Georgia Historic Newspapers

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It tear it'I
yn the ' out hi
v (Ivs Ol'IVIOV.
JI’IMSK <1
if HE ST\T‘. v- ClNtTOO.
* mi'.noKr.p. in dun,
Coumi'ii'l /■ / "" " ■■'>»>■ r'"f ilirriny
tt. i. ih.il i> "i •!' »>’ ' v
, „ / ,.,,(* I hut attached In ill cmi il'i <>/
(,V n ’’it I'm- th' purpose* ufcirtl mid ciinti
Ititlju, i-uhrion
( ( oNri.rnr.o )
Tl,, r |o-rH the tiM rww proposed, hIii. Ii
m -lif" tin- manner Rival Ur lam re
fepri lr.l :tin !pit m. nit* 1 ’t" f l rredita'ile us it
mu mid does aimciir l» «►«=*• Ivui'ilv S-fV.-rn
meni, i( i. no! 111.111' *"» than llml ot 111 * * It. ■ f>*: I»
lie .if \rnt-nt-.i the Indians »<-ll •<* <>'i.
r ., Arj ti>. I proceed l" show how (Jcorgui Inis
rr IM.-Ii'ri 'heir title since lnw acquisition of
1 tnlm place to individuals nr private comnamos.
im I ■ *..s a .-.11111.\ . »r .-.t.ti.l. h s'. .11 lint "
lire I nt] ..ff 1. hiding ->.••* 1 111... t.
hull,in ri.’hU shall have trim iliiihul
thereto.” 5\’>.rds nil not bn (iliiner mid Hr.-
nlrligaimiiK 1 liev impose run nut he highei ;
lor 111.s C.mrt, a* well us nil officers. un
sworn to support it. I5.it thin is put nil; keen
ing .ip null acting entirely in i-tifif.irmitv with
pr.-vi.iu-i acknowledgments as emiliiineil 10
trentif"-. uels mid the Ctinstilnli.iii. tlo* liighc'.i
ev il* nee ..| right. we tied in n eonipiiet well
tin- t.'ui.-rnl tj.iveri'iin-nt. eiilleil tin- articles
•it'. es«i..n. mn.le in |H02. Georgia stipulating
lint tin- U.Spiles si.nil sit tl.eir owii expen
extinguish for tin- nso of Georgia, n« earlv as
llie > line enn lie pcm-enlilv .ililninc.l 1111 rnn
siinnlile terms, the Indian title” to Ilia lund
led »itliiti the State and not snld In the Re-
ner.il Government. What title ! Surely the
title it " have been till iilont! irsirin<» down from
the earliest si'itlemnnl 11I' the emintry, mid
Inch we have j ml seen was railed a pre emp-
Ti.m nuht "ti th" part of the Stale. I know
the territory.
St..- commenced pre-in'lv ns Great Rriiiiiii| Georgia has a riulil to eoinpluin.that this title
Uv all - whir'll was to Jitiirhiif l.v trr'itj IIJ has mil been extinguished ; tint it could have
senie o 1 ' romitry extending I'rotn the np|ier| lieeii done long iijn upon reasonable and pea-
nf 1I10cession Iasi named the ( orre!
mad"
17315
[eealii" terms. I’.at her coniplaint is against
the General Governrnoot. The Indians are
no party to this eotitracl. They have not
ho anil themselves hv this ittsiriimetil. They
in tain I hts treaty
mid hv the aiitlionties "I Georgia ahum with
the Indians. T«n year* after nnnlher Treu-
. w made by Georgia Commissioners w th eannnt ho answerable lor tho had luit'i of one
ill. 1 ( recks, iii which is found lilts clause, " if! of the emitrueline ptirties. Will it ho eon-
, 1V cinzeii'of this State or other person -hall tended, llml if the Indians will tint sell their
nto nipt to settle or run anv »ftli'' lands reset., I
ved to tie Indians f.,r their bunting gm.iiiil-.
ds to the General Government, wo will
lie them hv loree ’ Would «ueli n doctrine
-mis mnv he dot-lined intil lie eountennm-eil among ourselves? If uno
i»nrti person or per
ill" Governor shall dtonurid him or tliein." noil
then lie was to lie pen -In d in the present-" "t
the Indian-. In 17*7 'hi- Federal ('oristiiii-
l,,, n wa- formed, tin' I Olh See. of die 1-t \ rt.
of which declared thill Stale shall enter
int i null Tftnli/V anti liy the 2d *"ce. of the
2d lit It IS III- ■ declared I'm the I'cs .-.
llml irilh Ibeadric■ and consent «/llf Senalr
l/i,;, il,, ,h cancii, riivt ) shut! nn'.e all Trca
tiin ' Under this 1 oust Georgia !»•-
he! ed III It -lie had mi longer the right to treat
wiili the Italians for their I aids ; she alw.'lV'
asseri.d sad maintain'd her right to thejuns.
die nun and iitliiiiii' •' soil of the enttnirv.
thrumh very mnuv il llieullies which she had
Willi the general t'overiillieat. lint yielded the
right to tlmt government to t'lireliase oil' hv
treaty, for her use. the liuliin title to said
Innds alwayscmieeiling thin the Indians hud n
title of which they could not lie divested lint
hi fur purchase, and that Georgia had the
■jirt-iynulion right to the same. The first puli
lie itoeiiineiit where this right of purchase is
co -at' ed a pre-emption right, is in the ('no
vel.Imn of I'ei fnrt liptweeii Ge rgui mid
Sun'll ( militia, in which holh parties desig
nit', u tiv llml name, to wit : " Georgia cedi"
to Sou' 1 Carolina, film lands hetweei. 'J'ligu
loo a.al Kiuwee)*iill the riehl. title mol clam.
nine, .-lie Imth to thr government, sovereign
ty okI jiiiisdieiiiin. m and over the same, and
al'o 111 .• right of ure-rinpt nn of the soil from
tin- niiuvu Indians.”
In lutmerous nets nl the State ivlirtievcr In
ditfos or Indian hit ds occur, a rule of -milt
Son is always ni'lioowledgeil in the ludiii'i-
ond mat the *unie niu-t he exiingiii-heil In pur
clin-e, nod that hv the U Stales, ain -c the
adniiiinn of the |‘'i'derul f'oiistitntinn. It
win derf. l to ohseyve the mass of evidence
■[He'd tliruiigh the pohlie records to this ef
fect. F’or instanee, ill llie 111" of ’93, appro
printing Inads for the payment of the Slat,
troops, it is required that our •* Senators anil
Itepresenlnlivna apply without loss of tune
fui a treaty to he lielil with Midi tribes ulm
mnv chiini the right of soil to such lands.”
In an aei imieiuliilury of this act. conmionlv
Cubed the " Y.iZ'.o m t,” where, if all sense ol
justice to Indian rigl.ls rinild have hern for
|t"l'cn, it would he llie veil place to fii.d ii;
)'' t "Veil here Iheirlitle was respected, and III
Yc/. mi purehnsers were luuiiid 10 exiinguisli
it tlirongh llie agem v of the tleneral li.i.i rn.
mem by I or purehnse ; and what I- rennrka
ble. 11: lour places of that art. the right o
Georgia is expressly called 11 pre fni/iliiiii
righi. Ilm Inis iniiy lie considered ns nut the
best niillior ty mill I am Siidlsposed lo sill, 1
il I only niriilinn it to slniv llml men 1,full
d'- eiiptiuiis hi.ve been disposed to lesnei'l the
till, of llie liidinns, mill llml sarelv less ought
nut 01 lie .'Xpcrti'i! from an lionesi eouiunini
ty I here is however, an milhority that I am
sni, every lindy will regard, and it is the me
m" , a , le net ii Inch m p d. d the Yazoo art,
coiiiuionly railed the lesemding net. This
act was d awn up by the late Governor, James
J "'Usun, one niiinng the aldesl statesmen and
patriots that Georgia ever had. The pream
ulr "Inrh I- an ulile view of tSenrgin’s ngliia
over the Indian territory, and which boldly
claims the rights nfjiiri.dirlioii and soil just-
y rei'ugiiizcs a title in the Indians, llie right
itizeii were to ohligo himself to pureliaso
rai l ot land of another citizen, fur llin benefit
of a third, will ii lie said tlmt Hus third person
1 iv seize the land il its owner do not choose
> part with it ? If this is answered ill the
flirni ilive, ami p is insisted upon seriously
that a court of justice might to enforce such
urppil right, then I confess I have no
ll.ui'.r inure to s.xv. lint suppose Hie G uieral
lioverinneiil never Imd undertaken to extin
guish this right. Wlmt then would have been
our siiu'iliuii with thn Indiana? They most
live some where. I presume no one is yet
prepared to sav their throats should ho rut to
iniilte way tor eliri'tiiimz d man Ueeolleel,
ive would have Imd no territory beyond the
Mississippi to which wo roald transport them.
Recollect loo, they nre incapable of being in-
porated with white men. Will anv one
miilittiii". 111 llie face of the strong current of
vidcncf fl'iwing thr uigli so many inviolable
public dueo.ii.-nia, which I have just adduced
111 favor of their right, mid winch so accurately
01 irks our men. that it would lie j ml and right,
before Heaven, to take their properly away
williont consideration, or 10 pen them up in
Ii limits ns to parish ’ I cannot believe it.
So much lor tli" articles of ecssion. The next
nnfesstoii of Georgia (and confessions are
im-idered in courts the very bent evidence.)
s 10 ho found .11 an aide i. porl made in 1819,
to llie Legislature, in the shupe of a petition
to the President nf the United States, com
plaining of the treaty of port Jackson, nod al
so t iittiiiiin's ticntv which had annulled the
only lienly tlmt was likely to ell’c I a removal
of the Indians, viz. l!io tteuty o*'1817, made I
by Jackson and Meriwether. (11 this memo-
rial is the following dl-iinci acknowludgmunt
“ Tim State of Georgia clunns a right to the
jurisjii'iioii and soil of the territory within her
limits. She admits however, that the riulil is
inchoate, remaining to lie perfected liy the
Ihi'lcd States in the erliuct on nf the Indian
lilt, ; the United States, pro hue rice, acting
is our ageiita.”
I'lits finishes llin view in which tho Indian
title has been respected liy the Stuto of Gent-
gin, mid brings us to the roiisiderulion of the
last thing propused, how it has been settled
by the 5'onrls of just ice, mid this branches in
to two view a.
l-l. As smiled by the Supreme Court nflhe
U. Males and the separate Stales of the Union
—mid 2d. us decided by our own Courts.
•\1.1I 1-t. As to tho Snpteme Court. Jos.
t.ce Kent, the ablest American commentator
tit it tins appeared, in collecting the dccisiona
that Court, and consolidating the doctrine
on this su jeet observes, tlmt ‘‘the nature of
llie Indian title to lands lying wiilnii the juris
diction ol’n State, though entitled lobe respect
ed hi/ all (Hurts until it is legal matel'J extin-
lushed, is not auch ns to he absolutely re-
P'ljji.iin to setsen to fee on ihn part of tho Go
vernment within whose jurisdiction the lunda
aru snouted ”—6 Cran. Rep 87. Judge John-
son in Hum same ea-e, went further than the
rest of the Court—lie enquires, •• If the inter
est in Georgia was nothing morn Hum u pre
emptive light, how could tlmt bn railed a Ice-
simple, wlitrli wua nothing morn than a power
to acquire a fee simple bij purchase, when the
proprietors should lie pleased to sell I And
the soil and exorcist) such a degree of save-1 ment hnd transcended its powers, the court)
" 'inv .is cir."I'ustiinees required Inis never• could nut possibly view the matter in any nth-
,, J ,l. 11 . t ||, questioned ’' Ilo then affirms j er light than as a waiver of all oh eelions, and
.1 Uat I have alre.ulv staled, dial tha Slates j III,it Georgia had made tho treaty her own, as 1 ' " 11
M iiliin w inch am nf the Indians fell, claimed j though she had llie right originally to have cn-; Mward „ ^ in
and exercised tliii right to govern them, and tered into it. I b
last they ** could transfer their title” to no [ pfuw let ns apply there principles to the care bvfore R'al' T C. 15
■ mo hot the power claiming the jurisdiction of 11 — * —■ t“- *•'— 1 1 ' ra " ,;la: •
1'ieir territory. ” Tho peculiar haints and
tiaraeter (says our aulhor) of the Indian na
tions. rendered them incapable of sustaining
any oilier relation with the whiles tli in that
of de.iendence and pupilage. There was no
other way of dealing with them than that of
keeping them separatee subordinate and de.
I"
LIST OF LETTERS
nt 'lie I’nat Office at Athens, (Jco
teat.
L.
Win. Ii. Land
Aaron L. Lewis
hello Uenj. II. Lmd
I in d„ing so,two ideas present .hem,. Ive.- First I „ ar Ueed
if H ^nrvts, wtiicli were really more than .. . " „ • 3
small por!i«n*of !'ie I'tdian nation «cf apart lor parti* 1 *
culur liihes, pt.ssessiog pr* ri^elv tli« same nature and
2 (condition oftlm btlam.-e of their country, a» was omv- \
ed l»y an aft#*r oxlingniahnenl nf their title, was dcci-
Jed to be the pioperlv ol'tlic Indians, who will
I that thr Stair lim! a rijlit to prevent then
.Samuel Bennett
Ihcs- Barber
Mi.-x I'citt.f lia Barber
F!-asani Bryant 2
IIHIII •Hill tor .liatr HUH U t.-l.t «.^ |»t u trill ...a-... from Jr J iul1
using that property iri any manner they please ? Who | 11 or ' ^,° f ‘ 11
will say, if they had found mines up** n ’th**i» Hesprve»*,' . r
that thn State could have nrohibiti d them from iHiiti! I . * *
y.fhu \V. Moody 3
Benj. MtCle^ky
Jasni Minton
Charles J. McDaniel
Milly, Dr. furdine'a §erv“
Doct. 11. M NetBler 3
DIiuiii Cheafharu
Mh« Mfiiitoria Cox
James Croxttm
lames I.. Coleman 2
to do what thev pleased with ttieir own lauds ? Well,
if in the .e Reserve* tho laud arul mintrals an* «iot Be*
para ted ro an to rnahe the ’alter tho properly of the
State, how do they differ from thereat of the nation?
l lie Indians hold the balance of their land.* precisely | ~ . */,'
by n similar title, as has already been shewn, and will i ue,, J* 1 a ' 1)S -
he more fully eiliiluteil iiresentlv. Suppose one of’ .
tfiis day ii. the hand, Rictiant tl. LJivmdi
■ndii.it, with a guardian care thrown around I that the state could have prohibited them Own uaiiig ! Jtm( , a
'■in I’nr tlieir protection.” After meutiouiog •J** m Jy.Raaelve* ■ MwanlL Carter
Hint tho rue established to keep the Indians
subordinate, to govern and protect them, to
prevent them from soiling their lands to others,
was the best that could ho adopted with safe
ty. ho states, “ Hits was founded on tho pre
tension of converting the discovery of the
country into a conquest, and it is now too late «?*'"'« ha ‘ l " •nair.ed
• * ol one of the icBervcrg, unf*\ii'fguiHli(‘n, tlocH any out?
to draw into dunimion the vilidity of that pro- j,n!i«vetl»at the law of the last I,. gisUturf would u\>-
formion, or tho r».*Htriotioiis whioli if imposes.
It is established hv numerous oompaots, trea
ties, laws and ordinances, and lonrided on im
memorial usaixe. The country is colonized
and settled, and is now hold by that title, ft
is tho law of tho land, and no court of justice
can permit the right to he disturbed hv specu
lative reasonjfijj on abstract rights.” This he
continues, is die doctrine of the Supreme
Court, and the United States “ have never
insHtcd upon anv other claim to the Indian
lands than the nzlit of pre-emptinn upon fair
terms.** It is the view taken hv New York
in tho •• iso of Gvodnll and Jackson. (20 John.
Hop. 693 ) where tli.it State claimed tli»* rig-.t
ofpre tmption to the Imimn lands within her
limits, and held nil other purchases void. The
Lc*i»i<l.it ire of Virginia in 1799 asserted the
same exclusive right of presentation, and the
colon al mid State authorities throughout
the Union, always negotiated with the Indian*
within their respective territories. And the*,
in summing up tho whole doctrine,he observes,
“ but whilu the, ultimate right of our America >
governments to all the I tods within their ju
risdictional limits, and the exclusive right of
extinguishing the Indian title hv posses*.on,
is not tithe shaken, it is crpiullv true, that the
Indian possession is nof to *«• taken from them
or disturbed wiUtoiit tlieir free constat, by
fair purchase, except it he hv force of .urns in
the event of a just and necensarv war.”
So much for the decisions of the F *derul
and other ^t.iin courts, af;er adding that at the
las! term of the Supreme Court, when i* virtu
ally decided the jurisdiction in favor of Geo**,
gia. tl incid- ntally remarked, that the right of
properly in tin? Indian*, ns to the pnssen*i«in of
llicir lunds, would be protected hv that f’onrt.
I come now to the decision* of our •*vn court*.
I presume the celebrated Res-rve q ie-*tu» . is
well recollected hv most oer*ons. Fle-r*- w,*r»*
orate upon his land ? In the name «»f every thing that
in just and sacred, how cno it do bo upon lauds exactly
in tho same situation, tiiHWing in nothing but tbc
nmubor of the tepuiila and the extent of llie reserves,
for th«*y uro as effoctunllv reserved to tlieir nation for
tlieir own use, In th* *•• same identical treaties,as they
did llie small reserved f»r the use of individual Indians?
1 avail myself of lliis occasion to ntute, that these
rescrvi s nflied a happy illustration of the difference*
between the State** ri<jht of jnri* iit.tioo, and the Iridi*
an’* ngh »»• property. If af'er flit- Court had awarced
to ttic I idiati the private pr perty st-ton d to hi n by
tli»' 'r«*aty, in hi* reserve*-, he had have upphed for the
nt! it ofjurii-dietion al-<., lie would have been answer-
rd, mo —you fall under tlie goverum. iit "f the Slate
prc<u»i ly likt- all other peiHoo* within i»* limits, be the
I’amie .if tlieir tide* to I tud- whut it umv, or be they
eitizmiM or foieiguer*, black, red «*r w'tilts. AnJ bo
»\ it ti let'Hrd to the ie*tofllie nut ion, because a* be*
for#- si at ed, the\ ar# preci*elv in the same situalion t
th is*- R- ’*erv«’*, being oulv i larger scope of country,
and a gteater n nuher«d*tenan?p.
'• lie other idea i* this, lithe treaties just mention
ed were art ept* d b> the State under the articles of
cessi m of 1302, and secured to these Iteservees by
hi decision«»* th** Court, the right t their reserves,
there ore o’her treaties tiade si.uc** 1002, that guaran
ty in like manner, to the nation, till heir la ids not
• ’ tied t « taemgM, and uh'ch (ieorgis has also
•nL ’p -’d. I kn ov it is now coiiteiid’d, 'hat not*
withstnnding the State* have yi**ld- il to the general
government the right to make treaties, and declared
that no Statcsiiall make <rcati«*s, that such ,*ow«*r was
never meant to apply to the purchase nt' Indian lands
within the htiit's of the States. This might he safely
granted, thong 4 * .1 different construction has c* Mainly
urovailed :hr"i!g ! mut thi Uui.#o,botli b> the Stales anil
llie geiit'ral g »v. r nnent, uud tlioinjli (ieorgu lius re*
lieat^'dl d* • lar»-d !nvwise, an I have shewn it; three
disti.ii i acts, yet. asp’.at'il before, (Jeorpia has vested
thogen«*rul gov< rimi’Ml hv snecial eontiaet. and made
tier Iho agi ttl to purchase these very lands ;
cons# quenily whatever »r# aty is made by that govern*
iicul, and received by Geoigia, lotist he hiotling. In
various treaties ..ade ptior to the articles «»f cession,
t following stipulatnii is to be fund—* 4 The United
Slut ’* *olentol> guarantee to the Cherokee nation, all
their laud* tin* hereby coded.’* This guaru it«*c is
f.#Un11 t i 1|»»* treaty id II lst'»n, in the y.ar ’U2, and
Hih treaties piior to that time. In the treaty of '90
is found this article—'“ i'io treaties subxisting betwc#"#
• b** pre* mi eoatractiog parties, arc uek’ioivlcdged
•f full and operating force, together with the con-
rertaio roBfrvus mado in favor of a reunion »»f, ^i.neum a id usag n tder tlieir respective artid-
to c\titiguin|i which, i* only pre nnptive on the j tl* this ever wan onv thing more than ti mere
p«ri of the Stale. Then m the Hr»t enacting po**it>i!il). U certainly w«n reduced to that
douse, it declare** that the Y izoo net, urid the' **iule when the Slute nf Geotgsa ceded to Iho
gr mis leaned under it nre null uud void. “ and U. Stutus, both tho power of pre-emption and
th** f!*rriiorv therein mentioned is also hereby j «»l conquest, retaining for itself only * resuh-
d»- lar.ul to be tin* mile property of the Sta'e, j right, depei.dant on a purchase or conquest
suhjrct only to thr ri hi of treaty of the Uni-! to he mode i*y the United States.”
Ud 'tales to enable the State to purchase tin- Justice Kent Continues, *• In tho vow John-
Stale to purchase
pre emption r,ght % the Indian title to son, vs. JUcIntosh, (Wheat. 543,) it was sin
ted as tin hiBtoricnl tact, that on the discovery
of this continent hv the nations of Europe, the
discovery was con*idered to hnvo given to
tuo goveriuiteii by whose subjects or authori
ty it was tirade, the sole right of acquiring the
soil from the natives, (the right ol pre tmption)
as ngaiiist all other European power*. Etch
nation claimed the right to regulate for itself,
in exclusion of all others, the relation which
was to subsist between the discoverer and the
Indians.” After stating that all the Europe
an nation^, who had made discoveries in Am*
erica, ussunied tho ultunato dominion and
claimed the right to grant the soil, •* subject
to th«* Indian right of occupancy,” h»» adds.
rite U. Sia?.•* adopted tin* *amo principle,
tid tlieir »*\i l*i*iv»* right to cxiuigmuh lh»* In
d<
IIk same
I »»e tilth section of this act declares the
right to extiiigm*)' the ludi.in title, or to upply
ti» the (•etieral Govcrnmcni for that purpose,
w vested in the p*>ople and government of this
State, and concludes in these explicit terms
to trhoin the right of pre tmption to the same
s subject only to the , ontrotUng paver of
b*li>
thr U tiled States, to authorise any treaty or
tr>ue$ for, and to supe, ntend the same.”—
1 «•'* a. i pa-fed in 96. The next public d«»-
Ciiiiicnt m which we tind the subject mention-
•d. if# in the Constitution of the State, adopted
in Hit- \em *98. The 23d section of the 1st
ir\ describe* the bound tries of the Slate, as-
* # ’ ,u r *ghi of soil itttd ji’n»dii'tioii. and
l*»4e» l.v d* t l.triug Hint ** in. sah* ot ter-
&WJ Ot Uus Bute,
the Indians in the treaty made by Meri*«*iMei •
uud Jucksor. in 1817, and also m the tint* hv j ■*
\ ullionn in 1919. 'Flic l«egis| HUM r#*'*,dveil .
these treaties, hut determined to reject th**jt,
UcHcrvt'.**. To that end they ord»*red a sur
vey of the cession without any respect to th
Reserves, and subjacted them t !oit»rv with
Ifttt other lauds. Tito fortunate drawers of
Reserves commenced their actions against
the Indians residing thereon, and the question
presented was. which title should prevail, the
treaty title or the Georgia giant ? The ques
tion is so plain.that I npprehei.cf ’here is not on*'
mind in one thoti'Utid, nt tm* d.»\ , inal would
entertain a dunht. Tho decu.nti was, nf
course, in favor of the irenti. and it was uni
versally approved (out of the nil iit'dnte inter
est of tho question) by the g*# *d people of
Georgia, and indeed every wh* r** **Ue The
view taken of lint ruse was thi** and it con
tinues to be the deliberate opinion of this
Court* That the treaty m ikin ' power is nar-
ted with by the States and rcsul**- in th** Ge
neral Government iie<*ord;tig to the lunitiitioiiM
and powers grant* d to that Government ill llie
Federul Constitution, but that nil treaties a*
well na nil laws, must be mud**, in the Ian
gunge ol lli*ii instrument, 4 * in unrsuatu e lliet
• to i ontin***’.” Ami again, in the-am* treaty, CHi
ttcla—*• In con«iflerutii*» of the iTliitqiuHliment an
**i-n h-'rrby made, th*-United Sti»t*» (will pa % *o
\ ich ,*»ney an«i goitd*) uud will continue the guardn
t-t of * he remainder ot the count ry f#»r**v#*r, as ”atl*’utul
#• M*tHijtod in former Ireati-s*” And nt the asi artn le
>f ifi.s treaty it i* d r laual that said treaty “sliall h#
euoBiiieretta* additional to, and fuiunni! a part <>t pr
veins 'reatit’S, anil shall bn carried Ini'* effec t on b## 1
mde*. WIT i Aid. (iOUli FA1 I’ll.” Tliese nre
pledge's prior to tin* article* of cession, ami pcrlmp* by
some, it may be niid, are not himli'ig upon *i- #ojia.
Now let in* see what pledges are made aff* r the • »*r
1002. th** sain*? lime when Georgia made the gm# *n»
governmont an agent to ** extingui*h the Indian title ”
In i»*e treaty of 1805. mad#* at I'allic*!, the very first a
tick* declares ** all former treaties, which provide fin
tho maintenance of peace a »d preventing crimes, are
• m this ocensmn. recognized and conti’ ued in (i
Car unv thing c ndneomore to pence than th** tindis*
Imbed a cl quiet, pms.-s-mn of one’s home ? Can an\
thing m#» mo contritinti* to un opposite coo*equ**n» •
than the violation of one’s possession ? But again,
in tho 5th article *d Jackson’s and 4*criwether** treaty
in 18!7,which divided the nation and »**ni a part ucr##*s
th«* Mississippi, it is ugroed, “ that the treatieslieret*
fore between the Ch* r«#kec nation aod the United
States, are In continuoin lull f«*rc** with both part
the nation, am) hot It parts thereof entitled to all tno
immunities ami priv»l#*g*?» wliirt* llie old nation enjoy
cd under the af uesaid treaties.” i his treaty procured
loi Gc#ugiu ill that itiluahle country in which th
Counties of Walt##il, tawinnetl, Hail and I'at'ershat
are situated, and of course fumed the consideration tor
the ahmc stipulation, securing to the ImlianH the pro
visions of other treaties, one of winch provi-ioiis w as,
:hat »h'* Indians sli#»uhl he guaranteed in the balance of
Mr. Rrhol.s
Tho i as F.spy
F.
Mr . R- be. ta Farris
**• o. I*. Fellows
l.cwis Gibson
John F Goneko
Miss anah K. Garduc
v’iss Caroline Gorley
Jordan Glossup
II.
Wm. P Hill
Mrs. F.liza I lodge
Mr. Hilliard
J.
Georg# B. Judd
Henry Jennings
hum s Jennings
Doct. A lorn-s 2
K.
Win. K nght
O c t. 4 -40 - 3t
Alfred Owen
Rev. Stephen Olin
P
Win. II. Pur\ear
Q-
Albert Qoush 2
R.
Augustus Reese
Mrs. I'.lmma Ross ter
S.
Thomas Stapler
Mrs. Betsey Slone
Mrs. Martha Sh.dge
Richard Strickland
Turner S itli
Jrdutm SI edge
Wilev Sledge
T.
Wm. Taylor 2
David G. fay lor
r 2 Francis II. Taylor
Messrs Tay lor & Co,
Gen. Wiley Thompson
James Tabs
W.
John hitman
Zena* Warner
RnbV II. Whitten
Willi* Williama
China Walker
V ni. Weatherby
John Wright
Tolliver ilcox
'I'lioiiius U are
Col. Z’lehariah William*
W. L. MITCHELL. P M.
I 1ST OF
J^F.MAIMNG
LETTERS
Post < tlfieii at Jeff r.«0!',’
Jaekson county, Geoigia. 1st October, 1831.
of.” That the irmly making power cuiin't more
exceed the power* of the Gmctul Govern-i their lands not reded
men! thnn the law making power; tiujeed, il Now ifGenrgiu has accepted this treaty, received the
would he uliBtird in the extreme, to contend ' ’hereby convoyed,ami distributtd the same to her
that tho Prtuudt'iH and Senata rat. hind tiro c »” *!>’’K U,K * ‘i-.l.t.' il,.. gmuanU.
Staten 44 hi nil cjnes whatever,” and tnerohy
remove till limits from the Federal Govern
ment, when CorigreSH, compiled of tho re
presentatives of the people, CH'Utof do it!
Then uccordtng to tilts view, it heramo neees*
nary to uxcertum whether the treuttea above
mentioiied were made ” in pursnuitee of the
CoiiHlitutiou.” In order to do this, unother
view became important, mid it wit* this — By
the* articleb ol i-cssioo nlready mciitiooed.made
in 1802, the State of Georgia, it; addition to
the constitutional right of the General Go
vernment to msk* treaties, Imd *%«.*(tiully agreed
with that government that il should purchase
the lands—making it, m the language of the
memorial before referred to, * 4 our agent pro
hac vice.” So far, and no farther ns tho pur*
chase of the Indiuu tide whs. concerned pow
ers* could not De more ample. In the tirst
k'uinlv uiad< in tlmt treaty to the Indians? Is inis not
precisely a similar case to the n** decided in favor of
• In* licit rves ? Besides a violation of llie fuitli of trea
ties, tli#! mosI solemn of all contract>*, and so regarded
by all civilized nations, it wuu'd b#- a palpuhh- vi##la
'ton of ilm purl of the 10th section of the 1st ar'id** ol
the Fed# rat C #nsiilutiou which positively toibids t* e
5»ates Iioiii parsing any ’* law impairing the ohliga*
lion ol contracts.” This is u contract made hv Geor
gia 'icrsi’lt, because tnuile by the U. States iintlcr her
power of tit i .nicy, 4 ‘acting us 'er agent,'* ratified by
hci,uml it* benefits fully enjoyed «n her part f
I Imve on a former ccasm # said, ami I am yet of the
sane- opinion, that llie I'nticd State* Imve* no right to
• r*al with the Indians oil any snhjr’Ct, littt such as re-
Uies to peace or wai, and t«# commerce, these being
the only general relations in which they stand to that
government, and as Inl ine within th«* power- grunted
in the Constitution. Any dung else the St ate ,»r oeor.
gm uiigtit rtaso.’uhly ohj#tct lo,but where lands liavc
been ceded as the terms ##f peace, #>r ending u war, wi
preventing tiitur-disturbances, oi vi t'ling clai #•*, the
IrestitB are sucliaslsll strictly within »h |H»w#*r of die
United-Stan s, and so oe<irgm herself has drquehilyl
Gilc* Mitcbel, Esq,
Mrs, Ann R, Morrell,
Pleasu’ t Martin,
Dr, James Montgomery,
Joseph M’Kcvcr,
Alexander M’Ginnis,
William Miller,
Archibald Muon,
William Mathews,
William G, Morgan,
F, Merriweihcr,
M, if, Pittman,
John Purk, E#q, 2
Miss Mariam Patterson,
Wm, J, Price,
K,
Daniel Redainc,
Mis, Sarah Ri binson,-
John 1 b.be i troll,
Joseph balls,
John Rhectn,
S,
John Seay,
James Smith,
George* Shaw,
George Sw ain, 2
Addi-fii Storey,
Ja »es F, Storey,
Mrs, Jane Stonoliam,
J. I. Singlet’ n, 3,
Thomas F, Stnj;l**r,
Rob». uud Drew Sanderf,
J. if. S;ri* k'aml,
'Pulhot Strickland,
Mrs, Judith ShacRL fnrd, 2,
Mrs, Mary Ann Singletori,
Henry Swuny,
S’ lomon Snxon,
r,
Robert Thurman,
George Thomason,
Samuel Thompson,
Tihnan Trout,
V,
Joseph Van,
W,
Daniels, IFntterson, 2,'
John IFaiterson 2,
John (Fright,
Mrs, Ann IFilliamron,
David (Fright.
Edward IV, (Forslmin,*
(snia 1, (Fallace,
John (('alls,
fFdliam (Fondruff,
(FH.l.IAVI N. (FOOD, P, M,
October 11—41 — St
A.
ftenrv Amlin,
/utii# s Allcorii,
F.lhcrt Andrew,
Edward Adams, sr.
B.
Simeon L. Brantley,
: iss Martha Burnes,
iivruin Bowen,
Roliurl Bovle,
Samuel Barnett,
Hut’ll- B.irk'-r,
Thoma* J Bowen,
7.imes D. crnwfird,
William F. c mbs,
clerk Snj##*nor court,
' |{. cunningham,
7’sc;ill cruwford,
• irs Paisev cowan.
I).
os. Martini Dnnliuin,
tephrn c. Durham.
E.
*. enard EPington.
F.
7*-SC Flllclie*.
Samuel P. Finley,
G.
William Good*# !!,
R**v. ulker Gh.’iiu*
t-| .#’S filctm, Sr.
*• ’fin (»ilb# rt.
\**dou»Ge..rce.
n.
’ Jin W. tiuidv,
! iin* s it#*r» ni
riH*#T melon,
Mbs cntharinc iiintnn,
Val#*ntin# iiorlaml,
Mrs, Rnsnrmn tlaydeil,
y lllium Hemphill,
niomas Harwell,
dliam Hutchinson,
’is s. Hood.
(.
Mien Justice.
K.
F ceman Kellogg,
lames Ki- k!ui:d.
I..
George D. I.ester, 2.
’’hornas Lylcr,
Rebecca Luckie,
M,
A LIST OF LETTERS
R EMAINING in ih« Post Office at V'atkinsville;
Geo. on the 1st October, 1031.
B. Mrs Su*on Harris,
(••bn II. Borders, John I’unton, 2.
illinm Ball,' Willis B. Ilnivey,
Hubert R. Billups. Wm D. Ilartiss,
Robert Hester,
Richard C##x, Ilendley Ilarriss,
l,Cr#ixton 6c Tamor Dixon, Bedford l.angf»rd,
G.urge Cagle,
v» r. Cox,
John W. Conk,
I).
Abraham Doolittle,
lidm Dean,
Wm. Davenport, F.sq.
Charles Dougherty, Esq.
F.
Lewis Field*,
Edward pollwood,
Laban-I. Freeman.
G.
Samuel Garner,
\qnilo Giecr,
Mnnha Gnnn,
John W. tiraves,
J.tmen Greer.
II.
Elijah Harvey,
ThomasO. I.loyd.
M.
James Me Elroy,
Wm. McElroy,
Henry & Green MilchaR,
Join# Mathew s, E*q.
Vincent T. Mathews, F.aq-
Theophilus Meriwether.
P.
John Parker,
James E. Pogue.
S.
F.iln I’d Sorrell.
James Shepherd*
T.
William ThomtP,
Middleton Thompi'ou*
W.
Tho "as 'Vade,
George Wiloby.
LITTLETON R. BREWER, P. M.
Ort 4-40—31
place tltp *overnn,e„, p.ro.eu.ed thu r, B .„ I ca'n
truat under Hih Lon-litution,and liny Hu. lauds Court, un.lcr the .u|.'u.n .,mb u lia, i.k. n, rv.,1,. Hus
A LIST OF LETTERS
tlie P.),t Office at Dani.livilt^
or **uy part nivrcul, *ii*n dmu title byjmrchaH or conqueiti uud tu grant bad received the treaty, if tbe General govern
lull with Otturgi i’s own money, ns it was in j «|’lkii iiijuncO'.n c .iitoin.'ii in iho tYdor.l Com.Iiiu-) B.
the halul ofd"ih(( liar Ueorata (and Hid ’ith^r ! , ” , . , * luwl1 —“ Hiis C..naotuii.>n, .ml ilie laus »f the | Billups & Shackclfurd,
” U ut...l Slates which shall b. iiiad.'in piinui.inc.'i!iit« -j W illiaui Biajrif,
ol, and ull tri'aiics in.de ..r nhich slial! he made, under
lhruulll.ully.iflheLnlt.il Slater, -I,nil lie the Su-
States) wlieltv'Vrr they wislicd to .i< quire
dian lands within tlieir respective limits.
the second place, it hud Georgia's spenal run- j turnie law nf the laud; und the JUIIflF.S in every
sent, bv positive contract, to treat and pa\ for Sl * 1 ' *>'■ b.iund tlirreby, any Huna m lire Co.i»t[.
, .1 >1111011 or laws ot any Slate t#» tin* contra v nniuin..
(he Inndi out of iiu Qiuncy; now whHitihclrmt-
I cotift bj# under tin* immcns#’
notwitii*
hligation
tv waw made and accepted, (lie wh«de treaty.! nuposed upon my r#iu*cit*nri by this iiiii*qinviH’al din
<25 to the purchase oj the lands, h'titig the ex-' 0,n no * P r,, P ar ’d t#» nullify th# *• ti#*ati. *. \\ e
tl III of the government’s n«ency, mast he ta- : '! cl, '* ru, ’’ ! '. •» llo ‘»e s»r»ad ; we
. r a » -. 7 ■ » a owe it to justice, wc owe it to humanity; but ubovt ah.
ken or none, loaay that it would take a (Me it t...„ l rlove and venera.i... ii r the F.dersi
part of Hie contract, such as aimed Georgia, {Cen.tiuiilim, when cxecuied accruing to its nrk'iuwl.
and reject the balance, was ao repugnant lo ■ osc, m r-.p.-ci tin—»• .r.-atu . v. tl,.; eatmt
_ , . . _ .. r ,7 . , ,.fse *i
every principle oi justice, that it could not lie i
tolerated for one moment. I hen. u- Lleorgia i consent.
tiring lo t i«* | i
panctl with f
p.iewt-*-i hi of ih#i§*‘ lands
* •, a.nl under their free
[For remainder jee »cccnJ page.)
William Bradbcrry, sen.
Madiion County, Geo. on the lit Oct. 1831*
Silas McGndy.
Audy Neel.
O.
Write Onctl.
8.
John Schroudcr.
T.
John Turnrl,
V. illiatn Thompsog.
w illiam Connolly.
G.
David Graham.
II.
Eiias Hendrix.
J.
James ournen.
M.
Stephen Moon,
Dnrcn II. M<*adow«,
W.
William R. W illiamf,
J. Within*,
Mrs. Malinda Ware,
Oct. 4-40 *31
WILLIAM MER0NEY, P. M.
Rook and Job Printing neatly and accurate
hj executed at this ojfice<