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• GEORGIA COURIER.
J. G. M’WIIORTER
AND
HENRY MEALING,
PUBLISHERS.
'Fermi.—This Paper i« published cv*»ry Wood ay and
Thursday af'ftrnoon, ut $T» 00 per annum, payable iu ad
vance, or $(» 00 at th** expiration of the year.
LT Advertisements not excelling a bty ,ar# ** inserted the
l^rst time or 62 1-2 cents, aud 43 3-4 cents fur each con-
imianc-9
MlLlEDGEVlLLE, Nov. 6.
This day at 12 o’clock, the Governor
frnsmiued to both branches of the Legis
lature, the following
Tho coujitfy of the Creeks falling
within the chartered limits of Georgia be
ing acquired, it remains for you to con
sider of the measures most expedient
for the acquisition of that of the Chero-
kees within the same limits—On tliis sub
ject my opinions have been freely and
frankly, and repeatedly communicated—
there is no reason to change them—you
hold the ierritury by the same tenure as
you hold that on which yourselves and
your ancestors have long fixed your hearts
and firesides—the original charter of the
State—This tenure remains unchanged
bv the Articles of Confederation, or by
the present Constitution ; and without the
I consent nf the people, is unchangeable but
| by act of God—The right of occupancy
i following the right ot soil and jurisdiction,
you claim the same right of occupancy
: nmv as ever unlimited and unrestrained
I by the confederation or the presont con-
Executive Department, Georgia, )
Biilladgci'ille, Noiu 6, 1827. i
Fellow-Citizens :
In making known to you the events of solution ; and therefore, are free in times
the passing year, it is equally my duty to
liommunicate those which give pain as
those w'hich afford pleasure, so that with
out concealment or suppression all may
he embodied in the historv of the times—
our successors will take counsel from them,
and the experience of the past will be
equally profitable, whether it furnish ex
amples of good to be imitated, or of evil
tobo avoided.
future as in times past, to enter upon that
occu: aoev, consulting your rights, your
convenience and the dictates of hum niity
only—your rights are undoubted—your
convenience is resolved by the various
circumstances in which you ntay at any
lime find your population and territory,
and the wants of your people, as rosult-
ing from the relative condition of both ;
and the obligations of humanity, always
ignated by the Treaty, instead ofthe point which, in raising revenue or regulating
designated by the act, the Treaty being
the supreme law. The commission was
not so directed. It was not, however,
deemed expedient, on this account, to
arrest the commissioner of Georgia at the
outset. If the point established by Elli-
cott had, by the commissioners of the U,
States andGeorgia, been found to coincide
with the head or source of the St. Marys,
the commissioner of Georgia would have
been instructed to proceed. It was as
certained that they did not coincide, and
his progress was accordingly arrested.—
You will observe that the first question
presenting itself for settlement between
the two governments is, whether the point
arbitrarily agreed on by Ellicott and the
Spanish Commissioner as the head of the
St. Marys, now ascertained not to be the
commerce, incidentally protects manufac
tures or encourages the fabrics which are
indispensable to the national defence, is a
very different power from that claimed by
the Federal Government, to protect by
any means directly or indirectly all or any
of them, than which a more distinct sub
stantive and important power could not
be given by any constitution to any go
vernment. It is in vain wc ask for the
grant of this mighty power of Congress.
It is in vain we plead the cruelty of taking
from the small profits of agriculture to in
crease the large profits of manufactures.—
We are answered from year to year by an
amended Tariff, augmenting the tribute
and multiplying the exactions. Nay more
—As if the Congress lacked vigor and
animation for the work, a combination of
under tho treaty oT 1795. The other,
and only remaining question will he,
which is tho true source or head of the St.
head even of the stream pursued by Elli- j States exclusively interested in perpetuat-
cotr, shall be considered as the true head ing these abuses, resolve themselves into
a body unknown to the constitution, and
dictate to the government at Washington
the kind and amount of tax which the peo-
Marvs. To enable, jinn to act under-, pie ef other states shall pay; so that we
standingly on these tftrestions, as well as 1 may soon have to ask ourselves, which is
to afford some satisfaction to the Govern- 1 the Government of the United States, the
ment of the United States, which must : Assembly of States which passes the edict
undoubtedly revise its proceeding, I had 1 oftaxation, or the authorities of more re-
instructed a competent agent, the same gular and constitutional appointment
who acted as tho surveyor and artist under | which receivp'it as law and order its re-
the commissioners, and who approved gistration. I recommend to you the adop-
Bofore the close of the list Session of! paramount to the claims of interest, are himseifworthy of their highest confidence, | tion witHhut delay of a firm remonstrance
Her industry will be paralized, and ber ca
pital exhausted. Already the wheat grow
er of the western parts of New-York,
from which formerly a bushel of wheat
was not exported, supplants the wheat
grower of Georgia in his own market.—
And ere long the cotton market, reduced
to the lowest price at which the article
can be raised, Georgia, with such fearful
odds against ber, will be forced to aban
don the cultivation. In this, as in all the
articles of bulky or weighty carriage, the
cotton states, will undersell her in the
nary support on precarious and uncer
sources of revenue, or is it the p n lj c .^
the government to depend on the f' V f '
in the Tieasury until those funds are UD ^
hausted, using its income and making 1 '
croachmeuts upon its capita] indis c ^
nately for that purpose, and leavi n »
tually nothing for extraordinary emer ^
cies, foj- public education, for internal
provement and other subjects of nAtj ^
concern. It is a rule of nditir^l
my, and a good one,
money from the people than is
,a * ie mor,
same proportion which their facilities of j for the ordinary and current wants l/?!*
transportation bear to her difficulties, and . vernment. Whilst in practice you do
when reduced to the ultimate point of
stagnation and depression, she may awake
from her repose, with regrets and lament
ations, but without the means or the re-j wise to consider of this matter
sources to remedy the evil—you are not | and to adopt a rational and cohe tl [
ited to premature and unprofitable pf- tem which will take the place of irrecu!'
ts. You are asked to keep pace with ! ty and disorder.
inv
forts
your sisters
take more, you return one half 0 f w
you do take, and depend on other res '
in tjfHf.
rent s Vs -
ces to supply the deficiency.
keep pace
in the improvements which
The funds of the State
including ^
correspond to the actual state of the trade, j stock, evidences of debt and L
wealth and population of the country, and j the Treasury at the end of the n,Uv "i
if nothing more, at least to make the high | V ear amount to near two millions of a?
roads the avenues of a cheap and expedi- . hrs.—The average annual ordinn ’
tious transportation at all times, and the pences of the government for the '
navigable streams likewise in the degree j years 1824—5, and 26, amount to Sms
and to the extent of which they are sus- j 000, and the average annual revenJr '
ceptible. i <■— *i - ue
The Report of the Chief Engineer, who
has continued in the public service at my
taxation for the same years, to >70 000
Our Literary Institutions continue,*
multiply and flourish. The Un
to he sought in the consideration of what
is due from a civilized to a savage commn-
♦ he Legislature, hope was indulged that
the controversy between the Government
of this State and that of the United States
was happily terminating; atul so indeed I present and luture, which is involved
to all appearances it was—The
particular request, will shew what, with j more than ever endears itself to the
mversm
to proceed to an examination of the seve- j to the Congress against this system of; very limited means, has been done or at-! try bv the number of its
11. _ t r- 1 . w * r * 1 • ° ■» • * V 1 . it * . 1 _ 1 1 I e • * .
ral branches of the St. Marys, for the pur-
appearances it was— l no survey's
of the recently acquired territory, so long
resisted, had proceeded with little or no
interruption—the last 01 them were about
to be completed—the Indan irritation
had exhausted itself in a few demonstra
tions of hostility, and when calmness arct
tranquillity had succeeded to excitement
and clamor, and nothing remained to sa
tisfy tho the Indian for his imaginary
wrongs hut a trifling consideration in mo
ney, the Executive Government ut Wash
ington seized the occasion as a fit one to
-denounce the Executive of Georgia as the
violator of (lie faith of Treaties, and the
lawless invader of Indian rights—to for
bid the prosecution of the surveys, and
to threaten the employment of military
force to coerce obedience to its commands
—a menace which, without being unpre
cedented on the part of that Government,
was yet so ill timed and unexpected, that
but one reception and one treatment could
be given to it—The Documents herewith
transmitted will disclose the manner of
that reception an J treatment. Tho Mes
sage ofthe President to Congress, com
municating this measure, left no doubt as
to its motives and its objects. The coun
cils and people of Georgia were to he
nitv, and of the sum of human happiness \ pose of ascertaining, by actual admea
surement, the true head or source of that
river. The correspondence and docu
ments on this subject, together with his
report, are submitted. It will be seen,
that of three branches forming the St.
Marys, viz. the Northern, Western and
Southern branch, the Southern is not on
ly the longest by two or three miles, and
having a direction corresponding most
naturally with the general course and clis-
emboguement of the river, but discharges
eight times more water than either of the
other branches, dc l-3d more than both of
them united, including various other tribu
tary streams ;-thatof the throe, the north
branch, viz. that pursued by Ellicott, is
the most ir.consiedrablc, discharging, in
proportion even to tho western branch,
the estimate—Whatever may be the con
trolling motives result ing from other con
siderations, those of humanity oppose no
obstacle to the immediate occupation of
the country- The Cherokees are only
asked to surrender now, and voluntari
ly, the country which by the force of mo
ral circumstances they must very soon
surrender, even against their will, not
without consideration or equivalent, hut
in exchange for another, and in all respects
a better country with a title ift fee in the
place of a precarious occopancy—with
generous soil and salubrious climate, pre
senting a choice to agriculture or tiro
chase— insulated from the whites and
protected by the power of tho United
States—All who oppose themselves to this
movement are enemies of the Cherokees,
ignorant of their true interests, or indiffer
ent to their present and future welfare.
It is proper to inform you that the me
morial of the last Legislature on this sub
ject, addressedAo the President, was for
warded in due time, with an accompany
ing letter, to which no satisfactory answer
h is been given.
Connected with other subjects of dis
agreement with the government of the U.
States, is that of the dividing line between
usurpation, injustice and oppression—1 ou
will atfdress yourselves I know to a for
midable government, having the power,
for certain purposes, over the purse and
the sword, and now claiming and exercis
ing the power to direct the national in
dustry and national improvement without
limitation—in short the absolute masters
of the fortunes of twelve millions of peo
ple. But you can yet speak in he lan
guage of truth, if not in the spirit ofFree-
m n n. Your complaints may be unheed
ed. If they should be, I recommend to
you to address yourselves to ho States
having common interest with yourselves,
and to suggest the expediency of concur
ring in a non-consumption agreement to
be carried into effect bv all (he means
which are constitutionally given to their
respective Legislatures. It is painful t
COBH.
youths, their
tempted, during the past season, and what proficiency, the noble emulation’ why
as two to three, and in proportion to the ; contemplate the consequences which must
southern branch as five to forty-three;
and indeed that it is even more inconside-
follow. That government whose paren
tal duty i> is to make us all friends and to
ruble than another stream, fthe Alligator,) ; keep us so, is straining its faculties to
soodi of if, and running between it and j fasien upon the country a • system which
the western branch. If those facts are j cannot fail to set one part of it in hostile
subdued at all events into recognition of; Florida and this State, directed to he run
the validity of the Instrument called the
New Treaty—by civil process, if civil
process would answer—by military force
if it would not—indeed by all means civil
nr military as enjoined by a superadded
obligation (to use the language of the Pre
sident,) even higher than that of human
authority. If could not be seen why un
der a government of laws the civil remedy
might not suffice, being, if not so prompt,
at least ample and appropriate— nr whv,
it resorted to at all, it should not he exclu
sively depended on ? The alternative of
a resort to the military tin failure of the
civil remedy, or the resort to both con
currently for the redress of the same
wrong, is not the theory, and has not been
hitherto, the practice of this Government
—whenever it shall become so, there will
be no longer any difference, in substance,
between our own constitution of govern
ment and that of the most arbitrary and
despotic. It was impossible to dmibi
therefore, from the unconstitutional cha
racter of the menace, from its unsensona-
blenoss and from the appalling consequen
ces which must- inevitably follow its exe
cution, that the temper which dictated ii
was hostile to Georgia, and bent on her
humiliation or destruction. The councils
of G eorgia could never recede, without
the mast degrading humiliation, front the
positions taken in support of the Treaty
of the Indian Springs—it was the pro
fessed obj'-ct of the menace to produce
that recession; and it was obviously bet
ter for Georgia to run the hazzard of be
ing stricken from the roll of States, than
by a passive submission to surrender, with
important interests and essential rights,
what was infinitely more important and
more essential, character But other
rights and interests than those of
Georgia were concerned. The doctrine |
assumed in justification of the menace
and niaiked by several resolutions of the
Legislature. The concurrence of the
General Government being necessary to
the perfection of this measure, it was re
peatedly invited, and eventually obtained.
A highly respectable gentleman, and late
Governor of Virginia, Thomas M. Ran
dolph, having been appointed the Com
missioner on the part of the U. States,
and Thomas Spalding the Commissioner
on the part of Georgia, they proceeded in
a spirit of harmony and concert to the ex
ecution of their trust, and I am happy to
inform you that, without bringing their
labors to a termination most desirable,
they closed them with no interruption of
that spirit. On the contrary, with an im
provement of it corresponding to the in
telligence, patriotism and liberal senti
ments which distinguished them.
The Charter of Georgia, the Treat}' of
Pc-aco of 1783, the Confederation of 1778, |
the present Constitution, the Treaty of
Spain of 1795, the Constitution of Goor
confirmed to the satisfaction of the Go
vernment of the United Stares, the con
clusion will be irresistible, even by itself,
that we must follow, not the error or mis
take of Mr. Ellicott, hut the language of
the Treaty ; m.t the point arbitrarily de
termined as the head of the St. Marys,
but the true head ; and that the true head
or source of the St. Marys is to belound,
not at ihe extremity of the northern, but
at the extremity of the southern branch ;
and that from this point the line must be
tun according to the letter of the charter
nf Georgia, of the Treaty of ’S3j of the
Treaty of’95, and of the Constitution Uf
of Georgia. This detail, so inconsistent
with the generalizing character of a Mes
sage, will find an apology in the extreme
reluctance which I feel to open a new
controversy with the Government of the
United States—the great* delicacy of the
question, (being one of boundary)—the
extent of territory, (more than two thou-
sands square miles) which may be involv
ed in if, and the obvious propriety, there
fore, in slating the question for the first
time, to state it fairly and fully.
It gives me great pleasure to inform
you that recent acts of the General Go- :
vernment, and of its different depart-!
merits, bespeak a return to good finding, ;
and give an earnest of future good under-
gia, all recognise or guarantee the head or j * ?ar -ding which it has been the sincere
urce of the St. Mary’s River as the true
point of ihe southern boundary ofthe State.
The Commissioner ofthe U. States and
t ie Commissioner of Spain appointed tin
der the Treaty of of’95 to run and mark
the line in terms of the Articles of that
Tteatv, instead of discovering the head or
source of the St. Marys, as they were in
structed to do, and for which they search
ed, established a point different from, and
disconnected with the head of that river;
viz. a point in the Okefanoke Swamp, one
mile or two miles north nf the mound of
Ellicott. I; had been ascertained by re
searches authorised to be made by com
missioners appointed under the authority
of this State in the year ISIS, that theU.
Suites and Spanish Commissioners, in a-
greeing to that point, were wide of the
true p tint—that the head of the stream
involved the rights of all the States—It j pursued by Ellicott was not to be found
asserts the broad power for the -Execu
tive of the General Government in any
controversy between a State and the U.
States, to decide the right and wrong of
that controversy promptly, absolutely and
finally, without appeal, and to enfoice
such decision by the sword—a power
most awful, tremendous, and unnatural,
and not given by the Constitution even to
the Congress. I a such a contest, Geor-;
gin could make no sacrifices too dear, Le
as he supposed, in the Okefanoka Swamp
two miles north ofthe mound of Elicott,
and it has been since ascertained that the
head of that branch of the liver is to be
found to the southward of both the swamp
and mound. It was justifiable to take the
mound as the true point, because so in
substance, our own commissioners, believ
ing that Ellicott in pursuing the north,
did pursue the main branch of the St. Ma
rys, had reported ; and so tho Governor
desire, as it is the duty, of this govern
ment, to cultivate. Our militia claims,
so constantly and sedulously, but unavail
ing! v urged before that government for
20 or 30 years, have been recognized,
and, under circumstance*” warranting the
belief that some grains of prejudice had
mingled with the former repeated consi
derations of them, and that nothing was
wanting to a prompt acknowledgment of
their justice at all times, but calm, dispas
sionate and impartial investigation.—
They are in a course of liquidation and
settlement.
The expenses of the military expedition
ordered for the defence of ihe southern
frontier against threatened hostilities of
array against the other. In self defence,
j we are first driven to a non-consumption,
j which in the end, must prove a non-inter-
I course, and, as a necessary consequence
of rhaf, to the cultivation of more friendly
relations with foreigners, who, supplying
our indispensable wants, at least so long
as the general government suffers them
to be supplied, will fake ihe place of our
own countrymen in our feelings and affec
tions, leaving nothing for them but bitter
ness and heart-burnings—We are not un
willing to give to our own countrymen
the same profits we give to foreigners pro
vided they are fairly and constitutionally
earned. It is the forced consumption nfj
an article, unconstitutionally enhanced ir
prion, which, like the forced consumption
ofthe tea, we resist. All things being
equal, we are not unwilling to consume
the fabrics of our own country, and so far
lo encourage the fabricators, but we pro
test against the artificial encouragement
given at our expense, whpn we are made
to pay, not only the tax for that encour
agement, but to lose the trade in our sta
pie which affords the only means of pay
ing it. It is not to he expected that fo
reign nations will long continue to receive
our raw material if we reFus 3 to receive
their manufactures, and we are not used
to that despotism which would constrain
11s whether for or against our interest to
manufacture for ourselves against our in
clination.
Conscientiously believing that tho Go
vernment ofthe United States is not con
ducted according to the principles of the
constitution—that powers are claimed and
exercised by it in derogation of those prin
ciples, and that in practice it is virtually a
consolidated government, and therefore
essentially different from tirat formed and
designed to be formed by the convention
of ’98, I would recommend to you, at tho
same time, to address a respectful and af
fectionate memorial to your sister States,
requesting them to unite with you in all
constitutional and legitimate measues to
bring back the Governmant to the pure
the Indians, have been allowed as a cor-j principles of'Mr. Jefferson’s administra
tion, which are the true principles of the
constitution. It is a subject of sincere
congratulation that, notwithstanding your
temptations have not been less than oth-
rect charge against the general govern
ment, and paid :—and monies advanced
on account of the United States' ^by ihe
Executive of Gaorgia for running and
cause she contended in a just and 1 igh-j of this State, in tlie year 1819, telyiug on
teous cause, ru* for herself alone, but jor
all the States, whose honor, dignity, and
independence, were alike at stake. Hap
pily for the country, the enforcement of
this measure has not as yet been attempt
ed—whether on reconsideration it Ins
been yielded to more deliberate sugges
tions and more prudent counsels, or deci
ded as wholly indefensible, and therefore
impracticable, or reserved for some other
and future occasion, is not known tome,
"*and can only be conjectured. It is rea
sonable, at least charitable, to conclude,
that what in tliis respect ought to be done,
has been done, and that wisdom and mo
deration can find no amends lor the ca
binet es of a civil war, in the transfer from
Georgia to the Indians of a comparatively
worthless fraction of territory, which, but
for the principle involved,* this govern
ment would not deign to make a subject
of angry -contention wiih that of ihe Uni
ted States.
the coriectuess of that report, had infor
med the Legislature. Our commissioner
was accordingly, instructed to agree with
the United States commissioner in run
ning the line from the mound of Ellicott
10 the junction of (he Flint and Chatta-
hoochie rivers. It happened that the U.
States commissioner was nut authorised
to concur. On the contrary, an act of
Congress which, departing from the ordi
nary course, gave his instructions, in the
same section in which it authorised his
appointment, virtually forbade it. Those
instructions directed the commissioner to
run fri m the point established by Ellicott,
two miles north ofthe mound, and were of
course directly opposed to the Treaty of
1795, which prescribed the head or source
ot the St. Marys as the true point. The
President of the U. States would have
been quite justifiable, disregarding the
act of Congress in this respect, in directing
his commissi aner to run from the point des-
making the Florida line have, although ' ers, you remain uncorrupted bv the assum-
that operation was arrested by the govern-] ed powers of the General Government
ment of Georgia, been as promptly paid
because manifestly right in themselves, but
affording, at the same time, no little gra
tification, because what is manifestly
right is not always done.
Among the various violations of the
Constitution of the U. States, the peo
ple of'-Southern States have lately
been rhlSkPK feel and to complain of that
prominent one which has taken from the
States the genera! guardianship over the
labor and industry of the people, which it
was supposed exclusively belonged to
them, and which, it is believed, thev ne
ver have voluntarily relinquished. It is
in the exercise of this guardianship that
the Congress proceed, fr©m session to
session, to tax one portion of the commu
nity, not interested in a particular branch
of industry, to sustain another portion in
terested in, and carrying on that branch.
Disregarding the liberal principles which
would leave industry' free to seek its own
employ ment, and returning to the benight*
ed policy long practised by other nations,
but now abandoned and abandoning-bp all
enlightened ones, it claims an absolute
dominion over it, to restrain, to encour
age, to prohibit, to cause it to take any or
every direction—thus substituting, for the
natural order of things, the artificial sys
tem of the darker ages—The piwec,
over 1 he Internal Improvement of the
country. Other states which surrender
ed this birth-right will find no compensa
tion in the promised equivalent, as princi
pal has never vet found its value in the
weight or measure ofthe precious metals.
I invite your attention again to the sub
ject of Internal Improvement, and to the
dangers inseparable fionV a longer post
ponement of a Judicious System adapted
to the wants and resources ofthe State.—
It is mortifying to our pride and it will
prove ruinous to our interest, that every
state in the Union afld every state in Eu
rope, advancing in ihtxcourse of improve
ment, opening communications between
the most distant territory, cheapening its
transportation, augmenting its trade and
commerce, and cementiug the union of
its people, give signs of increasing illumin
ation, whilst Georgia with, some claims to
intelligence and public spirit, has not yet
executed a solitary work or raised a single
monument in illustration of her devotion
to the agriculture and commercial pros
perity of her people. We must soon
withdraw from the rivalry of trade, or
share it on tho most unequal terms. No
fertility of soil, no geniality of climate,
can compensate to Georgia a difference
of freight of five to one against her, in a
competition with her neighbor states.—
it may houseful or profitable to do here
after. It is not to he expected that this,
or any other competent officer will devoie
himself to the service of the state, for a
compensation scarcely sufficient for the
maintainance of his family, when the same
qualifications in other states find a double
or triple allowance. It would bewiserto
abolish the office.
I again solicit your consideration of the
expediency of organizing a Court of Er
rors. If the Constitution should present
the oi ly obstacle, the Constitution should
be amended. That instrument must in
deed be very defective which has not on
ly omitted to guarantee uniformity in the
administration of justice but opposes ob
stacles to it. It is not necessary to the
organization of such a Court, that great
expense should follow' to the State, or
great expense and great delay to tho par
ties. It is the argument in* the court a-
bove which : s superfluous, and which it is
di • duty of the Judges to supply, which
produces both expense and delay. The
Judges want nothing but the record certi
fied from the court I elow, and it is no'
foreseen that all unneresary delay of the
final decision may not be effectually pre
vented. Under every government justice
should be administered purely, cheaply,
promptly, and uniformly—It is the union
of these elements which constitutes the
perfection of every Judicial System—the
delays and expenses which are not abso
lutely necessary to the attainment of its
ends are to be ranked among the greatest
evils of society, and are under a free go
vernment altogether insufferable—You
are invited to this amendment of your
own system, therefore, with a confident
expeetation, that without extraordinary
expense or extraordinary delay, you can
cause justice to be administered to the
people with purity tnd uniformity.
The Report of the Principal Keeper of
the Penitentiary wil make known to you
the actual state of that Institution. It
proceeds under many disadvantages (a de
fective building and a defective system) to
answer the objects of its establishment
and to justify the expectations of its foun
ders. Without knowing that the tempta
tions to the commisson of crime are less,
it is certain that the number of peniten
tiary oflences, so far from increasing with
the increase of population, has diminish
ed. Other causes may have contributed
to this result, but the more obvious and
immediate ones, must be found in the ope
ration ofthe code itself—You are encour
aged, therefore, to perseverance in a,sys
tem (imperfect as it k) which awarding to
crime its merited punishment, deters from
tho commission of it—Nor, in the estimate
of benefits are you to overlook that judi
cious management which promises to make
the industry of tbe institution available for
its support; and so far relieve the State
from the expense incident to the adminis
tration of rts criminal justice. The officer
animates them, the moral and religion*
sentiment which supercedes the harsher
discipline, maintains order and sub t ,rJj P .
ation, and the high attainments in Com pn .
sition and Elocution which, at the p.
nual Commencement, remarkably dis n
guish them. ' *
The Academics improve in the means
of usefulness as they increase in number
orgaaizing the bett systems and adopting
the most improved methods of instruction
—and the free Schools give better prom,
iseof fulfilling the ends of their institution
as the funds of their support are bettt
guarded and economised. So that educe-
tion may he said to flourish, and the r. i ; -
gion of enr Saviour,not less prosper.,1.
and in close alliance with.jt, giviii ' to i;
its fullest effect, their fruits are seen in
theimprovement of every condition of so
ciety, making its intercourse more order
ly as well as more bland and polished.
The faults of our Militia Sjstemhave
been frequently presented to you—The
revision and amendment which ought h
have followed, may be now postponed,
with the hope and expectation that Con-
gross, fulfilling its duties to this resj/.cl,
wil! revie w their own system and adopt an
organization calculated to give slrbiftv
and efficiency to tliis arm of national de
fence. In the meantime everv encour
agement has been given to the'furmatinit
of volunteer corps, who, animated by a
love of country, and trained under a goo 1
discipline have stood ready to answer at
moment’s warning, the order reqinu j by
any exigency.
The Congress of the United S runs
having been invested with the qualffied
power “ to promote the progress ofsci-
ence and usetul arts bv securing 'o authors
and inventors the exclusive right to rheii
respective writings and discoveries,”the
power over every other description nf in
dustry, not inconsistent with this, is of
course reserved to the States, or to this
people—That of agriculture, the parrot
of all the rest, is peculiarv entitled to ihr
encouragement and protection which i-
not inconsistent with its general freedou
The introductions of a new culture may
claim the countenance of government, a-
well from its general utility, as from the
difficulties attendant on it. Among the
varieties which c mtribiite to the comfort
of men, that ofthe vine ranks with the
first c’ass. A culture eminently' promofivo
ot the public health, and the public moral?.
Our respectable felhnv citizen, Thomas
McCall, of Laurens, distinguished alike
for his science and pbilanthrophy, has de
voted many years to this culture, and his.
laudible zeal and patient industry give
promise of ultima e success. A temporary
and limited encouragement may ensure if;
and its good effe- ts would be seen eventu-
hHvioa diversified cultivation, in an inde
pendence on foreigners for an article of
great value, and in the gradual substitution
in practice of a less for a more intoxica-
who is at the head of it deserves well for! beverage. If you coincide with ran
the fidelity and intelligence with which he
superintends its interests, and it is submit
ted whether in offices of this description
where the qualifications for them depend
so much on a knowlodge of their details,
frequent changes do not operate injurious
ly to the public.
The Report of Judge Schley will dis
close the glaring defects and inconsisten
cies of the Code which a short experience
had enabled him to detect, together with
the obvious and necessary remedies which
you cannot fail to apply.
The Finances of the State require yonr
attention. It is important, in relation to
to them, that there should be system—that
it should be simplified and intelligible, and
that in the ^administration of it, you should
neither be ^deceived yourselves or be the
instrument of deceiving others.Ifit is ask
ed on what resources the government re
lies for its annual support, it will be dif
ficult to find an answer. A general tax
law is annually passed, and it purports to
be an act to raise a tax for the support of
government; but according to your prac
tice—for there is no system—the whole
amount raised and applicable to the sup
port ofgovernjnent is not sufficient for that
object one third. If it is asked upon
what other source than taxation the go
vernment relies, theouly answer that can
be given is—upon any monies winch are,
or which may be in the Treasury—If the
government does not rely on taxation for
its support it ought to be distinctly known
upon what resource, either permanent or
temporary it does rely. If it reli^ on
taxation, then the income should be made
equal to the expenditore, or the expendi
ture reduced to the level of the income.
Ought the government to rely for itsordi-
in the policy of extending a fostering hand
to this subject of agriculture, the kind and
degree of encouragement will be regulated
by a sound discretion.
The various acts and resolutions of the
last Legislature depending for their effica
cy upon the Executive p^iwer, have either
been carrried into effect or are in a course
of execution.
An abstract of warrants drawn upon the
Treasury—a list of Executive appoint
ments, made during the recess of the Le
gislature's also the reports of the differ
ent Banks, accompany this communica
tion. The sound and healthful state of
the currency as exhibited bv these reports
is highly creditable to the Directors of
those enstitutions, and as conne-ted with
the general prosperity ofthe country must
be very gratifying to you. That of the
Bank of Darien continues to be an excep
tion, but the report gives assurance of pro
gressive improvement, and ultimate reslo-.
ration.
Resolutions of the Legislatures of Ver
mont, Connecticut, Alabama and Maine,
having relation to various constitutional
amendmenes, are also Submitted.
The vacancies occasioned by the death
of Brigadier-General Stephen H. Gil
more, of the 1st Brigade of tin 3d Divi
sion, and by the resignation of Brigadier-
General Thomas Dawson, of the 2d
Brigade of the same Division, remain to
be filled.
Retiring from office, after four years
administration of the public affairs, it
woujd have given me pleasure to congra
tulate you on the safety of the Republic,
the flourishing condition of the country,
and above all *n the union and happiness
of the people—That the Republic i$ yet