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The Covington Star i
J. W. ANDERSON, Editor and Proprietor.
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COVINGTON, GA.
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IO
THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE.
To the Congress of the United States :
As you assemble for the discharge of the
duties you have assumed as the representa¬
tives ot a free and generous people, your
meeting is marked bv an interesting and im
pressive the incident. With the expiration of
present session of Congress, tho first
century of our constitutional existence as a
nation will be completed
Our survival for 1U0 years is not sufficient
to assure us that we no longer have dangers
to fear in the maintenance, with all°its
promised blessings, of a government founded
upon the freedom of the people. The time
rather admonishes us to soberly inquire
whether m the past we have always clo-ely
kept in the course of safer v, anil whether we
have before us a way plain and clear which
leans 1 o happinoss and (orpetuity.
t\ ben the experiment of our Government
was guidance undertaken, the chart adopted for our
was the Constitution. Departure
from the lines there laid down is failure. It
is only by a strict adherence to the direction
they indicate and by restraint within the
to the world they (lx that weean furnish proof
of the fitness of the American
people for self government.
The equal and exact justice of which we
boast as the underlying principle of our in
stitutions should not be confined to the rela
tion3 of our citizens to each other. The
Government itself is under bond to the Ameri
can people, that in the exercise of its func
tions and powers it will deal with the body
of our citizens in a manner scrupulously
lionest and fair and absolutely just, it ha’s
agreed that American citizenship shall be the
only credential necessary to the
the law, and that no con
dition in life shall give rise to discrimination
in the treatment of the people by their
Government
The citizen of our republic in its early days
letter rigidlv insisted upon full compliance with the
of this bon i, and saw stretching out be
fore him a clear field for in lividual en
deavor. His tribute to the support of his
Government was measured by tho cost of its
economical maintenance, and he was secure
in tho enjoyment of the remaining recoin
pense of his’slz ady and contented toil. In
those days the frugality of the people was
stamped upon their Government, and was
enforced by tho free, thoughtful and in
teliigent sulfrago of the citizen. Combina
tions, monopolies and aggregations of
capital lated and were either avoided or sternly regu
restrained. Tho pomp and glitter
of Governments less free offered no tempta
tion and presented no delusion to the plain
petition, people who, side by side, in friendly com- anl
wrought tor the ennoblement
dignity problem of man, for the solution of the
of free government, and for the
achievement of tho grand destiny awaiting
the land which God had given them.
A century has passed. Our cities are the
abiding places of wealth and luxury; our
manufactories yield fortunes never dreamed
of by the fathers of the Republic; our busi¬
ness men are madly striving in the race for
riches, and immense aggregations of capital
outrun the imagination in the magnitude of
their undertakings. We view with pride
and satisfaction this bright picture of our
country’s growth and prosperity, while only
a closer scrutiny develops a sombre shading.
Upon more careful inspection we find the
wealth and luxury of our cities mingled
with poverty and wretchedness and unremu
nerative toil. A crowded and constantly
increasing urban population suggests and discon¬ the im¬
poverishment of rural sections
tent with agricultural pursuits. The
farmer’s son, not sat siied with his father’s
simple and laborious life, wealth. joins the We eager
chase for easily acquired realized by dis¬
cover that the fortunes the our man- of
jtfa.otiirers.ate sturdy industry I’O longer.boceiy entTghtened foresight, reward
and
but that they result from t.~ discriminating
favor of the Government, and are
built upon undue exactions from the
of our people. The gulf lie tween employers
and the employed is constantly widening,
and classes are rapidly and forming, powerful, one
prising the very rich
in another are found the toiling of poor.
As wo view tbe achievements
capital, we discover the existence of Trusts,
combinations and monopolies, while the
zen is struggling far in the rear or is
pled to death beneath an iron heel.
rations, which should be the carefully
strained creatures of the law and the
vants of the people, are fast becoming
people’s masters.
unnecessary taxation.
Still congratulating ourselves upon
wealth and prosperity of our country,
comp'acently inseparable contemplating every theso
of change from
ditions, it is our duty as patriotic
tizens to inquire at the bond present of the
of our progress, how the
ernment made with the people of limiting has
kept and performed. Instead
tribute drawn from our citizens to
necessities of its economical
the Government p rsists in exacting,
the substance of the people, millions
unapplied and useless lie dormant in
Treasury. This flagrant injustice and
breach of faith and obligation add
extortion the danger attending the diver¬
sion of the currency of the country
the legitimate channels of business.
Under the saina laws by which these
sults are produced, the Government
many millions more to lie added to the
of the living of our people and to be
from our consumers, which
swell the profits of a sinal. but
m P people must still be taxed for the
The under the 18rat ‘?;
port of Ihe Government °l
of tariff laws. But to the extent that
mass of our citizens are inordinately
dened beyond any useful public few, purpose, the
for the benefit of a favored 0f ts. tax
ment, under pretext of an exci-e 1 so 1
jng power, enters gratuitously to their I”* advantag 0 P;
ship with these favorites,
and to the injury of a vast majority of our
people. This is not equality before the law.
The existing situation is injurious to tbe
health of our entire body politic. It - stifles,
in those for whose benefit it is permitted, all
its patriotic place selfish love of greed country, and an grasp j* g
Devotion to American citizenship, QWI1
sake and for what it should as a
motive to nations advanMmeit aa h
our by
bapp.ness of all our ^ Go^rnm nt.ffistead
the assumption that the uojernm equality, isl nt
of being instrumentality the embodiment through o[ which iwpeeml
an to_b
and individual advantages assumptm^suneon are r ‘ Q
The arrogance of this sordid disregara m
cealed. It appears in the the
all but personal interests, in r .
abate for the benefit of others °“ e '
selfish advantage, and in cfljnbu-rtwM^g t0
to perpetuate control such legislation advantages and imp throu^ebo™ » -
fluence The grievances the suffrages of those of the not pe°P|®-, inUu , wit i,in
the circle of these beneficiaries,
taagygssasaa
failtoseo.in spite of misreprese- obliged ,
misleading fallacies, that they are
accept sucti foreign prices for th^r prod c011 ,pete
fixed in marked
Ta^ds am dSng in without con
increase; and that
enhanced prims for' the thm^s t
such return <^‘1^
nee.1, .hat the scanty
fail to furnish thoir su?l K
margin for accumulation. euf«neh«dl . ■ 1 ( :ro rom all «Ie
Our workingmen, f r^ht “ ^
lusions, and no longer - ft just re
at their wages arc endan.,; * ona i,iv
vision of our tariff laws, n^ggr' wi j" r
mand through such '“ 1 on.-s,
ment, cheaper means of livng heir c
freedom for themselves per^tbs^ an. vitu( je,
from the doom of advaoceroe^. t
nn op n door to their of 0 „
the limits of a laboring class j ituro s
citizens whose comforts a, }‘ l j fixed
• all
measured will by insist moderate upon the salaries^^ fal, . -
con es cost of necessa ssar jes
or Cheapening the fa,nlli
themselves and their ' '
When to the selfishness o uuier
of unjust discrimination
COVINGTON, DECEMBER
there shall he cdded the discontent of those
who suffer from such discrimination, we will
realize the fact that the beneficient purposes
or patriotism our Government, of dependent upon the
endangered. contentment of our people ’ are
communism of capital.
communism ,, hateful thing
is a and a men
?£ e to peaco anil organized government. But
communism of combined wealth and cap
'tat, the outgrowth of overweening cupidity
nna the justice se m s hness, which insidiously undermines
and integrity of free institutions,
not lees dangerous than the communism of
cpprPese.j poverty ami toil which, exasperated
uy injustice and discontent, attacks with
Wllli disorder tho citadel of rule,
m °cks the people who proposes that the
Government shall protect the rich and that
V' 1 ' 1 -' in intermediary turn will care for the laboring people' poor,
between tho and
their Government, or the least delegation of
the care and protection the Government owes
1® tho humblest citizen in the land, makes
the boast of free institutions aglitteringde
lusion and the pretended boon of American
citizenship A just a shamele-s imposition,
and sensible revision of our tariff
laws should be made for the relief of those
of our countrymen who suffer under present
conditions. Such a revision should receive
the support of all who love that justice and
equality -'ho due to American citizenship, of alt
realize that in this justice and equality
our Government finds its strength and its
power to protect the citizen and his property,
of all who believe that the contonte 1 eola¬
petence and comfort of many accord better
with the spirit of our institutions than colos
sal fortunes unfairly gathered in the hands
of a
hearance and fraternity among ourjpeople,
which recognize the value of every American
interest, are the surest guarantee of our na
tional progress, and of all who desire to see
the products of American skill and ingenuity
in every market of the world, with a result
ing The restoration of American commerce,
necessity of tho reduction of our
revenue is so apparent as to be generally con
ceded. But the means by which thi; end
shall be accomplished, and the sum of direct
benefit which shall remit to our citizens,
present a There controversy should of the utmost impor
tance. l o no scheme accepted
as satisfactory by which the burdens of the
people are only apparently removed. Ex
travagant with all their appropriations demoralizing of public money,
should not be tolerated, either consequences,
as a means of
relieving the treasury of its present surplus
or as furnishing pretext for resisting a proper
reduction in tari if rates. Existing evils and
injustice should be honestly recognized,
boldly met, and effectively remedied. There
should be no cessation of tbe struggle until a
plan toward is perfected, fair and conservative
existing industries, but which will
reduce the cost to consumers of the necessa
j ! ries lactui of life, the while advantage it provides of freer for our manu- mate
ers raw
rials and permits no injury to the interests
of American labor.
The cause for which the battle is waned is
comprised within lines clearly and distinctly
defined. It should never be compromised. It
is the people’s be cause. denied that the selfish
It cannot and pri¬
vate interests which are so persistently heard,
when efforts are made to deal in a just and
comprehensive manner with our tariff laws,
are re'ated to, if they are not responsible for,
the sentiment the largely General prevailing Government among the
people, fountain that of individual and private aid; is that the
it may be expected to relieve with paternal
care the distress of citizens and communities,
and that from the fulness of its Treasury it
should, upon the slightest possible pretext of
promoting the general good, apply public
tunds to the benefit of localities and individ¬
uals. Nor can it be denied that there is &
growing and ftsstrmptwn in favor tGat.astngirinsTitV.r-GtJTr of private claims and
eminent
interests, tbe usual rules and limitations of
business aived. principles and just dealing should Le
m
needed legislation.
These ideas have be n unhappily much en
couraged by legislative made acquiescence. Keliof
from contracts with the Government is
too easily accorded in favor of the citizen;
the failure to support claims against the
Government by proof is often supplied by no
better consideration than the wealth of tho
Government and the poverty of the claimant;
gratuities in the form ground of pensions than are granted
upon no otlnr real the needy
condition of the applicant, or for reasons less
valid; and large sums are expended for pub
lie buildings and other improvements upon
representations scarcely claimed to be related
to public needs and necessities. The extent
to which the consideration of such matters
subordinate and postpone action upon sub¬
jects of great public importance, but involv¬
should ing no arrest special, attention private; and or partisan lead to reforma¬ interest,
tion. laws could easily
A revision of our pension
be made which would rest upon just prin¬
ciples and provide for general every worthy appli¬
cant. But while our pension laws
remain confused and imperfect, annually hundreds passed, of
private pension laws are
which are the sources of unjust discrimina¬
tion and popular demoralization.
Appropriations bills for the support of the
Government are defaced by items and pro¬
visions to meet private ends, and it is freely
asserted by responsible and experienced par¬
ties that a’bill appropriating money for public
internal improvement would fail to meet with
favor unless it contained items more for local
and private advantage than for public bene
fit statements bo much emphasized
These can
by an ascertainment of the proportion of
Federal legislation which either b ears upon
its face its private character or which, upon
examination, develops such a motive power.
\nd yet the people wait and expect from
their chosen representatives such patriotic
action as will advance the welfare of the en¬
tire country: and this expectation of can public only
l e answered by the performance Our mission
duty with unselfish purpose. and
anion - the nations of tiie earth, our suc¬
cess in accomplishing tha work God has given
the American people to do, require <>f those
intrusted w ith the making and execution of
our law* perfect devotion, above all other
things, to the public good.
This devotion will lead us to strongly limitations resist
n/Sral . of c.institutional
° jJ,g power, and to persistently extend the check
t increas legislation* tendency to &e domain scope of
^a^local'jurisdiction, _» into
^ upon the plea of
^partitions . the public welfare. The preserva
« on SLfprnl of local between and regulation proper-subjects is of
of.Federal^andwon and care Constitution,
J** ■mportance^un cr ^ very of eX!St .
e ““’‘ t hat u at 1]0 consideration ex
pemeney or sentiment should tempt
^ <1ouUfu| ground .
i.„ Te undertaken to discover
i nrochim the richest blessings of a free
i-ovemme, wffh the Const,tut on as onr
the way it points out
g ""f ul( ^* ^ - j n j ,, s And surely no obli- one
11 himself the solemn
who has taken nnon 1 preserve the Constitu
Ration to sup. ti(iea ^j 0 n or solace for dis
( CI -s. has Vw-en tamsaiow said is deemed not inappiq
U hat from a century s
F! Uht, a [f. ^“nd^ttempt the way already tro 1 by the
^ v , ew to discover
^^Sfcident ’ n1 statesman, of the and United^tates at all times
^^^tizc-nship ^ ihe declared: champion of tru,
, an
l 5 ^ g
1 -The amb.t and 011 flxir il d P t e raiitiation to
anxious anxiou desire a unimpaired, the^ , re ,i
^ ^ people> ^"“^mt ^
trust they have tution and to
j,„..i the woun .s or tne L.mi to , ¥ , r -
servo it from further far I ®b, may that
5 ray countrymen, len,il ^ ?° so f'ari4r.Fratical es . el
jt js DOt in a s P monopolies 1 an
. pjtgblishments , 0 werful .that ^ v (hap piness
8 ut in a p' aia
^. l pu-rties P«^*^2*ng - ti t and
^ of pomp—P all
gvste m, void sing jt3 t.u-ss
- ran ting favors to none ■ )get . n an 1 un¬
P uke the dews ot heax en^ , , (wauty tU ey
^ f jT save in the freehn-' ..p-h a govern¬
tri h U te to pro Inca » “,2, re [uires
lt t hat the genius of I may r*
only which our Bui
an one
main, for ages to come, united, prosperous,
and free.”
OUR RELATIONS WITII CANADA.
The questions between Great Britain and
the United States relating to the rights of
American fishermen, under treaty and in¬
ternational comity, in the territorial waters
of Canada and Newfoundland, I regret to
say are not yet satisfactorily adjusted. These
matters were fully treated in my message to
the Senate of February 20, 1S W 8, together
with which a convention, concluded under
my authority with Her Majesty's Govern¬ last,
ment on tho 15th of February
for the removal of all causes of mis
t understanding, was submitted by me for the
approval been of the Senate. This treaty having
rejected by the Senate, I transmitted a
message to the Congress,on the 28d of August
last, reviewing the transactions and submit¬
tions ting for consideration certain recommenda¬
for legislation concerning the important
questions involved. Afterward, on the 12th
of September, in response to a resolution of
the Senate, I again communicated fully all
the information in rav possession as to the
action of the Government of Canada affect
ing the commercial relations between Stats,
the Dominion and the United
including the treatment of American British fishing
vessels in the ports and waters of
North America. These communications have
all been published, and therefore opened to
the knowledge twS of both Houses of Congress, Senate
although j ” were addressed to the
a one
Having essayed, in the discharge of
my duty, to procure by negotiation
the settlement of a long-standing
cause of dispute. and to remove
a constant menace to the good relations of the
two countries, and continuing to be of opinion
that the treaty of February last, which failed
mMmm frr mnaim ~ AiA
mmmm created by Treaty,
the rejection of the 1 now
attention'of'theCongress to thf c5S
settlen.e it of which I am deeply solicitous.
the sackville incident.
Near the close of the month of October
last occurrences of a deeply regrettable na
ture were brought to mv knowledge, which
made it my painful but imperative aTpossible, duty to
obtain, with as little delay a new
^country personal channel of diplomatic intercourse in
with the Government of Great
dent The correspondence in relation to this inci- I
will in due course be laid before you
and will disclose the unpardonable conduct
of the official referred to, in his interference !
by advice and counsel with the suffrages of
Amor teenll&Mn ran ritiyons in thu v#»rv ES&S rrki* nf anl th«
also iu bis subsequent public declarations to
aasYrsa 1
States, in connection with important ques
controversy between
T he offence thus committed was most
grave, the good involving relations disastrous possibilities to
of the United States and
Great Britain, constituting a gross breach of j
diplomatic privilege, and an invasion of 1
the purely domestic of the Government affairs and essential !
sovereignty to which the
envov was accredited.
Ha’ving first fulfilled the just demands of
international comity, by affording full op
portuiiity tor Her Majesty's Government
tq sflereirpro.ongato act in relief of !• Ah.- iMcussica sifnat en, I con
of to be mi
warranted and thereupon declined to further
recognize the diplomatic character of the
person, whose continuance in such function
would de-troy that mutual confidence which
is essential to the good understanding of the
two Governments, and was inconsistent with
the welfare and self-respect of the Govern
ment of the United .States. The usual inter
change of communication has since con
tinued through her Majesty’s legation in this
city.
revision OF OUR naturalization laws.
With the .. rapid ., increase . of .. immigration .... to
our shores, and the facilities of modern
travel, abuses of the generous privileges af
forded by our naturalization laws call for
their careful revision.
The easy and , unguarded , , manner in which , . ,
certificates of American citizenship can now
be obtained has induced a class, unfortunately j
large, to avail themselves of the oppor- j
tunity to become at solved from allegiance
to their native land, and yet by a foreign
residence, to escape any just duty and
contribution of service to the country of
their proposed duties of adoption. citizenship Thus while evad- j
mg the to the United
States they may make piomptcaim for its
national protection and demand its inter
yention in their behalf. International com
plications of a serious nature arise, and the
con espondence ot the State hepartment dis
closes the great number and complexity of
the questions which have been raised.
Our laws regulating tha Issue of passports
should be carefully revised, and the institu
tion of a central bureau of registration at the
capital is again strongly recommended. By
this means full particulars Unite 1 of States each case tie of
naturalization 111 the wou a
secured and properly indexed spurious and citizenship recorded,
and thus manv cases of
would be detected and unjust responsibilities
would be avoided
THE NATIONAL FINANCES.
The report of the Secretary of tbe Treas¬
ury exhibits in detail the condition of our
national finances and the operations of the
several branches of the Government related
to his Department. ordinary of the Govern¬
The total revenues
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1883,
amounted to $379,206,074.76, of which $219,
091,173.63 was received from customs duties
an d $124,296,871.98 from internal-revenue
taxes. The total receipts from all sources
exceeded those for the fiscal yearended June
go 1887, by $7,863,797.10. Tlie ordinary ex
pe'nditures of the Government for th- fiscal
year ending Juno 31, 1838. were 8L> ),6->3,
958.67, leaving a surplus of $119,OIL,116.0.4.
The decrease in these yearended expenditures June as com- 30,
pared with the fiscal the
1887 was $8,278,211.30, notwithstanding
payment of more than $5,000,009 for pensions
in excess of what was paid for that purpose
in the latter-mentioned year. Government for the
The revenues of the ascertained for
vear ending June 30, 1889, 1888, and
the quarter ended September remainder 30, of tbe time,
estimated for the and the actual and
amount to $377,000,009; expenditures for the
estimated ordinary 173.000,000, leaving an esti
same year are $
mated surplus of $104,i 0 1,001. ending
Tlie estimated receipts for the year
June •' 0. 1800, are $: 77,000,000, and the esti
mated ordinary expenditures for the sima
time are $ i67,488.74, showing a surplus of
$101,233,511.68. of surplus do not
The foregoing statements tie
take into account the sum necessary to
expended to meet the requirements of tlie
Sinking-Fund Act, amounting to more than
$40,000,000 annually. the customs revenues
The cost of collecting cent; for
for tlie last fiscal year was 2 44 per
the year 1885 it was 3.77 per cent.
The excess of internal revenue taxes col¬
lected during the last fiscal year over those
collected for the year ended Juno 30,1837,
was $5,48 1,174.20, and the cost of collecting
this revenue decreased from 3.4 per cent, in
1887 to less than 3.2 per cent for the fi st
year. T he tax collected on oleomargarine 30,
was $723,918.04 for the year ending June
1837, and $864,139.83 for the following ended year. June
At the close of the fiscal year the
39, 13'7, there Jiad been coined under
Compulsory-Silver-Coinago Act $266,988,280
in silver dollars, $55,504,310 of which were
in the hands of the people. On the 30th day
of June, 1888, there had been coined $299,-
708,790; and of this $55,829,303 was in cir¬
culation in coin, and $200,387,376 in silver
a rtificates, for the redemption of which sil
ver dollars to that amount were held by the
Government. (Jn the 30th day of Novem¬
ber. 1888, $312 570.9! 0 had been coined,
160,970,990 of the silver dollars were actu¬
ally in circulation, and $237,418,346 in certi¬
ficates. The Secretary recommends the sus¬
pension of the further coinage of silver, and
in such recommendation I earnestly concur.
TIIE WAR DEPARTMENT,
The Secretary of War reports that the
army at the date of the last consolidated re¬
turns consisted of 2189 oUicers mid 24,51!)
enlist d men. The actual expenditures of
tho War Department for the fiscal year
ended Juno do. ISss, amounted to $41,105,-
107.07, of which sum $!), 150,510.63 was ex¬
tended for pulil ic works, including river and
harbor improvements.
The death of General Sheridan in August
last was a national affliction. The army
then lost the grandest of its chiefs. 1 he
country lost a brave and experienced soldier,
a wise an 1 discreet counselor, and a modest
and sensible man. Those who in any man¬
ner came with n the range of Ins personal
association will never fail to pay deserved
homage to bis greatness and the glory With of bis
career; but they will cherish more
tender sensibility the loving memory of liis
simple, generous, and considerate nature.
the Indians
The Apache , T Indians, ,• whose , removal , from ,
their „ reservation in Arizona followed the cap
tu r e of tll0sa ot < har number who engaged m
" bloody , , , and , murderous raid dnrmg a part
of ,he voars ^ and ‘‘eld
-
. at “°, unt Vernon
“ bail .P a rl ks “ n f„ in a tlie State "" of Alabama. J hey
‘ a / ° E October,
1,18 f'Rte 8f the last report, 83 men, GO
women, 70 boys, and 59 girls, m all 382
Persons. The commanding officer states tha
they are they in good kept health and contented
and that are employed as fully as
is possible in the.circumstances. The children
as they arrive schools at a suita leage and are Hampton, sent to
the Indian at Carlisle
East summer some charitable and kind peo
I, u Rsked permission to send two teachers to
the !£ese adults Indians as well for the as such purpose children of instructing as should
r^iii
th ?
^nZnUy ‘ins.stmg^'umt t'.diani
tlie j lves and property of citizens upon the
frontier are to be at all regarded by the
Government. Their continued restraint at a
distance from the scene of their repeated
aIH crue I murdeis and. outrages is still
necessary, it is a mistaken philanthropy,
« very lnjunouf ' whloh P rom P ts tha desire
mfnntw^Thfv nfTin gw”™ N f lleir
^T\he Strf Gebcst'nnlgmt.nt"^
'" a « 8 U *nd who are by no means lacking ^
in
Gw l,VA iu” {orf,!,t aD1 ? ^■ d J ’-x
penence h lias pi overt th that B t they are dangerous
Sf & Urn”" w.m ‘on’‘the lln liZSw"® here ’
s f„rm«H>riNi(l > ^^i I ^!iiir f ^ reservation, W° :
i mmfnrf ^
THE NAVY.
The report of the Secretary of the Navy
demonstrates very Department, intelligent management
in that important and discloses
the reconstructing most satisfactory progress in the work
of the Navy made during the
past year. Of the ships in course of con
struction, five, vie.: Vesuvius the Charleston, Balti
more, Yorktown, aud the Petrel,
have in that time been launched, and
are rapidly approaching completion; and
iu addition to the above, tbe Phila
aeiphia, Bennington, tbe r-’nn the Concord Francisco, the Newark, tho
and the Hcrreshoif
torpedo-boat are ail under contract for de
livery to tlie Department already during made the next
year. Tlie progress and being
made gives good ground for the expectation
that these eleven vessels will be incorporated
os part of the American navy within the
next twelve months.
The report shows that notwithstanding the
large expenditures for new construction,
and tho additional labor they involve,
l * 10 ^ Department ota ' or, D n ar>' for or the current three expenditures of
tlie less years ending
June 20, 188■>, are by more than 20 per
ceut tlian such expenditures for the three
years ending June 70, 1884.
- ilie various steps which have been tak
n
to improve the business methods of the De
i !p artnient are reviewed by tlie Secretary
h( , p „ rc hnsi.ig of supplies has been con
B „ii,iatecl head. und placed This under a responsible
Bureau has resulted in the cur
tailment of 1*4 open purchases, which in “
the y6ars and 1885 amounted t';
over 50 pgr (.gut 0 f all the purchases
(){ the Department, to Jess „„ lu
j; percent; so that at the present time
about purchases 70 per cent le of tho by total departmental
are ma contract and alter
competition. As the expenditures on this
account exceed an average of $2,000 0.0
BlmuaI!y . it is evident that an important
improvement in tho system has been in¬ *
augurated , , and , substantial , . 7, , economies . 7 intro
duced.
the postoffice department.
The report of the Postmaster-General shows
a mari{ef t j ncr ease of business in every
branch “ of the postal-service,
The number , of postoffices , ... on July -..1.. 1, 1 18 1001 1,
was a* 0 *] 8 * 3 ® 61-A m three years
at latter-mentioned 'd of 2 “Tj . t * le last .hscal classified year. as Ihe fob
increase is
lows:
New England States.................. 5
Middle States........................ 181
Southern States and Indian Territory
(41)...... Pacific ...... 1,406
Tiie States and Territories of the
Coast.............................. 190
The ten States and Territories of tiie
West and Northwest................ 435
District of Columbia................. 2
Total 2,216
Free delivery offices have increased from
jgq j n tlie fiscal year ended June 70, 1837. to
353 j n y, 0 yearended June 30, 1883. Ill tho
j; a iiway Mail Service there lias been an in
creaS e in one year of 163 routes, and in the
number of miles traveled per annum an in
crease of 15,795,917.48. The estimated in
crease of railroad service for the year was
60„o miles, but the amount of new railroad
service actually put on was 12,704.50 Money miles, Order
The volume of business in the
Division, including transactions in postal
no t eS) reached the sum of upward of $143,
oyo.ooo for the year.
of the total number of postmasters, 54,«
gy 4 are D f the fourth class. These, of course,
rece i V e no allowances whatever for ex
pgnseg j n the service, and their corn
j wnHa tion is fixed by percentages on re
ceipts at their respective offices. This rate
0 f compensation may have been, and
doubtless was, at some timo, just; but
t he standard has remains! unchanged
through the several reductions in the rates
of postage. Such re-ductions have neces¬
sarily cut down the compensations of these
officials, while it undoubtedly increased tha
business performed attention to by this them. object, Simple the justice end
requires to
that fourth-class postmasters may receive at
least an equivalent to that which the law
itself, fixing the rate, intended for them
Another class of postal employes whoso
condition seems to demand legislation is that
of clerks in postoffices: and X call especial
attention to tho Postmaster-General repeated recommenda¬
tions of the for
their classification. Proper legislation
of this character for the relief of
carriers in the free-delivery service has
been frequent. Provision is made for their
promotion, for substitutes for them on vaca¬
tion, for substitutes for holidays, and limit¬
ing their hours of labor. $7,009,000 has been
appropriated for them, though for tho the current total number year to of provide offices
where they are employed is but 358 for the
past fiscal year, with an estimated increase
for the current year of but 40,while the total
appropriation for all clerks in offices through¬
out the United States is $5,950,0- 0.
It is gratifying to note from the carefully
master-General’s prepared statistics accompanying tho Post¬
report that, notwithstand¬
ing the great expansion of the service, the
rate of expenditure has been lessened, and
efficiency fraud has been improved in every branch
that and crime have decreased; that
losses from the mails have been reduced, an I
that tha number of complaints of the service
made to postmasters than and to the Departmen!
are far less ever before.
THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.
It is gratifying last to know redress that something
has been done at to the in jurie)
toourpeoplear.d reckless chock waste the of perilous the nationa ten¬ 1
dency domain. of tho That eighty million
over acra
have been arrested from illegal usurpation,
improvident grants, and fraudulent entriei
and claims, to bo taken for the homestead!
of the honest industry—although les3 than
greater afford areas Ihus unjustly lost
must a profound gratification to
right-feeling citizens, as it is a recompense
for the labors and struggles of the recovery.
Our dear the speedy experience enactment ought sufficiently o( tc
urge of measures
legislation position which remaining will confine tho future land) dis¬
of our agricultural
homes. to the uses of actual husbandry and genuine
Nor should our vast tracts of so-called
desert lands be yielded up to the monopoly
of corporations or grasping individuals, as
appears to be much the tendency under the
existing statute. of These lands require but
the supply wat r to become fertile and
productive. It is a problem of great
moment how most wisely for the public good
the factor shall be furnished. 1 cannot but
think it perilous to suffer either these
lands or the sources of their irrigation
to fall into the hands of monopolies,
which by such means may exercise lordship
over the areas dependent on their treatment
for productiveness. Already steps have bean
taken to secure accurate and scientific in
formation of the condi'ions, which is the
prime basis of intelligent action. Until this
shall be gained, the course of wisdom ap¬
pears dearly to lie in a suspension of further
disposal, which only promisos to create rights
antagonistic to the common interest. No
harm can follow this cautionary conduct.
Tho land will remain, and the public good
presents no deman 1 for hasty dispossession
of national ownership and control.
1 commend also the recommendations that appro¬
priate measures be taken to complete the adjust¬
ment of'the various grants made to the States for
Internal Improvements and of swamp and over¬
flowed lands, as well as to adjudicate and Anally de¬
termine private land the claims. validity and extent of the numerous
All these are elements of great
injustice and peril to the settlers upon tho localities
affected; and now that their existence cannot bo
avoided, possible no duty their is more pressing than to ilx ns
soon as bounds and terminate the
threats of trouble which arise from uncertainty.
INDIAN LANDS.
The condition of our Indian population continue
to improve, and the proofs multiply that the trans
forming change, so much to be desired, which sha!
substitute for barbarism enlightenment and
civilizing education, is in favorable pro¬
gress. Onr relations with these people
luring the disorders, year but have rather been marked disturbed better by
no serious by a
realization of their true interests, and increasing
confidence and good-will. These conditions testify
to the value of tlie higher tone of consideration and
dealing humanity with which them, has aud governed Ihe later methods of
commend its continued ob
een ance.
PENSIONS.
The number of pensions added to the rolls dur
ing aud the fiscal year of ended June 30, 1888, is 80.252;
increase pensions was granted in 45.710
cases. The names of 15.730 pensioners were drop
ped from and the the rolls close during of the hr year for various
causes, at the y, the number of
persoiisof all classes receiving pensions was 462,-
557. Of these there were 806 survivors of tho war
of 1812,10,787 widows of those who served in that
war. 16.000 soldiers of the Mexican war, and 5104
widows of said sp’dierB. One hundred and two
different rates of pensions are paid to these bene¬
ficiaries, ranging from $2 to $416.66 per month.
The amount paid for pensions during the fiscal
year was $78,775,861.02, being an increase over the
preceding tending year maintenance of $5,308,280.22. The expenses at¬
the and operation of the Pen¬
sion Bureau during that period was $3 262.524 67,
making the entire expenditures of the Bureau $ 82 .
038.380.57, being 21^ per cent, of the gross income
and nearly 31 per cent, of the total expenditures of
the, tlo’ i)vum<»wt dmcijifif tUu year.
I am thoroughly should be convinced that onr general pen¬
sion laws revised and adjusted to meet,
meritorious as far as possible in The the light of oiir experience, ail
cases. fact, that 102 different rates
of pensions are paid, can not, iu my opinion, be
made consistent with justice to the pensioners or to
the Government; and the numerous private pension
bills that are passed, predicated upon the imperfec¬
tion of general laws, while they increase in many I
cases tional existing force to inequality the recommendation and injustice, lend addi¬
for a revision of
Hie general laws on this subject.
The laxity of ideas prevailing among a lar"-e num¬
ber of our people regarding pensions is becoming
every which they day should more marked. be The principles upon
ing altogether ignored, granted and already are in danger of be¬
often claimed because the applicants pensions are
entitled other are as much
as successful applicants, rather than
upon any disability reasonably attributable to mill
tary service. II the estaOHunment or vicious preue
dents be continued, if the granting of pensions be
not divorced from partisan and other unworthy and
Irrelevant, considerations, and if the honorable
name of veteran unfairly becomes constantly by these clamors means ,
but another term for one who ;
for the aid of the Government, there is dangar that
injury will be done to the fame and patriotism of
many whom our citizens all delight to honor, and
that a prejudice will be aroused uujust to meritori¬
ous applicants for pensions.
AGRICULTURE.
The Department of Agriculture has continued,
with a good measure of success, its efforts to de¬
velop the processes, enlarge the results, and aug
ment the profits of Amerioan husbandry. It has
collected and distributed practical information, iu
troduced and tested new /arm plants, checked resisted Ihe spread
of contagious disease of animals, the
advance of noxious insects and destructive fungus
growths, and sought to secure to agricultural labor
the highest reward of effort and the fullest immu¬
nity tlie from loss. 1888 Its records of the medium year show produc- that i
season of has been one of !
tion. A generous supply of the demands of con
sumption has been assured, and a surplus for ex- j
port&tion, moderate in certain products and bounti¬
ful in others, will prove a benefaction alike to buyer
and grower.
Four years ago it was found that the great cattle
industry ________________ of the country .j was endangered, ............and and those
engaged of the European in it were lung aiarmed plaeue at of the pleuro-pneumouift. rapid extension
or ino jiuropuan mng
fferious outbreaks existed in IllmoiB, Missouri and
Kentucky, held in quarantine. and m Tennessee Five animals in affected Now York were
countioa
and frqm one to tour counties In each, of the States
Of New Jersey* Pennsylvania, Delaware and Mary
land were almost equally affected.
By securing State co-operation in connection with
authority has been from pressed Congress, the work of eradication i I
disease been successfully, extirpated and this dreaded I
has from the Western
States and also from the Eastern States, with the ex- I
ception of a few restricted areas, which are still
under supervision, The danger has thus boen re
moved, and trade and commerce have been
freed from the vexations stare restrictions w hich
woredeemed necessary fora time.
During the past fonryears the process of diffusion, j
as applied to the manufacture of sugar from sor- |
ghum and sugar-cane, has been introduced into this
country and folly perfected by the experiments car
ried on bythe universally Departmentof Agriculture. This pro- i
cess is now considered to be the most
economical one, and it is through it that tire sor
glmm-sugar firm basis and industry the road has to its been future established opened. upon a
success also
The adoption of this diffusion process is ex¬
tending in Louisiana and other sugar-producing
parts only of the country, and will doubtless soon be the
method employed for the extraction of sugar
from the cane.
An exhaustive study has also, within the same pe¬
riod. been undertaken of the subject of food adulter¬
ation and the best analytical methods for detecting
it. A part of the results of this work has already
been published by the Department, which, with the
matter in course of preparation, will make the most
complete treatise on that subject that has ever been
published The in any country.
It would Department combine seeks a progressive development,
the discoveries of science with the
economics and amelioration of rural practice. A
supervision recently of the endowed experimental-station
system the Department, provided for is a proper function of
and is now in oneration. This su¬
pervision is very important, and should lie wisely
and vigilantly directed, to the end that the pecun¬
iary aid of the government in favor of intelligent
agriculture snould and be so applied as to resuit in tho
general thus good to the benefit of all our people,
public justifying the appropriations made from the
treasury.
THE LAND GRANTS.
The adjustment of the relations between the
Government and the railroad compan which have
received land grants and the guaranty of the public
credit in aid of the construction of their roads
shouid receive early attention. The report of a ma¬
jority affairs of the and Commissioners indebtedness appointed to examine
the of these roads. i a
w hich they iavor an extension of the time for the
payment of snch indebtedness in at least one case
where the corporation appears to be able to compl i
extension, with well-guarded and the aud exact terms of sue
reinforcement of their
opinion by gentlemen of undoubted busi
nes^ pointed judgment and experience. ap¬
to protect the interests of the Government
as directors of said corporation, may well lead to
the beliet that such an extension would be to the
advantage The of the Government.
consciousness that I have presented hut an
and imperfect statement of the condition of our country
its wants, occasion no fear that anything omit¬
ted is not known aud appreciated bv the Congress,
upon whom rests the responsibility of intelligent
legislation in behalf of a great nation and a confid¬
ing people.
Grover Clevblajtix
Washington. Dec. 3,1888.
VOL. XY, NO, 4 .
Wings.
TVell may lie sing—the careless bird—
Whose carol o’er the field I heard.
The day is chill and dark to see,
The fitful rain falls drearily,
The bough beneath him rocks and swings,
Yet still he bravely, blithely sings;
For he has wings.
O saddened heart! thou too canst
Tho’ joy is dying, sorrow-free.
What need to wreck the gathering nighOY
Trust thou to fancy’s pinion light,
And wheu the sullen storms are nigh,
Levs can find out a sunnier sky;
For wings have I.
—[Geo. M. Whicher, in Independent
HUMOROUS,
A bird fancier—-Tho cat.
A droll dog—A wag with a funny
tale.
Tho eloments are angry when tha
waters pout.
Guest—Waiter, the sugar. Waiter —
Sugar, tho waiter.
The dude is a great stickler for the
correct thing in canss.
Some men are never satisfied with
their lot unless it’s a corner lot.
Candidates for nomination who are on
the wrong side of the fence are horeby
informod that they can get in through
tho dole-gates.
A man is rarely found who kicks when
his name is misspelled in the poiioa
court record of a newspaper, This is a
notable exception to tho rule.
No acid3 do in kisses lie;
Who would for honey kisses barter!
Yet when one comes to say “good by, »»
Then kisses are the cream of "ta, to. ”
“You havo heard a cat purr, I sup¬
pose?” asked the jud *a. “Yes,’’ >> re
plied tho major. “But, outsido of
pootry, you never heard a Cowper. -i
Commercial Traveler (who has just
been refused by a Boston sir!)—Well. >
n *
.
good-by. I’m g0ill" ”, to EgVlit. Bjs
. . . I (colder)—Indeed . ., , I Why) ,
*' on „ S lr G. „
T Because i i f t v- hink . T I can make , more
*
of an impression 1 on a mummy’s J heart
than on yours,
E rpiric—“Then I can count on you
for a testimonial to my liver regulator?
Richly—"I can speak of it, dictor, in
the highest terms. >» Empiric—What
evil did it cure you of, sir) ’ Richly—
“Poverty, doctor, poverty! It laid my
lata lamented uacl» out as still as a
poker, and I was hi < heir. 11
Facts About Tobacco.
It is asserted that tobacco was in use
in China from the earliest times, but we
have no certain knowledge that this
was the ca-e. If it was- so, tha
knowledge of the plant and its ustf
must havo been carefully guardod by
the Chinese, for it was not introduced
into uny other Oriental nation until af¬
ter its discovery in America. When
Columbus first lauded on the island of
Ban Domingo, r , in tue West Indus, he
found tobacco in use among tho natives
4) l ' ucrc ler0 ' who smoked smosoa it H Wfien when milk made into Into
small cylindrical rolls and wrapped 1 ’ in
maize leaf. The Indians on tho con¬
tinent smoked it in a pipe, and among
all tho tribes, from Peru to Upper Can/
and, tho first discoverers found 7ha
plant , to bo in use, and to havo boon
known Known to to tnem f linm Irom G,,m SO an early 0 ,,|- a „ period j
that tho timo of its first discovery J was
unknown. The smoking of tobccco
_i WBh 4 v iv. tiio Indians ___- partook . , , largely , of .
tho nature of a religious rite, The
seeds of the tobacco plant were first
brought to Europe by Gonxala Hernan
dca de Oviedo, who introduced it into
Spain, where it was first cultivated as
aa ornamental plant, 1 1 till a traveler who w
has noted its mo among “ tho American
T Indians, called attention .. to its narcotic
properties. 1 lie name 13 said „ jj A to have »
| taken from Tabacco. » a province F vo of ua
^Tucatan, * though Others dsrive
it from
lObagO, an 13L&n(l in ttie (JarrlDCan -i Sea,
and yet others from Tobasco, in tha
Gulf of Florida. Tho practice I w of smok- auiua
ing tho dried leaf of the plant r became
general . . e bpain, and .
la its manufacture
inte lnt0 saU anuff “ fnllnwn l0U0W0i 1 S03n » „r. f ter. It was
introduced into Italy in 1660, and about
the same timo into France. The first
to bring tho seeds of the plant into tho
latter country was Joan Nicot, the
Fronch Ambassador to Portugal, in
whoso honor tobacco received its botan¬
ical name nicotiano, whence the name
nicotine, applied to a poisonous extract
from tho plant. Tobacco is said to
havo been first introduced into England
by Sir Walter Raleigh, From these be
ginnings the use of the weed spread
over the entiro eastern continent. It
did not become known in Asia until
the 17th century, but was taken up by
the Oriental nations with great eager,
ness, and they are now the greatest
smokers ia tho world.
Perfect Combustion.
Firing is only done properly when tha
fuel is consumed ia th.3 best possibla
way---that is, when no moro is burned
than is necessary to produce the amount
of steam required, and to keep the pres¬
sure uniform, To obtain this end.
complete combustion must be obtained
in the furnace, and this is going on
when the fuel is burning with a bright
flame evenly all ovar the groto. Blue
flitnes, dark spots and smoke are evi¬
dences of incomplete combustion, duo
to lack of air.
iv ;
