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About News & planters' gazette. (Washington, Wilkes County [sic], Ga.) 1840-1844 | View Entire Issue (Dec. 10, 1840)
Wuoston Daily Advertiser. BPpPk bank party. Pr partisans of Gen. Jackson and Mr. Pan Buren have attempted to fix upon their opponents, the designation of the bank party. If by this appellation is meant a party in favor of regulating the bank*, instead of destroying them, and in favor ofa judicious ly regulated system of banking, in prefer ence to banks without regulations and with out capital, it is not misapplied. But if it is intended to imply that the Whigs, as a party,have been instrumental in promoting the extravagant increase of bank capital, and bank circulation in the country, it is grossly misapplied. They were for the most part in favor of the continuance of the Hank of the United States, chiefly on the ground that it operated as a check upon the extravagant and excessive issues of the lo cal banks, and consequently as a check upon the multiplication of hanks in places where the actual wants of business did not demand them, and where the legitimate business'of banking would not support them. That bank was destroyed by Gen. Jackson and his followers, noton the ground of gen eral hostility to banks; but from a disposi tion to favor and promote the increase of lo- ; cal hanks, and the special design of cstab. ; lishing the Pet Batik system. The conse- j quence has been, as was foreseen, the enor mous increase of local banks. The pet bank system soon exploded, to the dismay of its authors: but its mischiefs in part still exist. That such has been the result is not matter of opinion and conjecture, but of fact. It is the Jackson and Van Buren Administration, and their supporters, who liave been the authors of the excessive in crease of banks in the country, and who ought therefore to be called the bank party. In proof of this position we refer the reader to the following elaborate, and as we be lieve correct statement, which we copy From the Newark Daily Advertiser. The subjoined tables will be found to con tain much valuable information. No. 1 exhibits in the first column the number of banks and authorized capital in the States, Territories, &c., on the first of January, 1820. The second column shows the num ber of banks and authorized capital on the Ist January l s 3o. Thus demonstrating the gradual and cautious increase of bank capital from 1820 to 1830, and its bound less and visionary expansion during the 7 successive years. The facts here disclosed must be as tounding to every one who has not minute ly examined the subject. They show that from 1820 to 1830 the increase of banks throughout the country was only 22, and the increase of capital $7,951,557, while from 1830 to 1837 there were 348 new banks chartered with §268,128,900 eap’l. The second table, No. 2, exhibits the predominant party in the various State Legislatures, Territories, &c., during the period from 1830 to 1837, when the 343 new banks were created, as referred to, in the first table. The Legislatures of the Territories being subject to the coutrol of the National Administration, in the regula tion of its policy, the Governor of each ter ritory being appointed by the President, &c and Congress being the local Legislature of the District of Columbia, they are prop erly classed with the party in power. By an enumeration: of the Legislatures of the various States, it will be found that 118 were Jackson and Van Buren, 4 Caf houn, and 40 anti-Jackson, or Whig. It is proper to observe that, although the Legislaturesof the various States were anti- Jackson during the period from 1838'to 1837, still it was not unnatural that they should have been influenced by the pervad ing policy of the General Government, of creating State Banks to supply the vacuum occasioned by the veto of the United States Bank, thus aiding the formation of that league ofdepositeor pet banks which Pres ident Jackson proposed to substitute for the United States Bank and its branches. These anti-Jackson,Legislatures, although their doings slightly alleeted the general result, merely adapted themselves to the policy prescribed by our national rulers, and should be regarded in the same light as the opponents of the administration of Messrs. Monroe and J. Q. Adams, neither being ac countable when the reins of Government and moulding of measures were not in the hands of their political friends. It is wor thy of special remark that in New Jersey, from 1830 to 1837, the Whigs were in power but one year, viz: the Legislature which was elected iu 1832, and held its principal session in January and February, 1833. No bank was chartered by the Whig Legislature : the whole number of banks being 8, and the increased capital a mounting to $5,458,000, were authorized by Jackson and Van Buren Legislatures. The third table, No. HI, is a condensa tion of the statistics furnished by the first two, exhibiting in addition the precise num ber of Banks chartered and capital author ized by each of the political parties through the Legislature, in which they respectively had the ascendency. It thus appears that by the Jackson and Van Buren party, 224 banks were charter ed, with an authorized capital of #205,650,- 615, while their opponents created 124 banks, with a capital of only $62,478,255, or less than one-thiro'. The banks of the latter,being institutions of moderate capital designed for local convenience, where the veto of the U. 8. Bank had deprived the People of the facilities for their commercial operations which they had previously en joyed. In consequence ofthis inordinate increase of hanking capital, together with the strong injunctions of the late Presideut and his Secretary of the Treasury to the banks to be liberal in their discounts, the ratio of their paper circulation to their specie, which had previously been 3to 1, w * s so enlarged as to be in the propotion o\ e more than 6 to 1, until finally tbeir issues be came too great for redemption. Speculation, by reason of the taemred facilities for borrowing money, and the un natural and delusive value given to prefer ty by an inflated paper circulation, the suspension of banks, and the derangement of the currency, with the destruction of the credit system, have been the inevitable consequences of the experiments of the present and late administrations. Haying ori ginated the modem banking system, with all its disastrous influence, they now, with a ruthless and destructive spirit, (unnatural because directed against their offspring,) endeavor to undermine the whole basis upon which sound hanks and credit are found ed, by abstracting through the operations of the Sub-Treasury scheme, all the specie from the institutions of the People, & placing it in the vaults of the National Treasury, thereby securing hard money for the Government and office-holders, and irredeema ble paper or rags for the People. The Whigs, on the contrary, although strongly condemning the departure from the good old-fashioned system of finance, which existed prior to the present Adminis-. tration, and especially deprecating the vast multiplication of banks and bank capita!, through the course of policy of the party in power, nevertheless regard the banks as institutions authorized by law. And, as many innocent and unprotected individuals have made investments in them, and as they have become incorporated to a consid erable extent with the business and interests ofthePeople.it becomes their duty, as it will be their pleasure, to restore the currency, and to regulate the banking system, ns they were in those good old times when rulersoftheirchoice were in power—infus ing a mild and paternal spirit in their measures, and adopting that noble conservative sentiment, “Preserve and regulate, but not destroy.” No. I. —Exhibiting the increase of Banks and Capitalfrom 1820 to 1830, andfrom 1830 to 1837. I January Ist, 1820. January Ist, 1830. January Ist, 1837. | States and Territories, c “c \ “c a Capital au- {2 Capital author- a Capital author 's thorized. <3 ized. *3 ized. ± o o z y, 55 I1 1 I Maine, - -i 15 81,654,900 18 82,050,000 59] 85,635,000 New Hampshire, 101 1,005,276 18 1,791,670 23! 2,663,308 Vermont, - l| 44,955 10 432,625 30’ 2,200,000 Massachusetts, 28 10,584,700 j 66 20,420,000 138 40,830,000 Rhode Island, 30 2,982,026 j 47] 6,118,397 64; 9,100,581 Connecticut, - j 8 3,689,337 j 13 4.455.177 31 8,519,308 New York, - 1 33 18,988,774 j 37 20,088,353 9S 37,303,400 Pennsylvania, - ! 36 14.651.780 j 33; 14,610,333 50 59,658,482 New Jersey, - | 14; 2,130,949 I 18 2,017,009 26 7,575,000 Delaware, - ! 6] 974,900 ! 5 830,000 4 1,197,175 Maryland, - j 14] 6,708,131 j 13 6,250,495 28 29,175,090 District ofColunrbia,] 13! 5,525,619 1 9 3 875,794 7 3,504,000 Virginia, - | 4 5,212,192 4 5,571,100 4 6,711,300 North Carolina, ! 3 2,964,887 3 3,195.000 3 2,600,000 South Carolina, 5 4,495,000 5 4,631,000 8 10,358,318 Georgia, - 4] 3,401,510 9 4,203,029 14 8,209,967 Florida, - - 1 75,000 9 9,800,000 Alabama, - 3i 459.112 2 243,503 3 14,451,969 Louisiana, - 4 2,597,420 4 5,960,980 15 54,000,009 Mississippi, - I 900,000 1 950,000 11 21,400,000 Tennessee, - 8 2,119,780 1 737,817 3 5,600,000 Kentucky, - 42 8,807,431 - - 4 9,264,640 Illinois, - 2 140,910 -* - 2 2,800,000 Indiana, - 2 202,857 - - 1 1,980,000 Arkansas, j - - 2 3,500,000 Ohio, - - ]2O 2,797,469 11 1,454,386 32 12,900,000 Michigan, ] - 1 100,000 17 7,500,000 I 307 l 102,210,611 329 120 192,268 677 378,321,168 Increase of banks from 1820 to 1830, 32—increase of capital, 87,981,657. Increase of banks from 1830 to 1837, 348, —increase of capital, 8263,128,900. No. 2—.1 Statement shouting the Ascendancy of Party from 1830 to 1336, tit the several State Legislatures, Territories, c(-c. I States. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. j 1835. |_ Maine, - Jackson. Jackson. Jackson. Jackson. Jackson. Jackson. New Hampshire, do. do. do. do. do. do. Vermont, - Anti Jack Anti Jack Anti Jack Anti Jack Anti Jack Anti Jack Massachusetts, do do. do. do. do. do, Rhode Island, Jackson. do. do. do. d'o. Jackson. Connecticut, - Anti Jack Jackson. Jackson. do. do. do. New York, - Jackson. do. j do. Jackson. Jackson. do. Pennsylvania, do do. do. do. do. do. New Jersey, - do do. do. Anti Jack do. do. Delaware, - Anti Jack Anti Jack Anti Jack do. do.. do. Maryland, - IJackson. do. do. do. do. Anti Jack District of Columbia do. Jackson. Jackson. Jackson. do. Jackson Virginia, - ! do. do. do. do. do. do. North Carolina, do. do. do. do. do. do. South Carolina, do. do. Calhoun Calhoun. Calhoun. Calhoun Georgia, - do. do. Jackson. Jackson. Jackson Jackson Florida, - do. do. do. do. do. do. Alabama,. - do. do. do. do. do. do. Louisiana, - do. do. do. do. do. do. Mississippi - do. do. do. do. do. do. Tennessee, - do- do. 1 do. do. do. do. Kentucky, - do. Anti Jacki Anti Jack Anti Jack Anti Jack Anti Jack Missouri, - do. Jackson. Jackson. Jackson. Jackson Jackson. Illinois,’ - - do. do. J do. do. do. do. Indiana, - do. Anti JackjAnti Jack do. Anti Jack Anti Jack Ohio, - - do. Jackson. | do. do. Jackson do. Michigan, - do. do. |Jackson. do. do. Jackson. Ofthe above Legislatures 118 were Jackson and Van Buren. 4 Calhoun. 40 Anti Jackson, o* Whig. Total, 162 No. 3 —Of Ike 348 Banks chartered from January 1, 1830, ter January 1, 1837, the fol lowing numbers, with capital annexed!, were chartered by the party now in power. Jackson Legislatures. Whig Legislatures. *3 States and Territories, Capital authorized. x a Capital authorized. Kjg Sea Maine, - 41 83,480,000 New Hampshire, 5 871,638- Rhode Island, - 8 1,500,000’ 9 82,482,695 Connecticut, - 9 1,100(495'’ 9 New York, - 61 17,220;i07/ Pennsylvania, 17 44,048i149’ New Jersey, - 8 5,458,000* Maryland, -3 4,584,900 18,339,675 Virginia, cap. incr’d - 1,140,000 12 Georgia, - 5 4,006,838 Florida, - - 8 9,725,000 1 Louisiana, - 11 47,234,000 Mississippi, - 10 20,450,000 Alabama, - 1 13,815,466 Tennessee, - 2 4,863,000 Illinois, - - 2 2,800,000 Michigan, - 16 7,400,000 9 Ohio, - - 12 6,245,614 5,200,009‘ Arkansas, - 2 3,500,000 South Carolina, 3 4,332,408 Vermont, - - 9 1,767,375 Massachusetts, - XI 20,410,000 Kentucky, - - 4 9,264,640’ Indiana, - - 1 li,980;900’ 224 ” RECAPITULATION^ Number of Banks increased by Administration Legislatures, 224 Capital increased by ditto 8205,650,615 Number of banks increased by Whig Legislatures, 124 Capital increased by ditto 62,478,285 Total increase, 348 8268,128,900 From the Alexandria Gazette. A GLANCE AT THE MORMONS. Since the Mormons were expelled from the State of Missouri, they have purchased the town of Commerce, a situation of sur passing beauty, at the head of the lower rapids, on the Illinois shore of the Missis sippi river. The name of the place they have recently changed to Nauvoo, the He brew term for fair or beautiful. Around this place, ns their centre, they are daily gathering from almost every quarter; and several hundred new houses, erected within the last few months, attest to the passing traveller the energy, industry and self-de nial, with which the community isembued. They have also obtained possession of ex tensive lands on the opposite side ofthe riv er, in that charming portion of lowa Terri tory, known as the “Half Breed Reserva tion;” and there, upon the rolling and fer tile prairies, they are rapidly selecting their homes, and opening their farms. As the traveller now passes through those nat ural parks and fields of flowers, which the hand ofthe Creator seems to have original, ly planted there for the inspection of his own eye, he beholds their cabins, dotted down in most enchanting perspective, either oh the borders ofthe timber, or beside the springs and streams of living water, which are interspersed on every hand. Nor are they unmindful of their interests abroad while they are thus accomplishing so much at home. No sect, with equal means, has probably ever suffered and a chieved more in so short a space of time.— Their elders have not only been commis sioned and sent forth to every part of our country, but they have left their families and friends behind them, and gone to Eu rope, and even to the Holy Land, to reveal the wonders of the “new & everlasting cov enant,” and to preach “dispensation of the fulness ofthe times.” They doubt not but that they shall be endued, when necessary, with power from on high, to proclaim to all the nations of the earth,in their own tongues, the wonderful works of God. The signal success which every where attends their exertions, proves how well their religious system is adapted to give expression to the various forms of enthusi asm that pervade the religious sentiments ofthe day. Retaining many truths which are held in common by different denoma tions of Christians, and covering their creed with imposing forms and lofty pretensions, theirsystem opens a winning asylum for all the disaffected or dissatisfied 1 of other persu asions, and contains much that is congenial to every shade oferratic or radical religious character. As an illustration of this, it is stated, in the last number of their own jour al, called the “Times and Seasons,” that on a single occasion in England, one of their elders lately baptized, among others, no less than thirteen preachers of one de nomination ofChristians. The name Mormon they disclaim, and affirm that it was given to them by their enemies. They call themselves l ‘The Church of Jesus Christ, or Latter Day Saints and number among their chief ecclesiastic dignitaries, a prophet, patriarch and a train of high priests, bishops, and el ders; they are understood to disallow the truth and validity of other churches, and to believe that their own ecclesiastic consti tution allows them to expect the full enjoy ment of all the gifts and blessings of the church in ancient times. They teach that all who are baptized by immersion, under the proper authority, are legally entitled to the remission of their sins and the gift ofthe Holy Ghost. Among other religious exer cises, they meet together to testify, to pro phesy, to speak with tongues, to- interpret, and to relate their visions and revelations, and in short, to exercise all the gifts of God as in order among the ancient ehurches.— They believe that the restoration, of Israel to Palestine, the rebuilding of Jerusalem, and the second advent of the Messiah, are near at hand ; and the dreadful calamities which have lately befallen some of the cit ies of our land, are set down upon their re cords as prophetic signs of the second’ com ing of the Son of Man in the clouds of Hea ven, to open the millennial era. As to the “Book of Mormons,” while they place implicit confidence in its truth, they deny that it is anew Bible, to excludte the old, but a historical and ancient record writ ten in ancient times by a branch of the house of Israel that peopled America, from whotn the Indians are descended. The me talic plates, on which these records were engraved, lay deposited for many centuries in the earth, until they were at length dis covered and translated by Joseph Smith, jr. and found not only to corroborate and confirm the truth of Holy Writ, but also to open the events of ancient America, as far back at least as the flood. They believe that this book pours the light of noonday upon the history ofa nation, whose mounds, eftfes, and fortifications still repose in grand but melancholy ruins, upon the bosom of the western prairies ; and the reason that it is not generally received,is the same that operated to prevent the reception of the Gospel in the early ages of Christianity. It was a beautiful morning, toward the close of April last, when the writer of the foregoing sketch, accompanied by a friend, crossed the Mississippi river, from Mont rose, to pay a visit to-the prophet. As we approached his house, we saw him. ride up and alight from his beautiful horse ; and handing the bridle to one of his follow ers in attendance, he waited in front of his gate to receive us. A number ofthe prin cipal men of the place soon collected’ a round, apparently anxious to hear the words which fell from his lips-: His bear ing towards them, was like one who. had authority; and. the deference- which they paid him convinced us that his dominion was deeply seated ini the empire of their consciences. To our mind's, a profound 1 knowledge of'ftu man nature had’ evidently taught him. that, of all the principles, the most omnipotent is the religious principle ; and to govern men of certain classes, it is necessary to control their- religious senti ments. After he had shown us the fine grounds around his dwelling, he conducted us, at our request, to an upper room, where he drew aside the curtains of a case, and show ed us several Egyptian mummies, which we were told that the church had purchased, at his suggestion, some time before, for a large sum of money. The embalmed body that stands near the centre of the case, said he, is one of the Fharaohs, who sat upon the throne of Egypt; and the female figure by his side was prob ably one of his daughters. It may have been the princess Thermu tis, I replied, the same that rescued Moses from the waters of the Nile. It is not probable, answered the prophet; but my time has not yet allowed me fully to examine and decide that point. Do you un derstand the Hebrew language, said he, raising his hand to the top ofthe case, and taking down a small Hebrew Grammar of Rabbi Sexias That language has not altogether escaped my attention, was the reply. He then walked to u secretary, on the op posite side ofthe room, and drew out sever al frames covered with glass, under which were numerous fragments of Egyptian pa pyrus, on which, as usual, a great variety of hieroglyphical characters had been im printed. These ancient records, said he, throw great light upon the subject of Christianity. They have been unrolls*] and preserved with great labor and care. My time has hitherto been too much taken up to trans late the whole of them, but I will show you how I interpret certain parts. There, said he pointing to a particular character, that is the signature of the patriarch Abraham. It is indeed a most interesting autograph, I replied, and doubtless the only one ex tant. What an ornament it would Ire to have these ancient manuscripts, handsome ly set in appropriate frames, and hung up around the wall of the temple which you are about to erect in. this place. Yes, replied the prophet, and the trans lation hung up with) them. Thinking this a proper time to propose a few inquiries relative to some of his pecu liar tenets, I observed that it was coramoo ly reported of him, that he believed in the personal reign.ofthe Messiah upon earthi during the millennial era. I believe imno such ihing, was his rejuly.. At the opening of that period, I believe that Christ will descend, but will immediately return againstb heaveti. Some of our elders he continued] before I have found time to instruct them'better, have unadvisedly pro pagated some such opinions ; but I tell ra.y people that it. is absurd to suppose that Christ “will'jump out of the frying pan in to the fire;” He is in a good place now, and it is not to be supposed that he will ex change itifor a bad one. ELECTRICITY. According to experiments, the electric fluid travels at the rate of two hundred thousand miles in a second. This is twelve millions of miles in a minute. Previous experiments had.proved that light travelled at the rate of eight millions- of miles in a minute. Though the last be a velocity difficult to conceive, we domot find much greater difficulty in conceiving the other. Light is probably a modification of electri city in.combination with other matter ; and this combination may diminish its velocity. However this be, sufficient is known to prove that electricity, light, magnetism, galvan ism! caloric or heat, and oxygen, if not identical, belong to the same family. Fire canalways be kindled by electricity. So can.it be by a galvanic battery, or the con centration of the solar light. So can it be by some operations of magnetism. No com bustion can be sustained without oxygen ; and oxygen supports animal life by being mixed with the blood. This mixture imparts heat to the blood, and animal life is always accompanied by heat. Blood mixed with, oxygen is red, and deprived of its black.— A. stream of the electric.galvanic, ormag-- netic fluid will render black blood red, thus producing upon it the effect of oxygen, and so far proving their identity with that gas. We thence infer, not that electricity, or galvanism, or magnetism, is oxygen, but that oxygen contains one or the other of these fluids, and that all three are essen tially the same. Heat is the source of all animal and veg etable life, and electricity is doubtless the foundation of heat. Magnets, electric ma chines, and galvanic batteries are merely different instruments for exhibiting the same substance or principle, and we believe this principle to be the vital principle of all cre ation-.—N. Y. Sun. Atmospheric Effect —We are all aware,, if the weather be damp and foggy, that a listless and languid state is produced; whilst, during dry weather, however cold it may be, there is a feeling of lighthearted ness and cheerfulness pervading the whole system. In the first instance, the atmos pheric is robbing us of our electricity, which it greedily absorbs; in the latter case, the dryness of the air is such, that it leaves us in. the possession of the electricity which seems to- belong to us; hence the buoyancy of spirits on the cold and frosty days of December and January, and’ the suicidal despondency of November, and hence the elasticity, the life, and animation ofthe Frenchman, sluggish, heavy move ment of the Dutchman, the variable feel ings of the Englishman; one day full of hope and cheerfulness, the next day at war with himself and the rest of mankind. To every one in damp, moist condition of the atmosphere, flannel is a great comfort, but silk is the most useful covering ofthe body; It is by far the best friend and com forter that can be applied. We know that if a silk handkerchief be perfectly dry, lightning the most accumulated, could not pass thro’ it, so decided a non-conducter is it; hence, if worn next to the skin, the air cannot absorb the electricity of the human body. Silk waistcoats, drawers, and stock ings, ofthe same material, are ofthe great est service during the humid state of the winter months of this country. The hypo chondriac, the nervous, will derive from them more benefit than from the most active tonic, anil they wi.l prove a more invigora ting cordial than any spirituous dram, nor are,the effects transient, for a buoyancyfcf spirits and an agreeable warmth, are thus diffused over the tvliole frame. Patients, too, during mercurial influence, are much bi tier wrapped in silk than even when con fined to bed.— Dr. Sigmond. Spots on the Sun. —A writer in the Cin cinatti Gazette says on Friday week a large spot was observed on tne sun. He sayst I had observed it several days with the telescope. On Friday at noon, I observed that it was near 9 seconds in crossing the hair of the Transit instrument,(B seconds and eight tenths of a second). Its actual diameter must then be more than 60,000 miles, or 8 times the diameter ofthe earth. Supposing the sun to be 15 inches in diam eter, as it appears to many persons, 11101 j spot would be about 1 inch in breadth, a size sufficient to bo quite visible to the naked eye by means of smoked glass. There are almost always spots visible by means of a telescope. They consist most ly ofa dark center, surrounded by a pen umbra or shading like the representation of j a small island surrounded by the usual wa j ter shading, on a uaap. The spot so cou spieuous on Friday last, was not a single one, but a cluster so-close that the shading i run together. ’This- cluster, by the sun’s, rotation on its axis,. Has now nearly disap peared,but will probably occupy the central! portion ofthe sun agaimon the first of De cember, changed likely ia-appearance, be ing increased, diminished; or possibly ob literated. Extraordinary Circumstance. Last week, Dr. Hamilton, of this oity,.extracted, a large needle from the side of a. man a bout 45 years of age. The patient from, whom it was taken, on applying to the doc tor, stated that he had some time previous ly, received a severe fall, and from, tile pain he suffered, h conceived that one off his ribs had.been broken. The Doctor, on examining the-part, found*.it nuich.swelled,, and to the touch it appearedas if a portion, of the lower rib had been fractured. The sufferer anxiously entreated him to open, it, but the doctor, fearing that such an ope ration mighrbe attended with danger, refu sed to comply, lie had recourse however,, to poulticing and* other treatment, and in four days afterwards, on examining it care fully, he discovered the point of a needle protruding, and extricated it without sub jecting the patient to any violent pain. The needle does not appear much worn, but is greatly discolored, being quite black—it is very smooth and very sharp at the point; and is supposed to have been swallowed, probably in food, four or five years ago.— The man, on its removal, felt at once re lieved, and is now perfectly recovered. He had'been complaining for eleven weeks be fore it was extracted, and lately was scarce ly able to move.— Londonderry, (Ireland,) Paper. MECHANICAL POWER. The Paris Correspondent of the Ameri can (Philadelphia) Sentinel, communicates the following facts : Compressed Air as a Motive Fmoer. — Several distinguished engineers and other* scientific men attended on Saturday to wit ness a series of experiments on; compressed air, at the late establishment of Ml Perrier & Cos. at Chai 1 lot. The inventor ofthe va rious new and ingenious modes-of applying this power, M. Andraud, a gentleman well known in the scientific and literary world, began exhibitinga small’ carriage, which i was set in motion by compressed air, on a small railway laid down for the purpose ; ] this-carriage, was moved up and down sev ] oral times-at the rat© of about 25 miles an I hour. The air, compressed only at about -25. atmospheres, which is little more than one third of the power to which it can be compressed .without danger of explosion, is oontained in a proof cylinder, or reservoir, which supplies the pistons in.the same way as for a locomotive. Ml Andraud states that two of these cylinders are sufficient for the supply of a locomotive for several miles on a railway; and as air can be compress ed almost without expense, wherever there is a stream or even s windmill to work the machinery, fresh charged cylinders can be kept ready at stations, and applied to the locomotives, this being the tvork of only one minute. The improvement in M. Andraud’s air locomotive, on all others which have been invented, is in the application of a regulator by which air is supplied with un failing regularity and certainty, and which is under the full control of the engineer, and in the mode of dilating the air by heat, so as to cause great economy. In dilating air it is necessary, for the pur pose of locomotion, that it should be done very rapidly, for otherwise the speed can not be kept up. It cannot be dilated in the cylinder or reservoir without great danger of explosion; and by the ordinary process, only the external surface of the air imme diately exposed to the action of heat is rap. idly dilated, the internal molecules, afr be-, ing a bad conductor, requiring great time for dilation. M. Andraud gets rid of all this difficulty by passing the air through a very long spiral tube immersed in boiling lead, and in this way the whole is dilated in the twelfth part of second, & a reservoir of the piston, whereas the same quantity of air undilated gives only 2,200. Another of the experiments was an air cannon— Balls were thrown, from it, which at a dis tance 0f250 yards broke in the roof of a building and lodged with great force in a wall, although the air was compressed to only 20 atmospheres. M. Andraud pro poses that batteries in towns shall be work ed by compressed air instead of powder, the expense, where there is power or wind to compress the air, being, according to M.. Poucelit, only one 75th of that of powder, and if compressed by a steam engine about one 50th. M. Andraud imagines that field artillery may be worked in the same man ner, as the horses, in drawing the guns to
