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In the year 1780, three years af
ter ithe Independence of the gtalcs,
which compose this Unioa, hud been
“acknowledged by Geeat Britdipy a
treaty, at Hopewell, was co,nq%nded
- with your nation by the QMled States.
‘The emphatic .la‘nguage it contains
}’?hgnnu; e mljslakcfi'i commencing as
fotlows — "The commissioners pienis,
poientiaries of the United States in
Congress asscmbied, give peace to all
the Cherokees and receive them into
favor and protection of the United
States 'of America.” It proceeds
then to allot and to define your limits
and your hunting grounds. You were
secured, in the privilege of pursuing
the game; aid from en- roachments
by thufiwuilnu No. right however,
save a mere posscssory oney'is by the
“provisions of the treaty of Hopewell;
conceded to your nation. The soil,
and the use of it, were suffered to
§ remain wi%’nu, while the sovereign
-1 z\kided, precisely where it did be
re, in those States, within whose
@g;x{ou were situated. .
- Subsequent to this. your people were
at enmity with the United States, and
wazed f)tvm' upon our frontier settle
ments; a durable peace waus not en
tered iuto with you, until 1791 At
that poriod a good vinderstanding ob
tained, hostilities ceased, and by the
~ treaty made and concluded, your na
tion was piaced under .the protection
of our Government, aond a guaraniee
~ given, favorable to the occupancy and
possessiomol your couutry. But the
United States. al vays mindful of the
aut?writfgé of the States, when treat
ins for what was so much desired,
peace with ‘their red brothers,. for
b re to offer a grarantee adverse to
the sovereignty of Georgia. They
¢ uld vot do so; they had not the pow
e "
At a more recent period, to wit:
1522, the State of Georgia, defining
heto:vn proper limits, ceded to the U
nite! Strtes, all her western territo
ry upon a condition whih was ac
cepted, “that the United S:ates shall,
at their own expense, extinguish for
the use of Georgia as early as the
same can be peaceably obtained -on
reasonable terms the Indian title, to
all the.lands within the State of
Georgia.” - She did not ask the milit
ary arm of the Government to be em
ployed, but in her mildness and for-
Lcarance, only, that the soil might be
*»yielded to- her,” so soon as it could
peaceably be ob'ained.& onreasonable
terms.. [a relation to sovereignty
nothing is said; or hinted at in the
compact; nor was it necessary or even
proper, as both the parties to the a
greement well knew that it was a
_right which already existed in the
State in virtue of the Declaration of
our Independence, and of the treaty
of 1783 alterwards coucluded.
" These things have been made known
to you frankly, and after the most
friendly manmner; and particularly at
the making of the treaty "with your
nation in 1817, when a portion of your
_people stipulated to remove to the
west of the Mississippi; and yet it ts
~alleged in your communication to this
Department, that you have ‘-been un
shackled with the laws of individual
States, because independent of them.”
The course you have pursued of
establishing an independent, substan
tive. government, within the territo
rial limits of the State of Georgia, ad
verse to her will,. and contrary to her |
rconsent, has been the immediate
cause; which has induced her, to de
part from the forbearance, she has so
‘long practiced; and in virtue of her
authority, as a sovereign, independent
State to extend over your country,
%Legislative enactments, which
818 and @very State embraced in the
confederacy, from 1783 to the pres
ent time, when their independence
was a:'mowledged and admitged. pos
_esss2d the power to do, apart from
any anthovity, oéppos'iggintgl‘ference
by the General drovernment.
+ Bat suppose, and it is 'sngz'estel],
mecely for the nurpose of awakeniny
yonr hetter jnddément, that _Georgia,
~cannot. ahd ought not, tos@laim the
esorcisdnf suh nowar alfern
ativelisthen ;)figse)tw.. Nre l'y{ al
low me; to call your ’%HP@(W a
motyfifit«tdfifllé grave chard fthe
convse. which nndera mistaken view
of yoar “own richts, you #Hssire this
Goverament to adent. Tt is 10 lass.
than an invitation, that Efie shall step
foriward o arrest the constitutional
acts ofan i'wle!)endnnt.gatc, exer
cise ] w?"l?n.her own limits, Should
this be done, and Ge’brgta persist_in
the maintainance of her rights, and
her authority, the consequences might
be, that the act would prove injurious
to us, and in all prebability ruinous to
you. The sword might be looked to
as the ‘arbiter insuch an interference.
—But this can never be done. The
President cannot, and will not, be
guileyofigg?h such an meclation’.
'T'he arins of this country can never be
"emp*p?’cdx, to stay any State of this
Uumon, from the exercise of those
legitimate | owers which attach, and
belong to their sovereign character.
Au interference to the extent of af
fording you protection, and the occu
panty of your soil is what is demand
ed of the justice of this country and
will not be withheld; yet in doing
this, the right of permitting to you the
enjoyment of a separate government,
within the limits of a State; and of
denying the exercise of sovereignty to
that State within her own limits, can
not be admitted;—lt is not.within the
range of powers granted by the States
to the General Government,and there
fore not within its competency to be
exercised.
In this view of the circumstances
connected with your application, it be
comes proper to remark that no re
medy can be perceived, except that
which frequently, heretofore has been
submitted for your consideration, a
removal beyond the Mississippi,
where, alone, can be assured to you
protection and peace. It mustbe oh
vious to you, and the President has
instructed me to bring it to your can
did and serions consideration, that to
continie where you are, within the
territorial limits of an independent
State can promise you nothing hut in
terruption and disquietude. Beyond
the Mississippi your prospects will be
different. - There you will find no con
flicting interests. The United Stotes’
power, and soverignty, “uncontrolled
by the high authority of State juris
diction, and resting on its own ener
gies, will be able to say to you. in'the
language of your own nation, the soil
shall be yoars while the trees grow,
or the strcams run. But situated
where you now are, he cannot hold to
you such language, or-consent to be
guile you, by inspiring _i'nfgour bosoms
hopes and expectations, which can
not be realized—Justice ‘and friendly
feelings cherished- towards our red
brothers of the forest, demand that in
all our intercourse, frankness should
be maintained.
The President desires me to say,
that the feehngs entértained by him
towards your people, are of the most
friendly kd; and that in the inter
course heretofoye, in past times, so
frequently ~had with the Chiefs of
your nation, hé failed not to warn them
of the ccnsefi?’xfi,‘%‘,es, which would re
sult to them from resuding within ~the
limits of sovereign States. He holds
to them, now, no other language, than
that which he has heretofore employ
ed; and in doing so, feels counvinced
that he is pointing out that course
which humanity and a just regard for
the inte'est of the Indian will be found
to sanction. In the view éntertained
by him of this important matter,
there is but a single alternative, to
yield to the operation of those laws,
which Georgia claimsyand has a right
to extend throughout her own limits,
org remove, and by assocrating with
your brothers beyond the Mississippi,
to become again united as one nation,
carrying along with you that protec
tion, which, there situated, it will be
in the power of the government to
extend.—The Indians being thus
brought together at a distance from
their white brothers, will be relieved
from very many of those interruptions
which, situated as they are at pre
sent, are without remedy. The gov
ernment of the Umited States will
then be able to exerci®é over them a
paternal, and superintending care to
happier advantages to stay encroach
ments, and preserve them in peace
and amity with each other: while
with-the aid of schools a hope may be
indulged, that ere dong industry and
refinement will take the place of
those wandering-habits now so peculiar
to the Indian character, the tendency
of ‘which is to impede them in their
mareh to civilization. :
Respecting the infrusions on your
lands. submitted also for considera
tion, it is sufficient to remark,..#at- of
these the Department had already
been advised, and instructions have
heen forwarded to the Agent of the
Cherokees, directing him td cause
their removal; and-it is earnestly
hoped, that on this matter, all cause
for future complaint will cease, and
the order prove effectual. .
With great respect, your friend,
Signed, ' JOHN H. EATON.
The Cherokees and Choctaws we!
as really Indians, thirty years ago,
any on our borders. They were of
the same materials with other Indians,
had the sa;&posgfilfhe same
habits—the sam%snpersti&ions';-—-wepe
exposed to the same corrupting influ
-ences, frauds and impositions from the
whites. A- mighty change has been
| effected among them by some means.
| They now present the grand spectacle
of a pedple rising up from ruin and
intellectual degradation, throwing
‘aside the rude manners and the dis
tinctive traits of their original char
| acter, and embracing those of enlight
ened and Christian society—There
has never been a time since the first
efforts were made for introducipg
civilization among the Aborigines,
when complete success was thus hope
ful. ;
We rejoice at what is doing.—ln
tellizence of *success® at the stations
‘among the Indians, will be hailed by
all christians with peculiar joy. It is
believed that they have been sadly
overlooked, and that they never have
received that share i the distribu
‘tion of missionary labor which ought
to have been bestowed on them. If
to any nation the American Christian
or the American churches owe a debt
of gratitute, and are under peculiar
obligations, it is to the dying remnant
of our Indiantribes. To almost eve
ry one, there is a deep, perhaps.it
ay be a romantic interest attaching
to them. A century hence, much
more than now, it is believed, they
will be regarded as a deeply injured
and a_deeply interesting people. -
Most countries. of the Eastern
world abouvndswith many relics of an
tiguity—with many visible ruins com
memorative of human thought and
haman action. With us the case.is
different. We have among us one,
and but one monument of antiquity;
and . this is emphatically a living ruin.
The few remains of the Indian tribes
are to this country, what the broken
column and the falling cloisters are
to Europe; and the hand of time has
not been more destruetive to these
remains of human‘art, than have been
the relentless cruelty and avarice of
the United States to these simple
childven of nature. Théy have been
diiven back from -the home of their
fathers, and repeatedly forced from
l all that was dear to them in life; they
“are now scattered upon the borders of
our continent like the splinters of a
' wreck upon the billowy ocean.
. Fis. Tel.
Cherokee - Indians.—The last Ma
con Messenger says, a report is in
circulation in this place, founded on a
letter from a resident in' the Chero
kee Nation, that they have come to
the conclusion to sell their lands and
emigrate; and that they will remain
no longer than the present Summer.
We do not understand what steps
they have taken, if any, further than
the resolution; but think there is rea
son to give some credit to the inform
ation.—-Bav. Geor. [The above is ol
tiue.] _
NBW BOHOTAS
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 17, 1829.
From the documents which we this day
lay before our readers, there is not a doubt
of the kind of policy, which the present ad
ministration of the General Government
intends to pursue relative to the Indians,
President Jackson has, as a néighboring
editor remarks, “recognized the doctrine
contended for by Georgia in its full extent.”
It is to be regretted that we were not unde
ceived long ago, while we were hunters and
in our savage state. It appears now, from
the communication of the Secretary of War
to the Cherokee Delegation, that the illus
trious Washington, Jefferson, Madison and
Monroe were only tantalizing us,” when
they encouraged us in the pursuit of agri
cu'ture and Government, and when they
afforded us the protection of the United
States, by which we have been preserved
to this present time as a mation. Why
were we not toldJong ago,‘gz we could
not be permitted to establish a gevernment
within the limits of any state? then we
could have borne disfiintment much
easier than now. The pretext for Geor
gia to extend her jurisdiction over the
Cherokees has always existed. The Cher
okees have alwayg;had- a govegxiflent of
their own. N otlm, however, was said
when we were governed by savage laws,
~when the abominable law of retaliation
carried death in our midst, when it was a
lawfu'l act to shed the;vblood of a person
charged with witcheraft, when a brother
could kill'a brother with impunity, oran in
nocent man suffer for an offending relative.
At that time it might have been a matter of
charity to have extended over us the mantle
of Christian laws & regulations. But how
happensit nd%;’hf@éfbéifig fostered by the
U. States, & advised by great and good men
to establish a government of regular law;
when the aid and protection_ of the Gener
al Gevernment have heen pledged to "us;
when we, as dutiful “children” of the Pres
ident, have followed his instructions and
advice, and have established for ourselves a
government of regular law; when every
thing looks so promising around us, that a
storm is raised by the extension of tyranni
cal and unchristian laws, which threat
ens to blastall our rising hopes and expect
ations? ‘ ;
"There is, as would naturally be suppos
ed, a great rejoicing in Georgiar Itis a
time of “important news”—gratifying in
telligence”--The Cherokee lands are to be
obtained speedily.” It is even reported
that the Cherokees have come to the con
clusion tosell, and move off to the west of
the Mississippi—not so fast. We are yet
at our homes, at our peaceful firesides, (°x
cept those contiguous to Sandtown, Carroll,
&c.) attending to our farms and uscful oc
cupations. ]
Wed%;&d congluded to gi_\'e our_ readers
fully our thoughts on the subject, which
we, in the above remarks, have merely in
troduced, but uponsreflection & remember
ing our promise, that we will be moderate,
we have suppressed ourselves, and have
withheld, what we had intended should oc
cupy our editorial column. We do not
wich,by any means,urfnecessarily to excite
the minds ofthe Cherokees. 'T'o our home
_readers we submit the subject without any
special comment. They will judge for
themselves. 'To our distant readers, who
may wish to know how we feel under pres<
ent circumstances, we recommend the me
morial, the leading article in our present
number. 'We believeit just'y contains the
views of the nation.
GREAT EARTHQUAKE IN SPAIN.
An Earthquake was felt on the
21st March at Madrid, and many
other parts of Spain= In the pro
vince of Murcia it occasioned the
most afflictive disasters. The fol
lowing is an abstract of Letters to the
27th of March,
-~ Murcia, capital of the province—
Not asingle church or edifice that has
not been considerably damaged. The
bridge of . Segura which unites the
two parts of the city, has suffered
materially. Severul houses have
been ruined, and a- great number of
persons perished.
Carthagena—The quarter of Ser
rath has been ruined.
Saint Fulgencia disappeared.
Rojales, La Granga, Cox, San
Miguel, Colosa, and several other
cities and villages, have suffered a
great deal of injury.
La Mata is a heap of ruins; the
earthquake has dried up two salt
lakes. !
Torre-Vejo—Not a single house is
standing—the town a heap of ruins—
the number of killed and wounded is
very great—2oo bodies have already
been dag out. :
Ovihuela—Some edifices have fal
len; the number of deaths here is but
seven, the whole populationis in the
fields.
Giardamar is ng longer in €xist
ence; two wind mills only are stand
ing, the village having entifely disap
peared. :
Maajda, and several other villages
in the vicinity, have sustained great
injury. g
Rafal--This village: has been de
stroyed; the number killed ¥and
wounded is immense.
Aix-Garres—Several houses have
tumbled; and a mountain near the
town has rolled away, and several in
dividuals have perished. . iy
- Benejuzar—The greater part of
the houses have fallen; the number of
wounded is considerable, - and the
killed amount to 250. o
Almoravi—Not a single house or
edifice remaining on this foun*tion. |
Already 400 persons have been taken
dead from the " ruins, besides a large
number of wounded. %
The earthquake of the 21st was:
accompanied by a tremendous noise.
Travellers observed at the moment of
the shock a column of fire proceeding
from the eastern coast of Murcia.
Nor have the shocks ceased ever
since the 2lst in that ‘province,
‘and further evils were expeci
o - ¥
The number of dead is incalcula
‘ble. After four hundred bodies had
‘been dug out of the ruins of Almoray’
seventy more were found. Minéral
springs have been removed to the dis
tance of six miles from, ‘the place
where their sources originally were.
The river Segura, which flowed
through the city of Murcia, has
changed its course and its mouth.
Four great craters are opened af
Benjuzar, and emit lava and .infece
tious exalations. Two other craters
open at the place where Torrevjali
was built, & pour forth torrents of
feetid water. The King has taken®
measures’ to succour the victims of
this disaster. He has ordereq]-v:‘aflthe
revenues of the provihce of Murcla
to be employed in relieving the per--
sons' whom this misfortune has re
duced to misery. It is said also that
80,000 francs, the produce of the sale
of oil, have been destined for the same
purpose.
Military.—The two Companies of
the 4th Regiment of U. S, Artillery
under command of Col. M'Rea, which’
have been heretofore stationed at
this_post, in compliance with orders
from the Department of War, wiil
proceed to Augusta in the Steamboat
Carolina on Moanday. This move
ment is not only intended probably as
a healthful ‘change, for the summer;
but Augusta may be considered a more
convenient station, in case of any ne
cessity which may possibly exist for
the “assistance of the troops in carying
into effect the laws of the %’ate of
Georgia with reference to the Chero
kees.— Savannah Georgian, ‘
A detachment of fifif’?&fßécruigs of
the United States army, enlisted at
Greenville, S. C. and (he “adjoining:
district of Spartanburgh, ‘by Captain’
Butler, left the former on the 13th
for Fort Mitchel, Alabama, to cdt
plete a company ‘of the 4th Regiment
of Infantry stationed at that place, and
it is presumed, with a view off?acil-*
itating the movements of ihe emigra
ting Creek [ndians' Waest of the Mis
sissippi.— Sav. Georgian, , ‘
Steam boat Casualties.~~The number of
steam-boat accidents, during the pres
ent season. has been’ almost unparal
leled—from what causes we are
unable to determine. The following
is the most complete list of losses and
damages, that we bave'been able to
procure: o j
The Columbus—near the month of
the Ohio: boat and cargoentirely lost.
The Illincis—between tlie. moxffih of
the Ohio and St. Louis: hoat and car
go entirely lost. The Pilot—in the
Mississippi, above the mouth of the
Ohio. The Montezuma—a few miles -
below Helena: boat and ‘3’ greater
part of the cargo, entirely lost.—
The Decatur—entirely los. . The
Muskingum—lost on Red River.—
The Natchez--at the mouth of False
River. The Belle Cre'ol\e—\-entirely .
lost. The Hercules—run déwn by a
brig below New-Orleans, and entirely
lost. The General Carrol—recently
run in contact with the Diana, and
sunk in fifteen minutes;——hundred
miles below Louisville: boat and car
go entirely lost. The catalogue of
partial losses, is too extensive for
detailed agcount. Some of the most
serious are, the Talma, HiLerna, Pat- ‘
riot#Brandywine, ‘Florida. The Tal
ma was discovered to he on fire, with
ove hundred and fifty kegs of powder
on board of her.. She was scuttled
and sunk before the flames reached it,.
Since raised.—Natchez Ariel.
- Imagination.—The following, case’
lately’ occurred, under the eare of
M.. Maury, at the hospital of St. Lou
_is:—A young man from the country,
‘alabourer, imagined that he had swal.
lowed a young' snake in a glass of
water. It is"five years (said lve)
'since the accident occurred, since
~which time the animal has net ceased
to grow. It has now attained an enor
mous size, and produces great incon
venicnce, constantly in motion, it {ra
verses the belly, mounts into the chest,
& somtimes rises up to the left eye, °
when T have a distinct perception of
its size and color. Sometimes its
movements are so violent and painful,
that T am obliged to constrain them,
by Seizin§ and squeezing it through
the parietes of the abdomen.” The
patient described a variety “of cir
cumstanees connected with his in{er
nal enemy, and appealed to the by
\standers whether they did not hear-
