the delays of lockage, Is now con ceded to be mpre practical, far less costly and more useful than the one at Panama. Besides it will accomplish the same object. Although many casual surveys lmd been made both through Panama and the proposed Nicaragua route, the first complete Instrumental survey was made in 1849-50. Since Then and at dif ferent periods, extending up to last year, surveys have been made both for the government and private parties. The route now accepted as the one through which it Is proposed to con struct the canal Is by way of the San Juan river from San Juan del Norte, on the Caribbean coast, to San Carlos, on Lake Nicaragua, and from the western part of the lake to Brito, on the Pacific coast The line of the proposed canal is on tha boundsry which formerly sep arated Nisarsgsa frsro Casta Rica. Ths Isngth as ths canal will be 189% miles, of white 142% miles will be through the lake and river, and the remaining 28% miles will have to be excavated. The lake of Nicaragua is one of the most re markable physical features In the world. It fills a cavity in the midst of a broken -in toto* I «# fc’*»• s**r t# om 1 i ttoi tnton tot# ton •tot* 1 * to*# #*mi it | - *--*»o tto* ***** tof tto# omiotototofitoNi *# ® i . «h. *>«o# tto* toor fo*r •**## tor •■** | o | ftom tot# itofa* Mm tm# #4 tto* too**# | *♦*» n*# tto* eorri *o to# » iitirnntoi •“ #• J I #> mi «o# Of iton nooto M* *t • #•##•#* it | I i.f% tontoito •• totototo tM# tto*# tot# to* j I it ftovw* *-*%* t* tto* Mo*t of tto* I » ro* ftow#* mm tot# fiiinoi# totoi# . I ito# non too* ******* ton* to r ifonoo I 1 o* tto* ttotm M*ton nto tto# ftoottor. tntonm I * lIMMf tot# to* Mtototo# •**##! #to **'»*•* #9 I r# -#mn . * Ttoto# tor ton to# t* ***Mtott ## tto®' m# 1 j Mtol tof tto# irirfOtoitot it tto* ##r# j no* IM*t* «m#l mmmm t *%♦ I f ' Ml..vT. A** t .i< AN pilCBCfS< | Copyright, 1696. ~ C&Jau. SCENES ALONG THE ROUTES OF THE RIVAL INTER-OCEANIC CANALS- Superior with Luke Huron. They will each he 850 feet long, 80 feet wide uud 30 feet deep. The three on the Atlantic side will have a lift amounting In nil to 108 feet. Lock No. 1, which will he nearest the ocean, will have a lift of ::i feet; No. 2, 20 feet, and No. 3, 45 feet. The first lock will be situated about 13 miles from San Juan del Norte (Gruy town). The complete lockage of a 3,000 ton steamer will take about 45 minutes, and It Is estimated that it wtfP take about 28 hours to pass a vessel from one coast to the other. The tests made by the engineers of tVic soil along the proposed route of the canal show It to be of a superior quality and easy to work. It can be excavated easily and will hold Its position along the bank”. It Is not like the sandy sides of tho Suez canal, which are con stantly giving away and making it »■ e essary to keep alrcdglng machines at work in the channel. Most of the dredging will be nom parativMy easy. l>The grsatgst dtmoul ti*« will be In bgnstruct-ijig th» dams and leaks and gutting through tha rooky hills. The engineers, however, who have studied the country and made the surveys statjthat. the work can be done within the pstimaterj amount of money. The estimates, however, differ very materially and range from about HERAIiD. In.- » #nt Km Jito' Tto* <r «rio« -«# i »*c# f !ii 1 li|yti»# i%t * ♦*»*'v «*rMf#to|o 4 - »*o - *-«•* j. it -jo m# o##mMPto l t '#** to# #M Mt o«, tftoto «#A#n*R#i | . „ _ , r<l j.j mo m# > : p. p * tifflr* Of' Mi tot, fft TV# - inrrri| ..| |r - otomt or nn— **** totol; , a iiboi ttot to‘•***#%• n# flit i <..**«# *#»* If* Mi room i ft# *•#• tot * -1 #•#*•##• »##• | l«, • |MW*to Itotln #* Ip* i to# r **«*o ,w r »w# Mtootot mum i| «« nt ton to' ll 'torf Oi* The annexed table will show the dis tances nqw to he traveled by vessel* and the distance which will be saved when the canal is completed: Via M:l- Via Nlc. Miles between — gellan. canal. New Yolk and San Fran cisco 13,174 4..*0i New York and Sitka H,*» *•!" New York and Hongkong. ln.tW New York and Melbourne 12.560 :‘.802 New York and Honolulu.. 13,2'J0 8,417 New Orleans and San Francisco 13,533 4,147 Liverpool and San I'Tati clsco 13,401 7,627 The company which now holds the concession is anxious to secure the United States government’s aid and to control the canal by appointing the lar ger number of directors to the govern ing board. What will be done In this matter is y»t to be determined. Since the term of the original grant to the company will expire next year an other syndicate, headed by William it. Grace, lias received a grant from the Nicaraguan gavsrnment to construct » canal In that oauntry. Just where this canal is t» Se bteJtructed has not been made public. It 1* knowfi. however, that the gr*Dt to tho new company is to begin when the othkr ends. The com pany holding the rights now is waiting for sotfio •action - by congress.,and unlit that time matters will remain in statu g-pp. ft,..# - irtTj* f «p 4 rotopi*. tto Atom to to## arml #M®to #• ##4# »* #• > 0 tieomff-ffr o# |ptr* ■*##•# to# tot' tto# m»to* fwt*nAA t* itimr *>«•*• <>>—«»• <M> ••• •••• Tfiontn # •to#** Mi# ttofronto#*## to-# StoMMiitoMi •*to S «• ***** to# or# #to»iw irntopf Milto ■ .* mm* ******** tto* *o*r*m#tot* ##i : om irr#* r * * tto* o*ot**tot c **# i toito* mMPito*# At *mm # in I•• - i«rl if Ito* J: MM ft unni'iii totoftNi I gei m **♦ «## M#‘ "mm*** *##r♦'!#**#* • rittl rttoii ton** tMMwW' w*## non#* tn I in* rr»#mft #t tto# initMto - *•# * ** ofto t itftrt «-!*#• of## m#*r*#rt - jf | itoL n #* nt tit# mr^tntn end of the Instrument, while at tho other cud Is a small machine which re cords Ihe message in printed form, it being possible cither to print (fit mes- Kage upon a sheet "f pap-T or upon a long tape like that which is used In the ordinary ticker service. "There Is no longer any question of the value and thorough utility of the machine,” said Professor Rowland, 'and many experienced telegraphers who have seen it work pronounce It ab solutely perfect. An ordinary type writer operator can send messages at the rate of 40 words a minute, while at the same time fceven other messages are going over the wire, each separate and distinct from the others. "I wanted to try the message over a very long wire, but could not make sat isfactory arrangements with the West ern Union Telegraph company for the use of their plant. However, ihe Penn sylvania railroad has placed Its private wires at our disposal. At first I planned to make the experiments upon u. wire from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, but the** wires are kept busy during the day, and 1 found that the only time 1 could use them would he at night or upon a holiday, do we have decided upon a. wire between Jersey City and I’hiladtdphia for the first trial, and aft er that, if we want to, we can try a lon ger wire by using a system of loops." A Softo on 1 Thanksoivim#. ms. ff— HO #»*♦» l»* t»*f S{ ■ \ E*N A<K HM NO I# . If > Mwn »# ’ B r *•» «Nt »»*W« *»• H* ” rt r*# I**# Aff4 IH* I«RU P*• w** E*». ' tIM WIN #• »**•* r #P* A«N »• wA>*H>A( Hi lA* ••*•*, WAN H rcrIAH WNH IP PRtpP o«*n » hn* «•»«"»*•» •wt lip »>•*• Eo<i n#r» »* pnlip . WMh Wwit f «<« ArH MW ENfW* Mw CtH’ pi mm T«it»r rw*f. , A«R* IPM * P«f AW» i« »*W **4 MW fPA* *•%« C*«M fHMI Awn. , ArH «*W kiffwl, fEIIREi luWwjr * In uw «v«r twrn*n« A«v* \n4 * v»«w« EO«l IMPTR ErWAAT U*«e on Ewiwmn pi »n<R TlwnNM.* Of 4*» i»*» *f+~ K*n ArH MW pwmrAin ?*• »r* m|t|. *tna« a sTWMMOi Alpha and Omega Of the Turkey. A TMnhiiMii <!•? *ittoHit kt* lur* Omv *ouH n# Mto* • ** nhni floo.r* at « ■»«• »HPMI «- fr.yc oi MmW «tll*<ait Uw |«r»c» "PR that autamiMit hay al !U1 t bta *• *,«rt aid ptkrnm iw*» ii*Pt w« thank.«H Inc .tinner and «rav,ly «*rv „t up th. nral daM-thhte «Hd llu artstmratl- (oMthr, *HI Haatwl and hr.*»n, l«* iam> m«t«d, »tug*4 with tiyntwra at rtwntauti and MW* panlad l>l piquant . ranlwrry oaura, ha* la.il lit. plat* dr rralatane* of IP Amrrtran Th.mko«lvtn« day .tfhrr. It l> ttur that rarh araaon lhr CNN* drnt of thla rrpubllc d»llvrrn an appro* prtatr Thanktuflt ln« addrra*. but It M notbrabb that yrar aftrr year that of- Iti’fal rntlrrly nrclrrla «•> »»»• °*» •* “ jtdilrraa any information with t <-«ara to the all Important turkey ahtl "hero It t .imra from. ’ No errat h«» crown the demand so» the *u< rult’jn bln) that lurkey fifaUßi hun t ome to hr rerofnlard In thla roon try a» OB Itiiportanl and lurratlve boal. netut. It wan In Vlnrtmn oloitr 'turtiMi the alxternth rrntury, that the priml* live wild turkey waa found. Ita do* niontli'Hb d denerndaoM. howewr.’ nowa- Itaurleh In Mlmoat every atat# to »l»n l nlon li waa Hrlllnl-HnVnHa wh -auld that’thla white meated fowl *V*h **•* moat u-uutiful present made - hy th# new world to the old." Of all the thousands of turkeys raloeaj and devour## eneh year the fainou#] bronse turkey of Hhode Island has the reputation of Iwinu Ihe moat lusclouC. j The pr<* era of pre pail nit throe fowl# for the market Is an Intereatln# one. 1 They are not fed haphazard, like Ih* ordinary barnyard chlrken. They nro carefully |«'nne«l up und provided with nn unlimited rumntlty of chestnut* around up v.fth meat. If the turkey does not tHke kindly to this tiesh pro duclnK diet, ihe mixture Is made Intu force halls and crammed down the re hellions turkey's thr.ml. Like the fa mous aeese of Strasaburc. these overfed (obblersf usually suffer from enlar#e ment of the liver. wondeVful stories be in# told of the quantity of foddWwhich the ordinary healthy turkey Rubblrreait consume. The price or ThanksttlvlidT turkey meat will vary of course occondW# to the market In which It Is purchased, but. under ordinary clrvumstanoea tho host turkey, already drew#, can ( bo houKht for from 12 to li e«4t# per pound. Tons and tons of these fowls arrive Just before ThnnksKlvins day In lour larger American dtles. Cold wekth- Vr Is always favorable for tho urrkey trade. i ‘ ,! . ’ ’ The professional luikey raiser has lus business secrets. But few persons* who devour his produce know’ Just what those secrets are. n is not generally known, for example, that Ihe turkey la usually plucked before It Is dead. Thu live fowl Is liunir up by Its feet, tho roof of Its mouth is cut open, and while it bleeds t<> death its feathers are re moved. The turkey dresser knows that the skin of a dead turkey becomes about as tough as calfskin and very hard to pick. As soon as the bird Is dead the ‘•plumping” process tnkes place. This is performed by plunging the plucked body In boiling water for ten seconds and Immediately afterward in cold wa ter. This treatment Is supposed tbgive the fowl that plump, well rounded ap pearance which makes it a good seller. Size Is also an important factor In the turkey trade, as there Is alwayß a good ndtured rivalry among neighbors to cure the biggest Thanksgiving turkey. Gobblers have been sold In American markets weighing as much as 3a pounds. Such a fowl, however, is not always a desirable one. The meat Is coarser and not so delicately flavored os that of the smaller birds. The most de lectable fowl is the average sited hen turkey,-weighing from eight to ten pounds. The temperature for December, tak ing the average for ten years, hi til# Klondike Is 10 degrees below zero.