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From tixpmoer**! Freu. ■ ,, ;
SKETCHES OF TITS BAKBAKY STATES. [
v *■• no. i. ; vr-l'
The states in Barboiy have lately become peculiarly
' -r to this country. The war with Tripoli, com-
Id prosecuted at a period when our naval re-
were not ciesrly-defined or perfectly regulate<l,
kill and gallantry of our officers and sesf-
_ igave edtty promise of that distinguished merit which
*jt‘ maturity gaipe a high rauk to their country, even then
fur exceeded the expectations which were*'indulged Tor
% successful issue, and laid at that time the foundation
for -the establishment of a maritime force which has
been raore remarkable for it* deeds .than for its size
AT power, more honorable for the bright examples It has
'let and characters it has produced, than any naral pow-
F equal extent in the wbrld. The war with Tripoli,
‘ might truly Ho called, the era of our naval inde-
:nce, was succeeded by a contest of a more serious
mture; this Was followed by our late hostilities with the
Algerines, whose quick-sighted policy arrested the pro
egress of our measures anct checked the operation of our
Arms by a perfect submission, Aware; however, of their
igharacter, and having studied their views, experienced in
(fU* calculations on their faith and morality, we do not
’frustto treaties alone, but have continued our naval
«orce in those seas, and have ordered our si.ips to hover
Xtyertheir coasts to appeal constantly to their fears, and
^rer prepared, if necessary, to make a durable impres
sion on those fears. The Barbary powers, are likely,
therefore, to acquire new interest from past as well as
present operations, and a short view of tneir characters
and customs, as well as, a brief history of their govern-
Snents, wilt, we’trust, be not wholly unacceptable.
The Barbary powers, under t.ie head of which we enu-
^jSftrate Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, are all in-
■Hependentofeach other, and are severally governed by
Moors and Turks. ThoseofrMorocco, Tunis and Tn-
sbli, are hereditary, and that of Algiers, wnich also in
cludes the tributary province of Constantine, is elective.
Morocco is governed by an emperor, and is the most ex
pensive, rich and powerful of all the slates. Algiers elects
ms dey from the Turkish soldiery, the meanest of which
eligible for the office. Tunis ’is'governed by Beys who
Are hereditary, and who are partly of Moorish and part
ly ofTurjtish origin; and Tripoif, the weakest of the three
powers, is an hereditary Pachalic. The inhabitants of
Morocco have degenerated from a race of manly and
•liberal men who once rendered their names famous for
ocienceand wisdom, wlo established schools of philoso
phy in Cordova, an l on the smilftjg plains of Grenada,
and who were more enlightened, more tolerant and
Store gallant, when possessed of Spain, than the present
jTice who call themseives the legitimate proprietors of
that inild and fruitful country.
Since the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, spirit,
Emulation and character have deserted them, and the de
Ocendants of the Abincerrages have passed from a state of
*
jfrrfiect civilization to the extremes of a savage ba n-ri y.
For several centuries past die continued pilgrimage
the Mussulman of Barbary to Mecca and Medina, and
the consequent interchange of sentiment and opinion
With bullions of their Coreligeonares, who pmush as
semble there at stated periods, have produced a constant
emigration to the Barbary states from'the interior of
A aii a nd the borders of the Persian gulf, and the con-
jfines of the Caspian sea; from this mixed population it
j&ght be considered difficult to discriminate Ifetween the
natives and the emigrant?- This, however, is not tiie case;
the natives principally reside in the interior of the coun
try, and form that body of men who are called Bedouins
S t Arabs; the emigrants or the descendants of emigrants
well principally in the cities and maritime towns, and
are generally engaged in commerce and manufactures.-
The Bedouins differ materially from the Moors and
Turks in their manners and appearance; they are mostly
<ttll and slender, their complexions a light olive; they
have a mild and placid look, and their features have all
the characteristic form and traits of the Numidians.
Their dress is h thin woollen robe or blanket, which is
•thrown loosely and not ungracefully around them ih
several folds, and secured at the shoulder by a pin or
broach; this, together with sandals, gives to them the
«ir and appearance of antiquity, and when they assemble
in groupes the gravity of their manners and the sober
Reflection impressed on their countenance, we think for
the moment that the companions of .Syp’nax and Massa-
nissa are before us. Toe Bedouins shave their heads
aefiOrding to the M ahometan custom, around which they
bind fillets of brown serge, or cloth, which is wound in
several folds and secures a part of their robe, which is
Wiled bovrnouse or hood. Their diet is principally
-dates, milk and bread of an excellent quality, the sim
plicity of which, joined to moderate exercise and con-
onual bathing, keeps them in perfect health. *
The Moors who reside in the sea ports are of a differ
ent character; their confined situation, the heat of the
atmosphere on their towns and cities, their natural in
dolence, joined to the immoderate use of coffee, tobacco
•and sherbet, combine to render them corpulent, unactive
■awl wieldy, notwithstanding which they are more shrewd
and more capable of managing public affaire than the
Bedouins, who form the greatest portion of the popu
lation, and may be considered as the yeomanry of the
-Country; they have, by a series of revolutions, been com
pelled to surrender tluiir authority into the hands of the
Moors and the Turks, and the simplicity of their habits
And manners renders them unequal to the task of ruling.
As there is no material difference in the character and
policy of the states in Barbary, we Shall make a few
observations on the kingdom of Tunis, partly in conse
quence of its high rank in authority, but principally its
being the ir*st civilized of the three powers, and af
fording the most authentic sources of history. The re
volutions in Tunis have been constantly attended by
•cenes of tyrann y*, perfidy and assassinations. Original
ly, they were governed by deys, appointed sometifnes by
the Ottoman Pbrte, but generally by the Algerines, to
Whuin they were tributary. The Arabs and Moors, how
ever, found the power of the Algerines to be extremely
•oppressive, and they made various attempts to shake of'
their dependence, and to make choice of their own beyi
•or sovereigns. It was not, however, until about the
year lfiMi that the Tunisians succeeded in chusing their
own beys. The revolution was effected by the zeal and
-activity of Mahmed and Ali Bey, two brothers, wlfo de
feated the Turkish soldiery and drove into exile the i
reigning dey Mahmed Icheleby. The conquerors assem
bled the Divan and-the .Shikmedieu or municipal chief of
Tunis, and* proposed an hereditary monarchy, which fi
nally was determined upon, and Mahmed, the chief of
the revolution, was chosen die firs, sovereign. This sud
den change, however, Sid not last long; the people once
immersed in the dhaosand confusion of a revolution, felt
disposed tt> -revive those turbulent feelings among the
Turks, wffidh had only been smothered; they felt it also
to be difficult .to reconcile themselves to the new order
of thfogs, and accordingly a party of the disaffected suc
ceeded_njLproqj@tii.ig a rupture with Algiers; an army
vii Assembled on the frontiers, at a place called Kcft,
which was commanded by the dev of Algiers and the
beyd t Constantine, who succeeded, after a vigorous at
tack, in obtaining possession of Tunis The bey fled in
to the mountains, and the dey named as his successor a
Turk called.Mahmed •Ben Chouques. The Algerine
forces had no sooner retired from the kingdom, when
Mahmed "Bey having succeeded in raising the Arabs in
the mountains, came down and retook the city, and drove
his rival back to Algiers. The Algerines were not dis
posed to incur the expense' of another campaign, merely
fop the purpose of placing Bed Clmuques once u',.ire on
the throite. They permitted Mahmed Bey to hold his
possessions quietly, which he did until he died. The re
gular succession then became confirmed, as he was tran
quilly succeeded by his brother Ramadan Bey. This new
chief was represented to be a man of uncommon mildness,
and as his administration wanted energy and vigilance,
he was deposed and put to death by his nephew Murad
Bey, whose despotism and cruelty were marked by so
many aggravating circumstances as to arouse the fury of
thtfWOple, and he in his turn was assassinated by Ibranara
Cheriff, who was elected bey in his place: but Ibrahara
bciiiKtaken prisoner in battle by the Algerines, the sol-
diersqlected a new chief called Hassan Ben Ali. This
map sris descended from a Greek, and from him the beys
of Tunis, until the present time, are descended ip reg u
lar succession.
ffiustn Hen Ali, though popular with the people, still
Mf that his throne was insecure; white Ibraham, -hispre-
doeessor, was alive at Algiers; he, therefore, adopted eve-
rif—l ii mf to obtain possessaon of his person, which for
At lengfat he caused it
^0 yyC Cllvtl 1 utCu* 11v* viiif iivsu iiio ---- - • - ,
for Ibraham Cheriff, whifch he wod§d surrender the m#
tnent he wouliFretnrii: Ibraham ^deceived at length
with these promises, ventured to, return wiffi * sand
stifte tAa town near the ruins of Utica, called Pbrtt> s cruelty. The
Farina- where on the iiistant of his Arrival, H*s head was. aide, anc * COg*}><
Farina, - where on th^ .instant of his Srrival,
struck off by Hasson Ben Ali, All claims to the ffirone;
then ceased, and Bell Ali reigned tranquilly. .He had nt>
ded his forces, and was represented as
An event, however, occurred some. time.after, which
destroyed the hopes of Ali Bey in obtaining possession ot
the throne. A cruiser had cap-tired a Genoese vessel, o»
board if which was a woman of uncommon beauty, and
in conformity to the established custom she was niaced in
the harein and the Be ^conceived a great attachment for
her—sind on her renouncing her faith and embracing the
Mahometan religion, he married her. By this wife he
had a son wliora lie called Mahmed Bey, *md afterwards
,vo others, wlio were named Mahmoud and Ati Bey.—
Being now provided with an heir,,he annonneed to his
nephew, Ali Bev, the necessity of revoking the declara
tion which guaranteed tohim the; possession of the throne;
but as a proof of hisconfidefice and affection, he purchas
ed for him from the grand seigneur, the titMfef Pacha,
which he accepted with apparent content. wP«P P^-
rneiit, however, in the Hopes he iad indulged ofwielding
tlie scent re, his ambition could not rest satisfied with an
empty title, and no power or command; he waited for a
favorable occasion, and fled to the mountains, where he
had formed i party, ami with which he attacked his uncle
Hassaii Ben All, who several times defeated him. Find
ing his resources inadequate, he prevailed on the Alge
rines to assist him, who sent a powerful army before Tu
nis, took the- citv, drove Hassan Ben Ali to Suza, and es
tablished Aii Bey. Hussart Ben Ali remained along time
in exile, when, having f irmed the determination ot re
quiring assistance from the Algerines to re-establish tiim
and protect his children, he left Suza for Algiers; but
shortly after was overtaken by Younncs Bey, t. e eldest
son of Ah Pacha, who put him to death—die children es
caped. Vli Pacha having removed the principal claimant
to the throne, was ted to expect a peaceable reign, but
was disappoint-ill by the turbulent and factious spirit ot
his children. His second son, Mahmed Bey formed the
design of excluding his eld-r brother Y->umies from the
succession, by creating disaffection, towards him in the
minds of the father and the people; this he succeeded in
doing. Younnes iley, finding tin use if superceded by his
brother, fled from die palace at Bardo, took possession
of a strong fortress in the city ot Tunis, built by diaries
the fifth, called the Gaspe, which commanded the town.—
From this citidal, however, he was driven and fled to Al
giers, to claim assistance as usual. Mahmed then re
moved his younger brother, by causing him to be poison
ed, and flattered himself with the hope of tilling the
throne on the death of his fattier Ali Pacha. At this pe
riod, a revolution occurred at Algiers, which terminated in
electing a dey, who was an avowed enemy to Younnes
Bey andolihis family; he determined to espouse the cause
of die two'children of Hassan Ben All, who had been kil
led by Younnes Bey—and accordingly marched before
Tunis, took possession of die city, caused Ali Pachi, the
reigning bey, to be strangled, and placed Mahmed Bey,
die eldest son of Hassan Ben Ali, on the throne.—
Tranquility was once more restored, the bey however,
died shortly after, leaving two children, yet in infancy,
who were called Mahmoud and Ishmutl—both of whom
are now alive, and the eldest is at present bey of Tunis.
These cnildren being too young to reign, Ali Bey, die
brother of Mahmed, took possession in trust tor his
nephew; but having a son who gave early indications of
a great mind, he used his efforts to make him papular
with the people, which he succeeded in doing, anil on his
death, Hamuda Pacha, one of the greatest men that ever
governed in that kingdom, was created bey. This place
ne held for upwards of thirty years, and was succeeded
by his brother Attoman—to the exclusion of Mahmoud
and Ishmael, who were the legitimate claimants; they
however, caused him to be assassinated—and in 1615
Mahmoud Bey, die grandson of Hassan Ben Ali, and the
descendant of the Genoese lady, was chosen bey. Thus
for 15syears,* the kingdom of Tunis has been convuls
ed by revolutions, and these revolutions have "not been
without their effect in corrupting the minds of the peo
ple, in rendering them insensible to the principles ot
honor and gpod faidi, and in perpetuating a system of
dispotism and cold blooded cruelty—and amidst ali these
scenes of confusion and disorder, it wiil be seen tnat the
Algerines have played no inconsiderable part; they have
ever been prepared to afford co-operation to that party
who were the most disaffected, ahd the most likely to
promote tumult and disorder; and in addition to these in
ternal commotions, it will be recollected thatallthe states
ui Barbary were prosecutingacontinued warfare against ail
Christendom, aud have until this moment swelled their
catalogue of unfortunate slaves,and would have continued
to be a terror to the neighboring states, had-not an example
been set by the American people, wlncfrhas for the pre
sent checked their system of piracy and slavery,.and
which there tsevery reason to believe will ultimately des
troy it. * ,
them to walk <
■ptAfW'
As to die prob
From Bell’s Messenger, of Avgust 18.
EXPEDITION TO ALGIERS.
BT I*rmf to obtain posaessaion <
ptfiBe wore defeated by Ibnhaor.
As the general armament of Europe, and indeed of
America, are now on their way to the attack of this for
tress of piracy, and as accounts may be shortly expected
of their operations, the public mind, always anxious for
the glory of the country, is naturally directed with a
strong interest towards the probable issue of this expec
tation. And as it usually happens, where the scftne of ac
tion, is so remote from general knowledge, tjie appre
hensions on the 6ne part, and the sanguine hopes upon the
other, are so totally beyond all reasonableness, that it be
comes the duty of suclt of the public journals, as profess
impartiality, to afford a correct view of the actual state
of the enterprise, of its expediency and its probable is
sue.
Upon the first question, the duty and expediency of
’this expedition, we should have thought that a doubt
could not have existed, and that as our settlements in
the Mediterranean have rendered that sea, in a great
part a British channel, so it was incumbent equally upon
our commercial interests, as upon our national .dignity,
to clear that sea of its pirates. To a commercial nation
like England, the oceans, seas and navigable rivers, are
the highway of the world, and it would appear^ therefore
our manifest interest'to clear them of robbers arid mur
derers. In all trading nations the security of the roads
has been regarded as their first interest. But the sea, as
we have said, is not the high road of a mere nation, but
the liighway of the world, the means of intercourse of
nation with nation, and man with man. It will be ac-
kno #'.edged, we presume, that this representation makes
out a strong case, and that to counterweight it, * stron
ger must be made out on the opposite side.—But the on
ly contrary argument which we have met with, is the al
leged difficulty of victualing Gibraltar and Malta, unless
by the Barbary states. *But this argument is grounded,
upon a supposition that the object of the expedition is
to destroy not only the pirates, but the states themselves*
not only tbeircity and forts, but their cultivated fields.—
But thi? we presume is not the object of the expedition.
A\“e should hope that the-’purpose iato root out the pi
rates, and replace them by Christian garrisons. \Ve re
tain Gibraltar in the very teeth of Spain; Why not Al
giers in despite of Morocco? Jtf the expedition proposes
less than this, the argument in objection to it is not with
out some grounds.' If it proposes this, it will establish
in permanency the security which it proposes to re-
Store. . . _**• •« . -yn ■! mm*mL
Another argument Has been used against not only its
expediency, but our right It is urged, that the late
massacre was that of a m«b, who rising in rebellion
against their own government, ami acting in despite and
defiance of them, should .not be confounded wi‘h the go
vernment itseff; that all we can require as satisfaction for
such an outrage is, that the government shoulddisavow,
and in so far as it* powers go,should punish them. But
that is already dune; be lt so. But has not the
existing Algermt government actually taken up
arms to defend . the resolution of $he new dey and di
van to annul the'Toriner treaty? Does not the spirit in
which the late massacre arose Drove the folly of all such
when they 1
port, hstfre
eustom is so much a matter
_rTxe<r«te it with as nuich c<?o8»
an inclined plank from tbe vfessel’B.
, one by one (as many of them
aiMTnto the sea.'
issue-oft his expedition, we should
hope that there ean be no doubt of a termination, suited
to the present glory of ,the English items. It7s perfectly
true that Algiers is nbt4n so deplorable a Stat«?-of w&ik-
ness as lias been represented iri-some of our papers, and
that two sail of the line witl'c If iinly not be sufficient to
humble and destroy it.* Bui'as so many powers have
proceeded against it at one time, we will almost take
upon ourselves to, say, that at least thirty sail ot the line
Will be Iaid'abreaSt of it; and as we haye a right to reck?,
on‘upon the characteristic gallantry of English seamen,
-we are perfectly tranquil as to the ^ent. -The battle
will certamlv be formidable The Algerines are stated
to have nearly three hundred pieces of cannon com-
-mundingtheir harbour; and amongst the renegadoes they
wilt doubtless find some wretches who .will serve and
manage them. But a fleet which succeeded at Copen
hagen, efri hstve nothing to fear at Algiers.
Iii the event of the success of the expedition in ex-
pelling the Algerines, of which we cannot adow our
selves to entertain any doubt, one of twri measures is
proposed—the'first is, that of delivering t^iese towns and
cities, unto the hands of the grand Seignor, as members
of his dominions, and the second, that of establishing in
them Christian garrisons. We will not allow ourselves
a momentary consideration of the former, as it must be
as repugnant to the .feelings of our readers, as we feel it
to be to our own minds. We must express our hopes
that the latter will be adopted, and we must confess that
we see no difficulty in accomplishing it, but they are
neither insuperable, nor too much nor too mariy for the
importance of the object. We certainly see no reason
why we should not meet the ignorance and fanaticism ot
Mahometans bv the civilization and tempered zeal of
Christiiln nations, and why we should not attempt (un
der such a manifest .opening) the establishment of a
Christian empire on the coast of the Mediterranean.
One of the evils of the present times, is undoubtedly the
excess of our population beyond our actual means.
Would it not appear; that the most natural remedy
would be what was the remedy ot the nations of the an
cient world, under similar circumstances—colonization.
The present sovereigns of Africa, on the coast of the
•Mediterranean, are four, the first of whom is the empe
ror ofi Morocco; the other three are the dey of Algiers,
the bev of Tunis, antj. the bey of Tripoli. Our first bu
siness is with the dey of Algiers, and afterwards with the
beys of Tripoli and Tunis. It is a matter of some doubt,
whether the emperor of Morocco, (for so we presume
we must call this barbarian) will not declare his neutrali
ty, and renew the peace for himself.
SEIZURES AT SIERRA LEONE.
treaties with SttcH powers? Audi* not their system one of a«d selling it out
piracy and robbery; and with respect to the alleged pus
ses, English crews, Sic. ish’not notorious, (we are now
speaking from the jetusi knowledge.ofr w-fneud efewr
owfi.Juiit not,' we say notorious,^that the Algerine |»i-‘
Bustos, October 5.
The following is an extract of a letter to a gentleman
in this town, dated
Sierra Leone, July 24.
“For your information I beg leave to state the proceed
ings here against several vessels of the United States,
whijch appear to us to h*ve been lawfully trading on tlris
coast.
“On the 18th of May two vessels were observed off the
Cape; and <?n the 19tii the governor despatched the col
lector of the customs with two armed boats who seized,
and brought them both into this port; the one proved to
be the schooner Hiram, of Newport, which was under
way when seized, distant from the Cape about 3 leagues,
endeavoring to get round the Shoals of St. Ann, but
calms and com rary winds had prevented her for twe or
three days. The other proved to be the brig Frances, of
New York, which was at anchor, when seizea, waiting for
an anchor, the captain had purchased from a merchant
here, without which he coula not with safety prooted to
tlie leeward. The depositions of the principal officers of
both vessels being taken, it was judged expedient to re
lease the Frances, although, in my opinion, both were
guilty of an equal offence, if any. The Hirara'being now
detained for adjudication, tlie next and most difficult
point was to find evidence sufficient to condemn her-,
for which purpose people were sent along the coast as
far as the Bonoma Islands, where the vessel had previous
ly been trading; a distance upwards of thirty miles, and
without a doubt beyond the jurisdiction of this court,
consequently they had no authority whatever to enquire
into any transactions the captain might have had there;
they however took the deposition of several negroes to
whom the captain had given a few heads of tobacco, for
a little wood and water. With the above evidences, and
her transactions a^ Goree, it was concluded they had suf
ficient grounds to effect the desired purpose. The tri
al came on tlie 27th, June, when she was condemned (few
vessels are tried at this court and released) as good and
lawful confiscation and forfeiture to his majesty.
At the friol it was stated by the learned judge, that
the vessel’s transactions at the Island of Goree were alone
quite sufficient to condemn her, it being a dependency
of tlris colony and that ali foreign vessels-anchoring there
were liable and subject to condemnation. This is some
thing new, as it never was before considered, and in fact
it is the opinion of most people here, that it is not a de
pendency of this colony, being merely a settlement taken
from the French and ceded to them by the last treaty.—
But allowing it were a dependency, the captain had per
mission from the governor for the business hexlid there,
which was merely the selling and landing of a few provi
sions to himself for the use- of his majesty’s troops station
ed there and in the riverGambia; consequently one would
imagine he was perfectly safe—I am however very sor
ry to find it otherwise.
“The next vessel that arrived here was the ship Gcrier-'
al Lincoln, captain Swan, from Boston, who cleared out
for Sierra Leone, a very considerable part of her cargo
being for the governor, which was verbally contracted
for when Mr. Swan was here, about six months ago; but
no se-ner was die vessel at anchor, than to the great as
tonishment of captain Swan, she was seized for so doing;
however, in consequence of the contract, it was consider
ed rather unjust to condemn her; she was therefore, after
few days’ detentiou, set at liberty, with special orders to
the captain to get under weigh and. depart from the colo
ny immediately. I conclude by giving you my most can
did advice that should you be inclined to fit out a vessel
for this coast, do not upon any account whatever allow
her to come even in sight of Sierra Leone.’ 1
CESSION OF INDIAN LANDS.
The Indians stand in a strange, but well defined rela
tion to the United States.—They are like “a wheel with
in a wheel”—a sort of imperium in imperio.
They possess their own lands, but have no right to sell
them, but to the government of the United States. For
example—
No otiier nation can purchase land of the. Indian trihes
—for this would be to establish a foreign jurisdiction
within tlie boundaries of tlie United' States—The go
vernment of Great Britain, France, Spain, Sic. cannot
of course, obtain their territory of the Indian tribes, by
purchase or in any other way. . .
Again—no individual, not even of the United States,
can forcibly or surreptitiously settle on lanil within an
Indian tribe, without rendering, himself liable to be
driven off by the command of the President—Nor can
he obtain such land by purchases or any other tray; for*
it is expressly provided by the Act of 1802, that “nb
purchase, grant, lease or other conveyance of lands, or
of any title or claim thereto, from any Indian* or nation,
or tribe of Indians, -within the bounds of the United States toe
shall be of any validity, in law or equity, unless the same ° W1
be maud by treaty or convention, entered into pursuant
to the Constitution: And it shall be a ihisdemeanor in
any person, not employed under the authority of the
United ffiates, to negociate such treaty or convention, di
rectly or indireotly, or to treat with such Indian nation,
or tribe of Indians, for the title or purchase of any land
by them held ot! tlaimed, punishable by a fine not ex
ceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not ex
ceeding twelve months.”
• The govemment of the United States then* has the sole
power of'buying land of the Indians—-and When this land
is thus acquired by purchase, of opening land
' ’HirtritlfSfiif kwh the Had—but thcrSae > ?_
it to the government of the United States.
considered aluproprveto** of a soil, with absolute " lf5
diction over it,as long a* they hold rt-but
truusfernng is objected to cwtain raatrirttem nf
may hold, as long as they'pletae—but they canned 7
‘Lj but do tbvSpvdmaent of the United SteJ**
1 he British government once attempted to aim „ m
at this Tight of purchase in the United States to the u?
ipfthe northwest—but the designs if the commissln 3
at Ghent were soon seen through, and indignantly"!?
.The proposition, in fret,'came to this, thTt
should yield out right of territory, to so nuici, of
land as lays within these Indian tribes—in other Wn te e
abandon a portion of the United States, which * , 1
immense extent,, , u, i J> • ** «f
Without ahy act of violence or fraud, we most
acquiring and peopling die Indian hinds, until /®* 1 ’
population‘shall cover" the wilderness. New ,
'shoot forth; the fide of population is still marcnin- ts
new treaties are held every year, new cessions art ? ,° n ’
year made—until the sons of the western desert
become almost as rare as they are ih Virgin.,.
mu nil Compiler.
shad
-Aid.
funux, (Ten-) September 25.
We are informed by major Eastland, froa t ^.
saw nation, that general Jackson, with the othttV, , ■
sioners, hail completed the treaty with the difft/'j*', 13 '
dian tribes in a manner perhaps the best calculi ,<
promote the general weal of the govemmenst, ^
settle all existing animosities or differences bctween^i! 0
different Indian nation as well as between them „ n ,i
United States. For all lands lying beta, en the"mo *
of Bear creek and Fort Deposit, on the north side of tu
Tennessee river, the commissioners for the Tnited Sut
liave agreed to give $80,000, payable in ten annuaTi?
stalments; and for the establishment of general Cop >
line with the possession of theMand included thtrC *
they have also agreed to give $120,000 payable
ten annual instalments.
in,
a
EXTENSIVE FIRES IN THE INTERIOR.
Portsmouth, (s. h:) October 5.
For several days post, the atmosphere in this virmit.
as heen filler! with isiich thick^rninkp o* 1 v
has been filled with such thick'smoke, as sometimes ta
render the sun so dim, as to be vie a ed without pain to
the eye, and nearly to eclipse the moon. This -mote
proceeds from the fires now burning m the bark p! r of
the stale. At Gilmantown, on Tuesday last, the woods
being on fire, an explosion took place,'which threw /
trees and timber to the height of sixty feu, and a column
of fire as high s the eye could reach, to tne ext- nt of
about five rods square: this happened on hnd of Mr
John Thurston; about four miles east of the academy
between 1 and 2 o’clock, a. m. attended with a noise sa
milar to an earthquake, and lasted a minute or t«.
The fires extended 'o Guilford, Alton, H„rnstear \ ew
Durham, Farmington and Rcchtater. We also hear that
in the .county of Graft on, «n the town of Plymouth, Run-
ney, Wentworth and W-rren, very ever."she fires ma
raged; as also in the towns on the Kenntbeck river.
Saizm, (Mass.) October 5.
We learn from Maine, that the woods in tie towns of
Paris, Albany, Hebrert, Bethel, 8cc. in the counw ot Ox
ford, had for some time been on fire, with jmjn'enst do.
truction in the forests, and that a dwelling house and
two barns had 1/en burnt in Paris. Ou account of 'be
drought, it was impossible to arrest the progress of the
fire, and the inhabitants were obliged to watch their fields
and dwellings to prevent their destruction We also
learn that the crops of corn, potatoes, &c. had been almost
totally destroyed by the frosts, but those of wheat, rye,
Ac. were uncommonly abundant Great inconvenience
is experienced bv the inhabitants from the scarcity of
water in their mill streams.
The Buenos-Ayres government brig Tndepandins. u-
rived at Baltimore on Wednesday last frost Buenos .ly
res, and a cruise of four months on the coast of Eunc^
Left Buenos Ayres eorly in June.
PUBLIC CREDIT.
A striking contrast at this moment exists betweeate
finances of the United States and those of Great Brito.
It will be seen that on the first January, 1817, there d
probably be a surplus in the teeasury of the Uniitd
States of about nine millions of Jfplars. Lord Cochhib,
at a late meeting in London for the relief of the poor,
stated that there would be a defdeney in the revenutof
Great Britain fur the current year, of eleven nuiltoi. ,fi»
hundred and seventy-three thousand pounds' No wor.co
that English fund-holders are anxious to sell out, ana »
vest their capital in American stock; which we find by;
tetter from England, is the fact.—Boston. Fuiriot.
TAXATION.
The evils of Taxation, if would seem, are not ali chars*
able to our administration. The American editors ta
each other, some with corruption—some with scurriiiiy
—some with one thing, and some with another- and ca
at least, it seems, is taxed with the lie direct. By tne by;
we move a repeal of, such a dii-ect tax as thr-f
the public interests if ill permit.— Wilmington If atoms.
Some people seem to be exceedingly elated at the n.
suit of tlie Philadelphia election. Let them take ir.a
consideration thaHthe district composed of the city »ad
county of Philadelphia and county of Delaware, which
sends four members to congress, have elected two demo
crats and two federalists.—Tile same district is now rep*
resented by 'four federalists. The union between the
latter and the old schoolmen was the cause of the two fid*
eral candidates’ succeeding. As s party by themself
they liave nothing to hope for .—National, Advocate.
Among the present publications of Paris, of s pop®-'
and attractive kind, is The Tower of a Frenchman ri-P
England, in the years 1810 and 1811. The writer, ip**
ing of Scotland, says—“Even in Scotland civilizano*
makes a sensible progress, but there may still be
some fine women very well dressed, with white mus®
gowns, gloves, and even a parasol, holding their *i<*j
and stockings in their hands, and walking bare footw
through the mire. They;, defend the custom as clesmji
for it is absolutely necessary to wash the feet—as heako*
ful, for they are sure not to have' wet covering to the
r—and no one can deny that it is economical.—
intelligencer.
'LIBERAL OPINION IN THE PRESENT POPE-
A Jew, at Ravenna, who first turned Christian and £
ter wards relapsed to bis old faith of Judaism, P* 1 ".
the’clutches of the inquisition; but he was rescued by
Pope, jrho, in annuling the proceedings, thus ubcW
expressed himself:—“The divine law is not uke the
nf •* laa nn*l> if mifr]none p(
ft me^ns
of man; it carries with it mildness
Persecution, exile, and prisons, are the means crap*
by false prophets and false teachers. Let us ph.' 1
man who is deprived of the light, and who even
to he deprived of it; for the cause of his blindness w
serve to promote the grand designs of Prov idenc*
Aurora.
.thus been \
union. ..Theconsequ
day co—’ —‘
the Indians in
arious cession'll have
rates, in order to get rid of any English
compel
iy covering
jL<- 2
.viv’iHii nth
LAW INTELLIGENCE.
At the superior' court sitting in Danbury,
last week, came on the case of the State vs. Ehphoist
net.- Information charging,the prisoner with a w'llw
felonious.burning his own bouse in the night
The fact of the wiiful burning being proved, ,, w
the jury, that it is no crime for a man y-
bum his own house. Whereupon the jury ”" m
returned the verdict of not guilty.
POST-OFFICE CVJT-ASTROPHE.
Kurxiw* j.
It is oo^goricaily averted, ****££$&]
paper, that on openingfoe mail, afull 8 TOW ^..*“,
out of the bag,having beencamed wn
cat achresticJ business, the hke °***** jo
in all ourcaf-alogue of casuahue*. Though . pQf t>
t a»B whhmobssco •ndwater ^
tMs manner eauxht more