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certain eci. T recommend that r. geological hruf miner atajicil* xploration he connected with the linear snr rer*. and that the mineral laud-be divide i intnsin ill J.jtn auitablp fur mining and be disposed of by Bale wr lease, so as to give onr citizens an opportunity of procuring a permanent right, of prop, rty in tl.e >n : !. This would ifetn to lie as important tu the sucre a f mining as of agricultural pursuits. The groat mineral wealth ol (ffaiitornni *ed the p Ivantages which its ports arid harbors *nd those cf Oregon afford to renrnerve, e<p“:ia’ v v. itii the t-i ----and* of the Pacific and the Inc *o Oceans, and the populous regions of eastern As,a. in ike it certain that there wilt arise in a ••v years large and pros pfrc.ua communities o . r>u r western < ret, It tliere- Lrv becomes important that a line of communication the hear and m <>t expedition* z.hich tin* nature of the country will admit, should b>’ opened wiikin ti e territorv of the United Nt Ges from lie.* navigable waters of the Atlantic or the G,u!f of Mexico to the Pacific. Opinion, ns elicited aid expr>*->ed bv two large and respectable conventions, lately a-g'-uiffled kt St. I.ouis and Memphis, points Jo a rail road as that which, it practicable, will ho-t irie.-t ti e wishes and wants of the country. II it while thi-, if in successful operation, would he a r!i ot great nationa! importance, and of a value To the country which it would be difficult trf estimate, it ought sJso tube regarded as ati undertaking o! vast inagn tde and expense, and 011** which nmsi, i; indeed practi cable, encounter many difficulties in its enn-frue tion ami use. ‘J'herefore, to avoid failure and ds eppointment; to enable Congress to judge whether, in the condition of the country through winch it inwt pa-s. the work be feasible; and, if it he found so, whether it should be undertaken as a national improvement or lett to individual enterprise: and, in the latter alternative, what aid. if any ought to be extended to it by the government, 1 fecoinmend. as a preliminary mea-ire. a careful reco ,n >i s in:u* oi the several proposed routes bv the scientific corps, and a report as to the practicability of miking such a road, with an estimate ol tiie cost of its construc tion and .support. For further views on these and n’her matters con 'wvcifedNwitliJhe duties of the Home Department. I re fer you to the report of the Secretary of tin* Interior. I reclnnimend early appropr for continuing the ri ve,r and harbor improvem-mts which have been already begun, attd also lor the construction o! those fur winch estimates have boon made, as well as lor examinations and. estimates preparatory to the com mencement of such others as tip* wants ot the coun try, and especially the advance of our population ov er new districts, and the extension of commerce, may render necessary. An estimate of the amount which ran be advantageously expended within tne next tin ea! year, under the direction of the bureau of topo graphical engineers, accompanies the report of rlie Secretary of W ar, to which i re.-pectiuliy invite tip; attention of ( 'ongrees. The re- siou of territory made bv the late Jreaty with .Mexico has greatly extended our expo-ed fron tier, and rendered its defence more difficult. That treaty has also brought us under obligations to Mex ico, to comply with xvt.ich a military force is requis ite. Bui our military e-tabli-iunent is not materially changed, as to its efficiency, from the condition in which it stood before the commencement-ol the Mex ican war. Some addition to it will thereby be ne cessary ; and I recommenij to the favorable consid eration ol Congress an increase ol ih * several corps of the army at our distant western posts, as propos ed in the accompanying report ol the Secretary of \V n r. Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect apnn rank, in the army, heretofore given to brevet and staff commissions. The views of the Uecretarv of War on tins subject are deeynpri important, and if carried into effect will, it is tedievod, promote the harmony of tlie service. The plan proposed for re tiring disabled officers, and providing an asytiium for such of the rank and tile as from age, wound*, and other infirmities occasioned by service, have become unfit to perform their rcspectße duties, is recommen ded as a means of inneu-mg the alficiency of ihe ar my, and as an act of justice due from a grateiul country to the fuilh'itl soldier. The accompanying r ‘port of the Secretary of the Navy presents a lilll and satisfactory account of the condition and operation-.: ot the naval service during the past year. Our citizens engaged in the legiti mate pursuits of commerce have enjoyed its benefits Wherever our national vessels have gone, they have been received with respect ; our officers have been treated with kindness and courtesy, and they l ave on all occasions pursued 11 course of strict nentiali ty, in accordance with the policy of our government. The naval force at present in commission is a large as is admissible, with the number of men au thorized by Congress to be employed. I invi’e your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy on the surest of a rCor ganisation of tin*, navy, in its various grades of offi cers, and the establishing ot a retired list lor Mich o! the officers as are disqualified for active and effec tive service. Should (’oftgress adopt some such measure as is recommended, ft will greatly increase the efficiency of the navy, and reduce its expendi ture*. I also ask your attention so the views expressed hy him in reference to the employ ment ol war st* am er*. and in regard to the* contracts tor Ibc.tran-porla tion of the United States in his anti the operation of the system upon the prosperity ol the navy. Bv an act of Congress passed August It. 18:8. provision was made lor extenffin post office and mail accommodations to California and Oregon. Exertions have been made to execute lluit law ; but the limited provisions 01 the a t. tiie inadequacy ol the means it authorize.-, the ill adtpiation est our post office laws to the situation of that country, ami the measure of compensation lor services allowed in those laws, compared with the prices of labor and rents in California, render those exertion-, m a great degree, incff'ctmil. More pirticukr and efficient provision by law is required 0:1 this subject. The act of 1345. reducing postage, fia- now, by its operation during four years, produced resu ts luffy showing that the income trom such reduced postage M sufficient to sustain the whole expense of toe sor vice of the I’ost Office Department, not including the cost of transportation in mitil .-tea:ne*s <m the lines from New York to Uhag'ee. and trom Panama to As toria, which have not been considered oy Congress as properly belonging to the mail service. Jt is submitted to the wisdom ot Congress whether a further reuuctmn ol po-iage -hould not now he made, more puiUculariy on toe letter correspondence. This should he re.ieu.ii .10111 the unjust bureeii of transporting and oeluenng the franked matter o Congress, t<>r widen pubuc service provision slum and be made irom U e tieas-ury. 1 conhd> ntiv behove that a change may .-aiely be made, nducmg aii -in gle-letter postage to the nimoiut rate cd i.ve cents, regardless ot distance, without lliereby imposing any greater tax on tut* lica-iuy than would consiitiite a yerv moderate cuttq enshtiiti lor this public sei vice ; and” I theretore resj ectliilH recommend such a re daction. SliouiJ Congress preler to abolisb the franking privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand on the treasury would result Iroin the pro posed reduction ot postage. \Vlret.,er any inrlher diminution shouid now be made, or the result ot the reduction to live cents, vt Inch 1 nave recommended, should be first tested, is submitted to your decision. Since ihe commencement ot the last, ses-um <>i Congress, a postal treaty with Great Britain his been received and r.ttineJ. and such regulations have been formed by the l*o-t Office Departments of the two countries, in pursuance ot that ireatv, as to car ry its provision* , n [ () f,,;j operation. The attempt to extend ting frame arrangement tnrougo England to France Stas not been equally successful ; but the pnrpoFp has not been ahuulon. and. For a particular statement of the condition of the Post Office Department, and oilier mailers cointei te I with that branch of me pub ie seivu'c, i r£tcr x on to the report of the Postmaster General. ’ By the act of 3d .Marc.lt. 1819, a board was con-ti trated to make arrangements for taking tiie seventh census, ci mposed of the Secretary of State, tiie At torney General, and the Postmaster General : and it was made the dyty of this board “to prepare and cause to be printed ocb Jo-ms and schedules as might be necessary tor tne full enumeraiioti ofiiie inhabitants 0/ the l uiud Sta’es ; and also proper forms and schedules for collecting, in statistical ta bles, under proper heads, such ir.fofin&tinn av to mines, agriculture, rointierre, manufactures, edu cation. and other topics, as would exhibit a full view the pursuits, imitrstw, 4“docatioTt. and recowere* <d the country.” The duties enjoined upon the census | bottixi thus esfahlishf-d having been performed, it now le-t* with < nngress to mart a law for carrying into ; effect ’he provision of the constitution which requires 1 an actual enumeration of the people of the United Stales within tiie ensuing year. Among the duties assigned bv the constitution to the gen**oil Government isl one of lor-al and limited tjij’.llcation.hut not on that account the less obligato* rv—! allude in the trust committed to Congress, s t- e exclnaive legislator and sole guardian of the in- \ ts rrs.'aof the Di-tri t of Columbia, f beg to coin- ’ !> > ‘).! tiie.se interest* to vour kir.d attention. As tiie nations! in-'-'ropdis th city of Washington- must-be s?: e't of genera! interest: and. founded as if was under tl.e auspices of him whose immortal uanic* it hears, it* claim* to the fn*;ering car.* Congress present >!r*rn-eli p* with additional strength. Wimt e> - r can co’.triiin'e to its prosnerity mus’ enlist the fj.f*iir?gs <ifjf* constitutional guardians, and command tffieir favoraide eons'deration. Our government i* oup of limi’e.l powers; and its Fiere**!iil iidrrtinistration eminently depends on tiie e. mfini-nie'nt o’'each of its coo-dinat** branches within its own HOproorhife srvherp. The fir*. s“Clion of tiie Constitution ordains that ‘’all legislative powers there in g r *n?eff *h:t’ I l.e ves?ed iri a Cungre us of tiie L nited State*, w hich shad eonsivt of :t Senate and House of Representatives.” The Executive has .au'hority to ; recommend (not to dictate! measures to Congress. Having per ormed that du’v. the executive depart ment of ihe government cannot rightfully control the He ’is'on of Congress on any subject of legislation, until that decision ha ! ! have been officially submitted to the I’resid.-nt for approval. The check provided bv the constitution, in the clause conferring the qual ified veto, will never he exercised by me, except in the cases contemplated bv ti e fathers of the republic. I view it as an extreme measure, to he resorted to r. in extraordinary case*—a* where it may become necessary to defend the Executive against tiie en- : croaciuremfs of the ?e dslaiive power. <>r to prevent j hasty ti l inconsiderate or nttfonstitulional legisla tion. By cautiously ‘*ontirfSng tiii* remedy vvitiiin 11 1 r sphere tirpscr.bed to it in the eotetnnornneous exeo sitions of tiie framers of the constitution, tiie will of t e people, legitimately expressed on all suhjpcts of legislation. 1 1. rough thir constitutional organa, the j eenators and retn’esetituti yes of the United Stales-, will j have its full effect. As i*iispen*ahle to the prefer- I vation of our system of ridf-goveniment. the ui.de* pend- nee of the r ■presor.t.vivps o’ the S’utea and th.e people is guarantied by the constitution ; and they ; owe no rcspoiisitiilitv to any human power hut tlteir ; con-tituenta. Bv iiobling the representative reepon-■ r-il.le only to the people, attd exempting him from all other influence*, we elevate the character of the con- 1 s. an.! quicken his sense of responsibility to his 1 rountiy. It is under these circiiin.s-tances only that, the doctor can feel that, in the choice of the lawmak er. he is hint-elf truly a component part of the sever-: ei<gn power of the nation. With equal cure we shoal.! study to defend Ihe rights of the executive and judicial departments. Our government can only he preserved in Us purity by the suppression and entire elimination of every claim or tendency of one coordi nate branch to encroachment upon another. With tiie strict observance of this rule and ihe other injunc tions ot the constitution—with a edulotis inculcation ol that respect attd love for the union of the States which our fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children—and with the aid of that, overruling Provi dence which Iris so long and so kindly guarded onr liberties and institution?, we may reasonably expect to transmit them, with their innumerable blessings, to the remotest posterity. But attachment to the Union of the States should he habitually fostered in every American heart. For more than half ;i century, during which kingdoms and. eiiin : re* have fallen, this Union has stood unshakend The patriots who formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it reniahis, the proudest mon ument to tlteir memory, and the object ot affection and admiration with every one worthy to hear the American name. In my judgment, its di-'solutinn v ou'd he ’he greatest of calamities, and to avert that, should he the study of every American. Upon it* pre-f rva’ion must depend our own hapuiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever dan gers may threaten it. 1 shall stand by it and maintain it in i?s integrity, to the full extent of the obligations imposed, and the power conferred upon me, by the constitution. Z. TAYLOR. Washington, Doc. 4, 1640. Nkw Vakikty ok Cotton,—A new kind 01 Cotton lias Been introduced into Tennessee J called the ‘’Ge'den Boll.” It is a native ot Central America. ‘Lite following description is given of it : ‘•The average height, of tlje stalks was ahotd fat 1 r and a half feet, planted four feet apart- The distinguished properties which character ize fltis description ol cotton are its prolific pro duction. the hmg silky texture of its fibre, and the astonishingly large size and great number of Boils. Several of the plan's had front one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty, of which from sixty to-eighty were fully rritur ed, t‘*:t of which, Being frequently tested By scales, wejgj(jug four and a lialfoutte.es of seed c.atott. 7’he Boils that did not reach lull matu rity of size all opened, vieidittg co'ton apparent ly of as gut l quality, But not of the same amount-, as the more early Boils.'’ Tub PoMuttKANATB Cotton -—We received \r*!erday. from Gen. G. I). Mitchell, of Missis sippi, several specimens of this incomparable product, grown upon his plantation of Cedar Grove, near afefeftj ll '”- Ihe stalk is nearly jointless. feet high. The limbs or Branches are very numerous, and ail of them literally covered with a m iss of squares and Boils, larger than any we have ever seen. We counted thiity*five limits *ti one stalk, and from one Bianch, about eighteen inches long, hung twenty-nine large Bolls, and live equally perfect B lis hung in it cluster front a very small Branch, not quite three inches in length. The speci men* 1, -f ginmnl cotton which were presented to us. appeared to Be ot a very superior quality— long, silky and strong, having, we thought, a plight, rosy tint, when displayed in the sun. We aLo visited the office of Mr. L. 11. Dun can, .No. i!ff Common street, when? we saw several stalks of this very valuable variety of the gosypi;iit family, v.hich were as remarka ble for .singu ar productiveness, as those which had been laid Before us. \\ e are assured By persons who have seen the crop of Gen. Mitch ell, that the superiorly ot this plant over the common cotton is immense, not only in point of pioducliveness, hut also in quality, and that it will yield more on all kinds ot land, the dif ference in Us favor Being greater on a poor j •oil. We have Been unable to ascertain from w here the seed was imported ; we are inform ed. however, that Gen. .Mitchell is the first who diseovetrd its superior quality, and cultivated if to any extent. —-A. 0. Delta. A Certain Cvre for Culps.—As the sea son for colds is approaching, I give you a rein rdy 1 have never known fail :—three cents worth of liquorice ; three cents worth of r,,ck eandv ; thee cents worth of gum-arabic ; put them in a quart of water, simmer th m till thoroughly dissolved, then add three cents worth of paregoric, and a Bke quantity of unti monial wine. Let it cool, and sip whenever the cough is !roußie*nme. It is pleasant, infal lible. cheap and good. It* cost is fifteen rents. S®S3TT33 Us @EO iiSOTT JEIiILT sews by the Last Steamer. Arrival of the Steamer Cambria. FOURTEEN DAYS LATER FROM EUROPE. [Telegraphed fur the Baltimore Sun.] Halifax. Dec. 28—1 P. M. Tiie Steamer Cambria arrived here this morning, bringing date* from Liverpool to the loth inst. She brings passengers. Commercial affairs in England continue in a qniet and steady position. KkuLa.nd—lt is thought that Parliament will meet about thp middle o{ January. Another expedition is about fitting out for Behrring’s Strait- to search for Sir John Trankiin. Rcssta and Teneev.—Advices teceived from Constantinople to November 25th, stale that the ex tradition question with regard to the refugee? is not settled, an.! not iff-ieiv to be. The Emperor of Rus sia persists that ihe Hungarian ami Polish refugees shall be banished from the Ottoman Empire. These demands tne Porte resists—and so the matter stands In tfii* oiiinioii oft he correspondent of the London Times, the Emperor of Itu.-sia is desirous ol post poning a rupture until spring, when ids arrangement.* will be favored by the season. Ia tfie in-*aiitiiiie. | Turkey is making every preparation to meet him j should h;* advance. Russia is completing her flee! i in the Black Sea. Thi-: Makxets. Liverpool Market. Dec. 10.— j C<// tori .—The Cotton market has not been animated j hut prices have advanced on most descriptions ’ I. with a slight disposition to hohl,.tj* transactions du ring the two days previous to the sailing of the Cam bria were limited. ‘rite sale* o* cotton for the two weeks, were thirtv two thousand hale*,of which the trade took 25.000. The total stock on hand was 377.000 bales, of which 211000 were American, against -ltd,ooo. of which 269.000 were American, at the same period !a*t year. The account* from Manchester and the manufac turing districts are not unsatisfactory, i The committee's quotations of cotton are fair Lp land and Mobile, Bid; fair Orleans tj-J a 6#; middling | description* 5Jd ; a od. [The fig me* ot these quo- ! ; tat ions indicate a decline of sd., instead ol an advance j : a* above stated.] ; THE SOUTHERN SENTINEL | COLUMBUS, THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 1850. | OURSELVES. With this number of the Southern Sentinel i 1 commences my editorial life. In entering upon j the discharge of its duties, I shall (Bllow demo- j era!ic precedent, as well m 5 the indications of mv j own sense ot the obligation imposed upon every j man who’ appears in any capacity Before the ; public, in publishing to the world, mv platform. In doing so. I do not intend either to forestall : mysell, or unduly excite the expectation of my j I patrons, By an unnecessary profusion of prom- j ises; nor, on the contrary, do I intend to alarm j I my readers m advance, By an insincere proses- I sion of my incoinpetcncy to the 1 have j undertaken. I hold that man to Be guilty of a ! | downright imposition upon the public, who ... ! j eepts a post ot responsibility, and at the same , time Believes that he is unequal to its obligations. I have not taken this step without an apprecia j iion ol the duties it devolves, or ot the responsi j Bilities I assume in doing so. Estimating these at their proper value, I can not suppress all ap ; prehension as to the result, But at the same time, i I shall dedicate myself to iny office, indulging the hope, that l shali not prove unworthy of the pat } rouage already so generously extended to me. | In politics, the Southern Sentinel will Be de | voted to an honest and fearless vindication of the ; principles and policy of the democratic party, i In the uiiilor.n and intelligent application of these j principles to the practical legislation of the eoun | try, we look for the surest guaranty of its liber | the greatest stimulus to its prosperity. Eri j tertaining these sentiments, we regard democracy ; as synonymous with enlightened patriotism, and : while we. love our country therefore, we shall not j cca*e to Be its uncompromising advocates. We Ido not conceive it necessary, however, in the I advocacy of what we honestly Believe to lie ri’dit, j • o’ I deny equal honesty to, or w ithhold a respect j tul hearing from, those who differ with us in j opinion. j On the great question of the day, we are sound. j eminently sound. We hold that Congress has just as much, and no more, light to prohibit the introduction of slavery into any territory Belong. ; ing to the country, to abolish it in the District I of Columbia, or to interfere in its commerce Be j j tween the States, as it has to abolish it in Geor i gia ; and we would resist the one just a* soon, ; and just as long, a* we would the other. We i love the Union, But we love the South more, j and when the time comes ior either to yield, the ! former may, But the latter never can. | The varied interests of the country, so far as I we understand them, will always command our , untiring devotion. Agriculture, commerce and I manufactures, the three great elements of na j tional prosperity and individual wealth, will sev : daily receive our attention. I in the news department, we intend so Be'rqiia! jto the exacting spirit of the day. We are now making arrangements By which wo hope to se cure the services of an aide correspondent at Washington City, and as wc arc warranted By j Ul) r patronage, we shall extend our correspond ence to various points of the Union. Th? Southern Sentinel w ill Be published, for the present, on a sheet of the. same size as the “Muscogee Democrat,” We have, however, | ordered anew supply of materials, press, typo, etc., and in a mouth, hope to appear before our readers with an entirely new anti improved ex terior. Wc intend at any rate, to Be along side with our contemporaries, in appearance. Our terms are, for One copy twelve months, in advance, - - - $2 50 “ “ “ “ At the end of the year, 300 “ “ “ “ After the year expires, 400 To the Readers of the “Muscoaec Democrat.” You have already been informed of the change which has taken place in the Editorial department of this pa per. Asking your pardon for thus unceremoniously sup- I planting an old favorite, I hope that the acquaintance vve make to-day, if it is permitted to grow long enough, may ripen into a friendship as wa mi as that with which your former Editor was favored. J shall spare no exertions, I assure you, to make myself worthy of a continuation of the patronage so generously extended to him, and the very recollesftion of the ability with which he served you, will stimulate me to a more untiring devotion to your in terests. Fleas? consider me as fairly initiated into the chair editorial without a more formal bow, and believe mo to be truly yours, WILLIAM ff. CHAMBERS. Colmnbns, Gi., Jaa. 3d, 1859. A Word to Onr Friends. We send this number of the Sentinel to sev-’ , eral persons who are not subscribers, w ith the I hope that they may Be induced to become so. 1 We ask a share of the patronage which is due the press, and indulge the pardonable vanity of! Believing that il our friends will give us a trial, ■ that share will be accorded. If any of our ’ Iriends are not contented with a simple suhscrip-! tion, we shall interpose no objection to the fur-j ther extension of the favor. To Correspondents. “Old Iriends’ is crowded out this week; published next week. CCr Aliy Body who will take the trouble to : consult our advertising columns, will conclude I that there is no danger ot the youth of our com \ numity Being unprovided with the facilities fo r acquit ing an education. In addition to those al ready noticed, we uublish this evening, tin* card r-- I ot Mr. John I-ham. L rom a persona! acquain-l taiu-e with Mr. Lham’s qualifications, we feel’ 11 o hesithtii h tu rec< mmi-uding him to the public. ( OKKEci iox.—A mistake was made by the t ... -i printers m the initials to the ode on our firs’ page. It should Be *• M. 11. (.),” instead of “M. 1 CL C.” i CL!7“ Mr e invite the attention of onr readers to •! the advf rtisement of the Troy Wood Ware Man-j ulacturing Company, in another column. This! enterprise adds another to the rapid!v swelling ‘ list of manufactories in Georgia. We have not j yet had tin* pleasure of a visit to this new mati-j ufaoturiog village, But if the. facilities, afforded i I By their excellent water pow er for mnnufactui ing j purposes, have not Been exaggerated, Troy must t Become a thriving and a populous village. We j know the gentlemen who are at the head of this; establishment, and we know that they will dual! j they promise to do, and do it well. The President’* Messnye. We Lay this important State paper entire Be fore our readers, to the exclusion of our usual variety of misce! laneous matter. The country j Inis awaited its appearance long and anxiously ■ the friends of the President hoping a vindication i of his character as a statesman, from the charge ! of imbecility ; his opponents expecting 11 cotifir- j ’nation o! all (hut had Been predicted of his uttei i unfitness lor the post to which lie had Been ele- j Mated ; the reading public generally, to Behold j | an accredited exhibition of the long veiled poli cy of his adin.nistration. We confess that on I this point our curiosity was not a littla excited- j We Believe that Gen. Taylor had no friends, ! I North or South, except of course those who had i Been admitted to his confidence, who would have ■ ventured an unequivocal prediction of what that j policy would lie. Certainly none could have j Been predicated of any intimation he hail given, ! during the canvass for the presidency. But the j curtain lias at length Been raised, and for the j first time, the tableau of his principles stands re ! vealed to the eye. The Message has ! Been spread Before the American people, and j over Gen. Taylor’s own sign manual we are ! favored with an exposition of what lie under stands to have Been the “policy of the earlier I I presidents.” The M essage is short, and ihe style simple 1 and unaffected ; so far, good, But with the men tion of them? virtues we have exhausted our store j of commendation. The first impression produc- ’ cd By its perusal, is a conviction of its decided I Vhi/sgcry. Its author is not only “a whig, But | jan ultra whig.” The honest democrat who was j lim'd into his support by the assurances of no j parti/ism, must blushingly confess his gullibility, as a conviction of thi* fact is inevitably forced upon his mind By a perusal of this paper. That Len. Taylor is a whig of the purest water, no one will pretend to gainsay. He declares him self in favor of a protective tariff of specific du ties ; in favor ol a genenfl and alarmingly’ ex* tended system of internal improvements, and op posed to the subtreasury. ’Thus upon all the old issues that divide the two great parties of the country Before he fused them By the magic o 1 “spontaneous combustion,” he places himself side By side with Henry Clay and Daniel Web. ster. Upon the California question his position is not so clearly defined. The indications are. that he is in favor of a recognition ol the consti tution recently adopted By the mongrel popula tion of that country, and consequently of admit ting the State into the Union with an anti-slave ry provision surreptitiously engrafted upon it. Upon this point we have more to say hereafter. Suffice it for the present to say, that most of the whig journals at the South have already commit ted themselves to opposition to this flagrant out rage upon the rights of the Southern portion o f the confederacy-. As regards the veto, this long, lone star in the resplendent galaxy of his politi cal horoscope, he is true to his first love. He still claims an implicit and unavoidable acquies cnce in “the will of Congress, constitutionally expressed.” Wo have thus briefly noticed the loading sea. turns of the Message, and refer our readers to | that document itself, for a more detailed exhibi tion of its policy. .We shall hereafter review | separately some of its distinctive features. j Congress. —Nothing in the shape of legisla tion has yet transpired at Washington. In the Senate the standing committees have been ap pointed, which we have not room to publish to* day, but shall do so npxt week. In the lower house, the organization having been effected, the members took recess for the Christmas holy days. Since then we have heard nothing. Georgia Legislature. —The General As sembly has adjourned to the 14th of this month This step has been rendered necessary by the unusual quantity of business on hand, e onsequen’ j upon tho change frnn annual to biennial scs aions. . The Speakership. ’ It is known to most of onr readers, that the Hou*i j has at length been organized, by the ejection of Hon 1 Howell Cobb, of Ga., Speaker; how that election* wan finally effected, may not be so generally known j By an agreement between ill? two great parties, a ! committee of six from each was appointed, to con ■ ter upon tiie difficulties which had previously defeat ed the organization, and to devise some way in which ; those difficulties could be obviated. The result was ’ an agreement by which the House was to vote three times, vita cnce. for u Speaker, an-J in case there was no election, then t.i rote the fourth time,and the can didate who received a plurality o‘ votes,it he had De tained a majority of a quorum, shun and he declared elected. Accordingly, ou Saturday tiie 22d of I)e ----: ccmber, the House proceeded to consumate the agree i meat, and after three unsuccessful efforts,cm ihe six ;ty fourth ballot, lion. Iloweli (’oub was elected. T>> I avoid all difficulty that m'ght arise in view of the ob jection o! iin.-onsiituiiunciitv’ which had been made to the proceeding, the llon.-o then, upon the morion i ol Mr. Stanley, a North Carolina W lug, bv a vote o| ! 147 to 35. declared Mr. Cobb to be Speaker. We | have no question as t ; the sufficiency ot an eiectiofi ! by a plurality vote, but rejoice that the House lets ta j ken tiie precaution to settle tic* milter beyond i Mr. Cobb’s vote on the Oregon Bill, and his refi:- i sal to co-operate with his Southern friends in their . Mwveme.'it last session, have* rendered him obnoxious !to a few oi them. However much we may have di;- 1 j lered with him on those points, v?e hai* his election j jas favorable to the South. We do not doubt .Mr. ‘ j Cobb’s devotion to the intere.sta ol hi* own sec- j j tion of the Union, and vve shall expect at his hands, 1 a guardianship of our right* commensurate with the j attachment which we know lie entertains for them, j Certainly he is to be preferred by the Mouth to Mr ! Winthrop, and indeed, to any man, Whig or’Demo | ocrat, who lives North oi Mason’s and Dixon's line j Mr. Cobb was probably better qualified lor the Sp**k j er.-hip tha;’. any other mm m Congress. ID had : served long and iailhtul'y mi tie* floor of the iow r ! House, ami wa.* by genera! consent the ablest jiariia i meniarian in the body. We chronicle his election therefore with pleasure, a* we do a 1 .-ci the delay which attended it. Tne .Southern Representatives in Congress have made a demonstration ol tiie *pir.t that prevails at home, that ; cannot tail to be instrumental of good in the cubse j quent legislation ol the session. j Mn.ANCiior.v Acoipknt.—An uufo,lunate man, in a ! state of intoxication, was run over in our streets on Titea j day night, by tin* Western stage, and so badly injured that ihe died in a few minutes afterwards. The driver disCov ! ered him too late to check ids horses, and tiie wheels i passed over his chest, crushing his . ihe, and otherwise in ! juriiig him. We have been unable to learn his name, as | he seems to have been a stranger in this city, but vve un -1 derstand lie was a Northern man, and a millwright by ■ trade. ; PI'RLIC DotTMENTa.— W,* are iiuleß’eti to ; Hon. A. I-'. Owen, for a pamphlet ropy of Prosi. dent Taylor’s Message. ! Cotton Market.—Quotations lunge to-day i from 9$ to 1 ill cents. 1 The Home Journal.—Wc welcome the first ! number of the series for ihe new year, of this I popular weekly. Tilt? public expect no com i mendation of a journal under the care of Morris j iSc Willis. I fit should need * voucher, however j wo add, the Home Journal is worthy its Editor*. | Southern Enterprise.—The South is eve. j ry day getting to look more to the developemetd j of its own resource* for the supply of its necess’y ; ties. Tiie evidences of this spirit are all around ’ us, not the least pleasing of u hich, especially JSo ; the printer, is furnished in the Rock Island VLk. 1 per Mill, which has just coinmetiord operations |in our midst. The paper ou which this edifion 1 of the Sentinel is published, is the first fruits 01 ; that enterprise. This company will maiitifac. I tore just as good un article, and sell it on Hotter i Qrtns than it can lie purchased from any lu rliim; I house. \\ e were most forcibly im;>res.*iJ a few ! ‘ ‘days since on visiting the factory, with t*: Iran*. j forming power of well directed industry,, A few j mouths since, the spot where it now Stands in j .successful operation, was a wild ami a post path. less forest. Now its silence has Brjju Broken j By machinery, and its wilderness confferted into j the happy home of ialmr. j . \ Plank liuads. i Public attentfoii’al the Soul ft i 1 - Beginning to 1.. . f ~ i lie directed to this new species tty public high ! way. For the gratification ot sift/i of our r< ad. ! era as desire to inform themseivti on this sub. !ject, we have extracted from fli/ Macon Me,?. ! senger, the following article which seems to j have Been penned By one prn lie.illv aoqu 1 i:jt ! ed with their history, mode cost : and profit ; j ’ Messrs. Editors: l oLy'nre that in the last Journal & Ales sen j*r%jef |a*. e prepared | your readers to receive so;iei!)ing from me on j t te subject of plank roads, if tear you have anti -1 cipated too much. AH in my pos : session, worth adding to the general stock sil •i ready in possesion of the public, will occupy I But iiuie space in vour ■oiu.ins. an 1 may fail ! far short, in interest, o /the anticipations you j have excited. Such as i jis. i givT-jt with more pleasure, as it is the npit of my personal ex amination an ! inquiry into the subject at j those points where tiic/sys’em has Been most ; extended in the. ■cnwinUr —I ailu Je to the State j of New York, and pa fieiilai !v ihe city ot U’i jca. and other ciiief irei towns in that region j Plank roads ar, present time, ciaitii j ing a large sharqf oH/he public attraction es ; peeiaily at the NGslPaml West. ’Lhough vve j have, as yet, noA'xamples of this description ot ; improvement predict people /,,'elvc . jH : jB-'V ff ‘ ’ a'i ;ff- , T-y’ - T- 4 ®’ w ‘q’ t ‘ _ /j■ j\ r ; ML - fl M fmy olsM ration and examination t the sjre* cm, as I found It in practical operatic. Plank n ads were first used in Ijssia, nod v ere introduced into U-anuda by Lrd Sydrn* Lain, while Governor of the Proving. In th* a*t ninp years, upwards of five htidred miles .t these roads iiave been construe.*!. Th*y ire there laid with white and’ * iul, apparerA very indiflerhtK4daptrd t ■ lie purpose. >•/ From they were introdi jj into th* United State.*, And the first road ) ; 'lt in Nex* Jjtfok, was that trom Syracuse to IjKrttich went into ope ‘ihe j mceess which attended th 1 toth* rabid extension of the s . v,l! m V, until^Bi|^J -tated that thare are ft: j HMHl jen gress upwards of 100 p‘ k r , )a ds oompumes are cons’aotj^ f()r[ni|)g (|dßf ih* ™ general IBank R *d c ,iri/ o pr A Uick 1 herewith suhini! for your cxauA g>- A lew of the roads in <*per£yf an( J j uieneed ate tiie following— not i pretend to very gieat ‘*Ucuracv*7 t\eir ! lengths: * HPi v ; iyvi'uctue to Centra! Square, to j I ■ to Bridgewater, .J* j “ t'i Sherliorue, * u ! •* ; *• to Wateiville, *4l • “ to Moh wk, k ** ! on f> L nadillJ For ks, :• | “ to C’edarvilie, I♦♦ • Little Falls to Newport, IJ| “ 1 Schene taffy to Saralojjo, *3llo R one to Turin, -!-H“ * to i’ll la. ‘k;. 1” Oswego to Syracuse, ■*’ I “ to tl istings. M’ ; “ To ilumiilial. jP}’ - ’ From Oswego to Rome, and from oJH* w Syiaeu.se By way of Central SquareJß l * l * longest road- const.-ucted ; several shR-n d * act a* feeders to tliese, one or two 1 have Been merit join’d above. I it is rather a curious fact, and well wertb irieuiioriing, that three or tour ol the roads ahuvn mentioiieff. an- Bel a ecu points already Conner, ted Bv railroad.-, and S‘ me of them hlo By c*u. ais ; \v hich c/rtitinly would Appear to aflurd ’ every ffesitaß!./facility in ‘he way of transput. ! ration—tlie ra/lroads alfo'ding speed and cun. foil to the tiiiVeler, uriff the < iih!* lurnishinj j transportatiofl at l"\v rates of charge. But ! there :i;ipea/to Be certain c ircumstance* and ’ seasons of he year, when, with good road* te j travel upon, the fanner pie.fers to place hi* pro. i duce upon his wagon, and if the distance ia not too g eat. to and ire to market and to Become hi nwnag* ut or factor: and more especially, if he i- in 1h“ ie <-t r■emoyciL from tlu*../-Kiiai. | road. This may Be more strikingly the raaa at trie North than here # as lie* long suspension of field operation*, fiom the duiation and sever ity of the cold, makes an occasional trip te rnaikst rather n recreation than otherwise; and 1 have no doubt, that within moderate di*. 4* *. and with th? fnciiiiie* of plank rued*, ih,. result would Be the same at the Jsouth,t a considerable extent. The road Irom Bcheneetady to .Saratoga i* f hfs description, running parallel and adine .1 the Sccheiieciaffy and Saratoga railroad; ,ii,l a iiue oi stage* is at this moment running 1 pou tin* [ilauk rul’d in opposition to tiie raii- I road. I: is true, that, in t!>i case, th*? railroad .in in such Bid order as to deter many peron j from travelling upon it. Thi* plank road i not ; ti ff comp etc. Bu’ i*, nevertheless, carrying per ■ 01- (distance LG m le-j for sis y cent*, j I discovere-', iiovvvor, a dift’< rencr of opirt j ion on this subject ; othens maintnined, will* j !>■>* show* ot resson, it .appeared to ine, that | plank road*, instead of Being elastic, w ere morn i rigid than com.non earth, gi ;m-| or macadam i ized roads ; and timt By long use upon a plank j road, a horse luff hts't’Avn elasticity of linib, j and Became stiffened. {Bit if this latter cflert j ever takes place, I vetifijre the opinion that it |i* rather the resu’t of the high speed at which j tl.ev ate too liequentty diiven, than from any llault ill thi** kind of mad. Indeed, I heard tha ! remark often, that you never know, or ara j aware how lust you arc gt-iting lot ward oft a ■ plank road, in consequence of the comparative j smoothness of tiie track and the steady and r*-g ----; ular pace ot the horse, until examining your iwate.il. you prohably find yourself at your jour i ney - end much sooner than you anticipated— iiiiis i> hi mast the case with new beginner* — | and I wa* told that nver-driving from the eau*e j above tin’ntiojicik was very common with ad. I The road iYbjii Utica to Rome, is another of j which run parallel and adjacent to railroad* ; jam! in this case, parallel anil adjacent to one of ; tie* Best railroad* in tne country, viz: the U'ir*. jam! ii) mouse railroad, over which pann *•* j pas-engor trains a day each wa\ ; and. in ad ; iit ion to this, the plank road is a!.-o parallel and ; adjacent to the Best canal in the country, viz < ’ the Erie .-ana! ; .so that here, vee have a pl*nlf road, i mad raiul canal, in mutual opposition, j Thi- .'"tiff (th. Utica and R ,nv.) L r..t j •■omji cte—ill mt one.third of its length remain*, jmgto Be constructed. ‘f|,„ estimated cost, in j eluding grading, superstructure, Bridging, toll j houses, ami every thing complete, is estimated !it SJ,OJO |)*‘r miie. As near p.s 1 could learn, j the average cost is about gj.500. The most j expensive load „f which | have rmy knowledge ii- that from Hi,,,, j n G’edaiville, length, j ’“Hcf, cost. 83,200 per mile. ‘l’liis road i loca j u*d along the valley, and occasional precipitous (slopes t a uioqnta.n stienm, and pometimeait j was found necessary to divert the stream Ironj i its Bed into anew channel, and occHsiotially ] also to cross and re-cross it. The descent, i i he eight miles of road, is 700 feet, the rnaxim ! uni. however, )i*iog six inches and fire-eights is ■ a rod, or sixteen and a half feet. 1 his is a much lower maximum than i* com • men, or even desirible ; as twelve inches iu sixteen and a road ; ■ and JM I m I I 1