Newspaper Page Text
From the American Farmer.
Singular facts in regard to Indian Corn
ascertained by experiment.
Edisto Island, S. C. >
March 20, 1825. $
Dear Sir. —Having somewhere read that
seed selected from the point or small end of
melons, cucumbers, and pumpkins, would
exhibit a greater increase than if taken from
the middle or butt end. I tried the follow
ing experiment the last season, on corn,!
which, though not sufficiently conclusive,
should yet lead to further inquiry and ex
amination. In the centre of my field there
were two pieces of ground, (not adapted to
cotton.) each 10.5 feet square, which were
divided, and planted with seed from the
point, middle and butt end, according to the
following diagram.
Tusk No. 1. Task No. 2.
r
| POINT | | BUTT END
|| MIDDLE I l| MIDDLE |
|1 BUTT END |j || POINT 1
L. j li—SH— d
"When the corn was harvested, the pro
duct was as follows, viz. Task No. 1, point,
3 pecks; middle, I peck and 4 quarts; butt
end, 2 pecks. Task No. 2, point, 2 pecks,
and 4 quails; middle, I peck and 3 quarts ;i
boil end 2 p-cks. Both tasks were plan-)
ted at the same time, cultivated in ilie same
manner, and I am not aware that there ex- 1
isted a dilference of soil.
The a.erage crop would have been much
greater, had not (lie season been so peculiar
ly unpiopiimus to the husbandman. In the
monilisol June,July & August the drought
w.i. unusu illy severe, and portendi d the
most disastrous consequences. A Hood ofj
rain succeeded in September, and fields:
which had previously exoiUiled a parched:
and meagre appearance, were now literally
inundated.
To the theorist, am! him who is emulous,
of peoelratii. The arcana of nature, I sub
mit the so. • ’:(• problem which the
above tacts >
Vei v ( i.. > '•want.
• .ill V)UK
•*>» -f s-
S.
Great yield ,y . an' ->•
Os the It IST mu.. i'u: ijr.uu , (Vi; ■
Caro Una,
Ei.izvbeiii City, lot- Ml' ■ i
Dear .Sir: i did not receive you.* letter:
soon enougn to comply with your wish, to
ho\ ea s imple ol our Roanoke or scupper-)
noog Wide in time lor your agi iculturul
fair. 1 have some, winch i piefer to Ma
deira, made in 1d24, by mysell, on Hie
island, where 1 purchased the grapes and
prepmed the wine in a proper manner.
Toe grapes themselves are the most deli
cious ol all others ; they are mdigenoui, of
the speices ot the lox, but white, larger and 1
more luxuitaut of growth. On toe island,
one vine serves each landlord, as it will 1
spread as long as you will Had it bearers,
and (3(1 bushels is but a common vintage
lor one vine, flic soil on winch it tlsur-l
isiies, is poor and sandy, and will produce*
nothing on vines, and the grape is difficult)
to propagate on a iillereat soil.
Tin* island might be thrown into an eu
lire vineyard, and would produce several
thousand hogsheads.
I'ne flavor of tlie wine is somewhat
sweet, but remarkably rich, luscious and
oi,y 1 propose going down in .September
(li is only ;3U miles 1 rmi this) and makmgi
several casks, secundum arlem. It re-)
quires s kill in managing, as that made by
toe inb .imams, alter I heir rude and care-;
b-ss m.diner, is by no means a fair test ofi
tin power d tlie grape.— I hey do not suf-
I t n n ter.neiu, but add new apple brandy
1 • (be .1 "te, ju>: from (he press. At the Sd
daps lei mentation, it is excellent Chain*
p.M.n, but lew bottles can bold it in tins
dim Me.
1 am, with great respect,
1.. SAWYER.
lo the Kditor of the American Farmer.
J! handsome p ice for sheep. —A gentle
man •>siding at hast Windsor, Connecti
<;:i, i. a int er to the editor of the New
K -•! n.f ItaMinr, says, “ I have sold one of
i. v >aXon links fur 8130; two at 8120
< • one for 8110. and half of another
'. i 3H*O : one Ewe fur SHU, and three for
uto e.a h. ? ’
Mr. Adam Ilnar, ol this comity, raised
add prepared about eight hundredweight of
It-hip. wlddi, delivery to the Navy
Ag.'in in i’-.-ladd|■Ida, was placed in the
h d.ns i „ rope m k r, (or the purpose ol
having ii made ii.'o mpe and its quality
le-ti-o ; ami s tor as die examinatinn lia<
1; ••I' made, *t In;- been found eijua! it:
(jiiaiity to the best Hussion, “and of course,’
ears lie-Navy A.-ent, “ it will be paid for
rating it accordingly."
L Lancaster Journal.
’ ECONOMY OF THE EYES.
OBSERVATIONS BY DR. KITOHINER.
Without spectacles all the other workin;
tools, of most artists, soon after their 40tl
year, would be almost useless.
At that precious period of life, when ge
nius begins to wait upon judgment, tin
persevering student would no longer be abb
to enjoy the limits of the labors of his prede
cessors, or to preserve the produce of lih
own for the benefit of posterity.
f'he accomplished artist, almost as soor
as he acquires bis art, would be incapable ol
1 pursuing it—the seeds of perfection which
he lias been industriously cultivating during
the first period of life, would very soon after
cease to be productive, and, but for the eye
(invigorating art of the optician, his lattei
: days would be melancholy and forlorn.
It is hoped that, by a little attention to the
1 following pages, that all who can hear, may
be enabled to procure precisely such glasses
jas are most proper for them.
Every body is in want of such information,
because nobody has given it—therefore, I
have endeavored to render it as easily
attainable, as it is universally desirable, by
communicating it in such plain terms that
every body may understand.
The choice of spectacles is one of those
acts which cannot be properly performed by
proxy—the sight cannot be perfectly suited,
unless.
" Every eyo negotiate for itself.”
This is so absolutely true, that not only
one person cannot choose for another—but
one eye has very little notion what glass
will behest even for its own brother, so ex
tremely does the left eye occasionally differ
from the right.
No faculty of man varies more in its na
ture, or is susceptible of so high a degiee of
improvement and refinement by art, as the
J sense of sight. The highest degrees of its
discriminating power are acquired slowly
, and imperceptibly.
From organic imperfection and neglect of
cultivation, many people pass through life
who (it may be said, comparatively,) never
see— i. e, whose eyes never have tne facul
ty of accurately appreciating either farm—
or color:—to very few, indeed, is it given
to perfectly perceive and portray both.
There cannot be a more evident proof of
'the general defect in the people’s sight, than
the general acceptance of capricious and
unreasonable fashions, which appear to be
prevalent, in proportion that they are in
direct opposition to all the principles of
'good taste, and which, to a fine eye, are
I frequently frightful, and absolutely painful
to behold.
From the different modes of coloring of
I different artists, I suppose that the ey r es of
,11" fw» painters feel exactly the same im
ipression of colors—and objects appear of
inherent colors accordingly as they are
animated with the different lights.
" The mole’s dim curtain, and the lynx’s beam,”
do not differ more extremely than does the
sight of different persons—and of the same
| persons at different ages,
j The peculiar conformation of the eyes,
differs quite as much in different persons,
as the construction of (heir noses; it is just
| as impossible to guess exactly what specta
cles will best suit the sight ofanother person,!
.as it is to tell what tunes are most delightful
to his ear, or what tastes are most delicious
to li is tongue.
Nothing can be. more erroneous than the
| common notion, that there is an invariable j
rule, that a certain form of glass is calcnla -I
ted for a certain age. No rule lias more!
exceptions : but this vulgar error lias been!
| productive of great and irremediable injury
[to the eyes of thousands.”
There could not be a more useful charily,
| than that of providing proper spectacles
I for the pooh.
The best glasses, set in single-jointed
steel frames, may be purchased, wholesale,
at the rate of 18 shillings per dozen pairs ;
—if a single-jointed frame is fastened round
the head with a riband, it may be kept on,
almost as steadily and comfortable as a
double jointed frame.
For the small sum of eighteen pence, the
benevolent may enjoy the gratifying reflec
tion of giving an industrious workman the
‘•power of long continuing (ns labor with uu
diininished ability, and of earning a subsis
tence of extreme old age.
In no way can so much good be done with
so little money !
; •• U,ui Visum, Vitam dat.”
Ihe greatest part ol the disorders of the
eyes of poor people who are upwards of for
ly five years ol age, are occasioned bv their
straining their sight, for the want of spec
tacles, or by looking through bad glasses, or
. those of a focus not suitable to (heir eyes. 1
hope when this is considered bv the Over
[seers of the Poor, the District Societies for
f bettering the condition of the Door, and ‘the
) patrons of the eye infirmaries, that they will
c make the distribution of spectacles a part ol
r their bounty.
Symptoms of lit eyes requiring specta, Its la read xeitk.
J he natural decay of the sight commences,
j in common eyes, very soon after “ the Meri
/’|dian ol Idle,” which, according to those whe
i I'fain men for athletic exercises, and.accord
- 1.1 mg to Dr. J imeson, is about our twenty
,fjeighth —according to others, about our thiV
Vl l y -ti fth year.
?j The chryslaline humour is clear am
n tratisparei i like water, till about the (wen
iv filth or thirtieth year ol our age, when i
*•• | begins to become a little yellow towards tlv
rentie, which yellowness grows gradual!
I deeper and deeper, and extends more ani
more towards Hie surface, insomuch that
Ur. Petit found that the chrystaline of a man
eighty-one years old, resembled two pieces of
ig beautiful yellow amber.” Dr. Porterfield on
,h Eye, 1759, Bvo. vol. i. p. 229.
The commencement and progress of the
>. deterioration of the sight, depends upon the
ie health of the individual, upon the original
e formation of the eye, and how it has been
.. used.
is Some eyes, at thirty years of age, re
quire the aid of art as much as others do at
n bfty, while the sight of, some persons con
if tinues almost as perfect at fifty as it was at
1, thirty, w
g The average period of the eyes requiring
spectacles to read with, is about the forty
- fifih year.
r Nature has decreed, that, soon after our
fortieth year, the most perfect eyes shall no
e longer retain the privilege she gives to youth,
y °f the power of adjusting them to see dis
tinctly at dirt'erent distances ; this range of
accommodation diminishes gradually, till it
i falls almost entirely —those to whom it is
I given to continue to discern distant things
„ distinctly, no longer see those which are
Y near distinctly.
t Very few persons past the a gc of forty,
can see quite so well by candle light, as
e they could before that age—those who can,
Y w >ll generally find that there is a small de
gree of shortness in their sight, which is
the cause of their possessing that advan
tage longer than persons in general do—if
f they will try that very shallow concave
tj which is called by opticians, “ No. 0. Con
-5 cave,” or u half a number” —they will find
.jit give a deemed outline to distant objects
r which they never saw defined sharply be
fors.
However, people who do not use their
C eyes for minutely examining near, or for
; accurately delineating distant objects, are
* quite unconscious of the finer perceptions of
rja line and cultivated eye, and are equally
insensible to (be smaller gradations ol the
f deleri ration of their sight, and happily
. suppose that " they have a good eye,”
r while, as Beatrice, says.
. " They can gee a chu ch by day light.*
There are some symptoms too evident
, even (or the sell-love of the weakest and the
vainest to mistake, by which all persons
C will easily perceive when they really re
, quire the assistance of spectacles.
I I'he first indication of the eye beginning
. to be impaired by age, is that, when you
, wish to .ead a -mall print, you are obliged
fjto remove it further from your eye thao you
.jhave been accusmined to do, and ilesire die
paid of plenty oflignt ; and, on looking at a
1 near object, it beco nes confused, and ap
(lpears to have a kin I of mist before it, and
(jtbe letteis of a book run one into another,
sr appear double, &c.; and, by candle i
plight, you catch yoursi If holding a book, '
. &c. close behind die candle, and that you '
begin to admire the ingenuity of the gen
tleman who invented snuffers.
, You vyill begin to feel the absolute ne
, cessily of using glasses, when you want to
read a small print by candle light, for
twelve months before you require their as
sistance by day light.
If you obstinately strive against nature,
and barbarously refuse your e»es that as
sistance from art, which will enable you to
' see with great ease, but withmt which you
| cannot see without great difficulty, you will
' act as absurdly as if you refused to eat
when hungry, or to sit down when you are
tired, and will soon strain and weaken
Jyour sight, which will receive more injury
Jin a few months by such forced exertion,
I j than it would in years, if assisted by pro
!{per glasses, which render vision early.
| However, some people seem to be about ,
jas unwilling to acknowledge this truth, as
"they are to confess that they do not feel
' quite so frisky at forty-five, as they did at
I twenty-five.
The common objection which people
; make to put on spectacles is, that, * if they
j once begin to wear them, they are afraid
they can never leave them off again. This
’ is true enough ; but why should they, if by
Jsuch aid their sight is relieved and pre-
Jserved, ami they are enabled to see easily
‘ and distinctly, and when they attempt to
’| read without, their eyes ache, their head |
! aches, and every bit of ’em aches. !
A man afflicted with incurable lameness,
who cannot move without crutches, would
i act just as wisely in refusing to avail him.
* sell ol them, because he can never hope to
walk again without.
•' Timely assistance from glasses will
ease the eyes, and in some degree check!
‘ their tendency to grow flatter ; whereas, if
r they be n it assisted in time, the flatness
; will be considerably increased, and the eves
jj he weakened by (he efforts they are com
pelled to exert; all delay is dangerous, and
"'the longer those who feel the want of as
sistance, defer the use of spectacles, the
® j more i hey will increase the failure of the
'eye.”--jidams on Vision, 1792, B vo.p. 109.
“ 1 he: change in the contui motion of the
eyes, which renders spectacles useful, seems
to be one ot those which nature has dcstin
*’ e d take place at a particular period of
lile, and to which there is no gradual ap
proach through the preceding course of life.'
j A person tor instance at lorly, sees an ob-j
ject distinctly, and at the same distance that |
'■jhe did at twenty. When he draws near to;
titty, the change I have spoken of common
d ly comes on, and obliges him, in a short
i- time, to wear spectacles. As it proceeds,
it he is under the necessity of using others of
ie a higher power. Hut instead of supposing
ly that his sight is gradually becoming worse,
d from a natural process, he attributes the in
crease of the defect in it, to his too early
and frequent use of glasses. Upon the
whole, 1 should draw this inference from
what has been said, that —no person whose
sight begins to grow long, ought to be in
the least prevented from enjoying the im
mediate advantage which spectacles will af
ford him, by the fear that they will ultimate
ly injure his eyes-.” — Dr. IVells on Vision,
p. 23.
AAst oi VifelleTS.
Remaining in the POST-OFFICE, at Waynesbo
rough, Cfeo. Ist July, 1825.
Allmined John, } Mill Elijah,
Andrews John 2, | Hi 11 lienjamine I),
ittaway Harley, I Hatcher Edward
Ballard Reddick, | Hill James IJ.
Mowers John B. J Johnson Hannibal 2,
Bowers John Dr. i Kimball Jose|)li 2,
Bush Joseph, | Kidd Edward,
Ballard lohn, » Kinsey Abs deni,
Buxton William 2, j Lambert John,
Hargenean Elisha, J Murphey John W.
Belcher or Hines, 1 Milton Peter 2,
Brown Fielding J. | Moore John B.
Bush Samuel, I Myers David,
Belcher Abner, } McKay George,
Hyne Lewis, \ Messer Stephen,
Bell, the family of Jes- j Mania Rachel,
se k Eliza, I Murray John,
Catlett Mary, | Nichols Heusof,
lollins Jos. B. or Sarah,} Neruin Hiram,
Cox Sarah, 1 Overstreet Moses,
Chew Henry, I Owens John,
Clark Charles, I Elizabeth VI, Hamilton,
Carsey Bud. | Philips Joseph I.
Champion Elisha, J Powell Lieut C. It,
lutteau Peter J. ? Perse Thomis.
Cleaveiand Mai tin, 1 Perry Joseph 2,
Carter 'W illiam P, | Paris Henry A.
Cox John, | Ponder Itichard,
'■o k El.zubelh, ; Rial? Anlitir,
■ickson John, ! Reese William,
Dickson Hubert, J Rim al Stephen 2,
riregon Charles, J Spam Lewelliog,
Gresham Jobe, | S. James,
Gudbee Samuel, \ Tinda'.e James Sent'.
Godbee, James or Sami, i Wimberly Edmund,
.odhee William, 1 Walker Mrs. Martha,
Gamble Roger L. j Williams Jane,
Mai d Henry H. I Welch James,
Harwell Absolem, J Ward Capt. John,
Holliday A. E. j Ward Nancy 2,
E. Garlick, P. M.
Ju!y»l9 3*i t 7
Sheriff’s Hale.
Will he sold on the first Tuesday in August next,
al the Court House door, in Waynesborough,
Burke county, within sale hours ;
One Gray Horse, levied on as the
iroperly ol Alexander P. Lewis, to satisfy an
ixeculion in favour of Patrick Seasomt.
—also—
-273 Acres of JLand, adjoining
.and- 1 of Janies Hines and others, levied on as
he property of Charles Kimball, to satisfy an
Jxecuiion in favour of Samuel Wilson.
—ALSO —
Two Negroes, viz : a negro wo
nan named Lynn, and tier child Jerry, levied on
is the propei ty of Michael Wiggins, deceased,
» satisfy sundry fi fas from u Justices Court, in
avour of Artimr Hrb, vs tlte administrators of
Miclteal Wiggins, deceased.
John T. Forth, s. b. c. 1
June 30. 1825 5t -r 3
Administrator’s Hale.
Will be sold on the first Tuesday in August next
at the Court-House, in Waynesborough, by or
der of the Honorable the Court of Ordinary :
Seven Negroes, viz: Monday, ,
ten, farad, Pegg, Henry, Jim and Arch, belong
ng to the estate of Colten Merritt, deceased,
nd to be sold for the benefit of the heirs and
Teditors of said deceased.
Comfort Merritt, Jldni’rx.
tiw'fce County. May 3 18 25 I3t t 91
Administrator’s bale.
Vill be sold on the first Tuesday in August next,
at the Court-House in Franklin county, at tlu
usual hours :
One Negro, named Uandal, of
he Estate of Wilburn Edwards, deceased, sold in ,
rder to make a division among Hie heirs of said
ieceased,— Terms made known on the day ol
ale,
George Stovall, JhLm’r.
May 24. 1825 lot r 97
Administrator’s Sale.
Will be sold on Thursday the 25th day of Au
gust next, at the residence of James Ponder,
deceased. late of Scriven county, between the
hours of ten and four o’clock :
All the Beef Cattle belonging to
he estate of the said deceased, consisting ol
ibout seventy four head (more ~r lesi.) Sale to
mntinue from day to day until the whole is sold.
Terms C'.sh.
George Robbins, .drf/n’r.
Striven County. July 4. 1325. 5
.... ... - ...
Administrator’s Sale.
Jo the first Tuesday in October next, will be
sold at ilie Court-House in Waynesborough, b
permission of Hie Honorable the Interior Cour.
of Burke County :
That tract of land known as No.
13 in the siit district Monroe county, belonging
0 tin- estate of Samuel Saxon, deceased, tor the
aenefii of the heirs and creditors.
William Saxon, and
.lohn »axou, Jldm’rs.
Hurke eonn'y, July It 1 5. .5 t 5
Guaruian’s Sale.
Will be sold on Saturday the 10th day of Sep
tember next, at Hie residence of Henry Megee,
deceased, late of Scriven County, between
the hours of ten and four o’clock.
A quantity of Beef Cattle, a par
cel of Stock Hogs, together with a number ol
other perishable articles too tedious to enumerate
sold as the property of the minor heirs of said
leceased, for the purpose of making a division
Terms ol sale Cash.
Simon Smith, Guardian.
Scriven county, July 13, 1525 l.tr 7
& w anted at this office, a young
1 lad from 15 to 16 years of age, of industrious hab
its as tn apprentice to the Printing Business
r Monthly Advertisements.
• . -
> N otice.
e VT INK months after dale, application will be
j made to the Justices of the Interior Court
f Scriveu County, when sitting for Ordinary
nirposes. for leave to sell a certain tract of Land
containing two hundred ac t'S being in the coun
" ‘y aforesaid, belonging to the Estate of Caleb
, dowel), deceased, fur the benefit of the Heirs
and creditors of the said deceits cl.
Mahala Howell, Adm’x.
June 13, 1825. In 9m 10.3
N otice.
iVTINE months alter date, application will be
made to the Honorable the Inferior Court
of Columbia county, for leave to sell a tract of
Land in aaid county of 105 1 2 acres, joining
Murray, Hay and other, it being part of the real
state of William Rinion, deceased.
Peggy, Billion, adm’rx.
March 15, 1825 lm9»m 75
N otice.
months after date, application will be
made to the Inferior Court of Columbia
County, when sitting for Ordinary purposes, for
leave to sell 235 acres of Land, (in said County)
belonging to the estate of William K. Crabb, de
ceased.
John Kennon, adm’r.
November 6, 1824 lm9m 40
.IS otice.
NINE months after dale, application will be
made to the Honorable the Inferior Court
ot Hurke County, when sitting for Ordinary pur
poses, tor leave to sell the real estate of Wriley
llanberry, (Minor,) deceased, for the benefit of
the heirs and creditors of said deceased.
Jona. Lewis, adm’r.
Burke county, March 7. 1825 1.m9 n 57
. —;-r ■ • ■
N otice.
NINE months after date, application will be h
made to the Justices of the Inferior Court 1
of Franklin County, when sitting for Ordinary
purposes, for leave to sell the real Estate of Da
vid Clark, deceased, for the heirs and creditors
of said deceased.
Thos. Mays, ex V.
April 12, 1825 lm9m 87
JS otice.
NINE months after date, application will be
made to the Justices of the Inferior Court
of Franklin County, when sitting for Ordinary
nirposes, for leave to sell the real estate of Star
i*ng I’rncfor, a Minor.
James R. Haley, Guardian.
Anri I 12,1825 1 i.9,n, 8 7
N otice.
NfINE months after date, application will bn
rnu'le to lint Honorable the Court of Ordin
ary of burke county, for leave to sell the real Us
ale of Enoch Farmer, deceased.
John Farmer, adm’r.
Hurke County, Feb. 1, 1825 1 n.O 65
N otice.
VTINE months after date, application will be
made to the Interior Court of Franklin coun
y, when sitting for ordinary purposes tor lei ve to
sell the Ileal Estate of lacob Strickland, deceased,
tor the benefit of ihe Heirs n 1 said deceased*
Hardy Strickland, Ex’r.
■f'l’v f ld-25 lm9 n o
JN otice.
NINE months alter dale, application 'will be
made to the Court of Ordinary ot Ftanklin
.ounty, for leave lo sell one hundred Acres of
Earn], in said County, as the property ot Adam
Linn, deceased, for the benefit of the Heirs and
.[■editors of said deceased.
John K Carson, adrn’r.
January 18. 1825 fmfin 63
N otice.
NINE months after date application will be
made lo the Honorable Inferior Court of
Joiumbia County, when setting as a Court of Or
dinary for leave lo sill 202 1-2 acres of Land ly
ng in the 2d District of Monroe County, Lot No.
208, it being the real estate of William Smalley;
deceased, and to be sold tor the benefit of the
ueirs and creditors of said deceased.
James Smalley, Adm’r..
January 4, 1825 lin9m 57
.Notice,
NINE months after date, application will be
made to the Honorable the Justices of the
Inferior Court, setting for ordinary purposes, tor
the county of Hurke, for leave to sell all the real
state of Stephen Chance, late of liurke county,
deceased, for the benefit of the heirs and credi
ors of said deceased.
Mary Chance, Adm’x .
Joseph Chance, Adm’r.
Burke county. Sept. 6 1824 1 9m 22
N otice.
OHINE months after date, application will be
JISI made to the Honorable Court of Ordinary
oi Columbia Coumy, for leave to sell ail the
real estate belonging to the orphans of Samuel
Sullivan, deceased, and aLo, an undivided 'tract
jf Laud, lying in Columbia County, belonging
o said orphans, and to Melinda Jones, a Minor,
John Cartridge,
Guardian of said Orphant.
Polly Jones,
Guui dain of Melinda Jones.
May 25 ImVin 95
JN otice.
,f*(jjlNE months after dale, application will be
made to the honorable Inferior Court of
Richmond County, for leave to sell the undivided
naif ol Tenement No. 7, bridge How—also, two
unimproved lots Corner of Eloert and Ueynold
streets, for the benefit of Margaret I’. Hones, a
Minor,
John Bones, Guardian.
October 25, 1824 lin9in
Notice.
NINE months after date, application will be
made to me Honorable the Justices of the
terior Court of Franklin County, when sitting
ur Oidinary purposes, lor leave to sell the real
.-.tate oi J mn Gettings, late of said county, de
a-fd, iur the heirs and creditors of said de I
ceased, I
John Gettings, adm’r. 1
April 12, 1825. Im9m 87 fli