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About The Georgia Jeffersonian. (Griffin, Ga.) 18??-18?? | View Entire Issue (May 18, 1854)
VOL. XV. THE GEORGIA JPFERSOMAN. IS PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY MORNING BY WILLIAM CLINE, At Two Dollars and Fifty Cents per an um. orTwo Dollars paid in advance. AIWRRTIBEIMKNTS sire inserted nt OXE DOLLAR per square, (or the first insertion, and FIFTY CEXTS per square, lor ich insertion fhereid'ler. , A reaso'.R. .* deduct him will tie made to those who adverjis j lv the year. All <tvr.tisemcnts not otherwise ordered, will be cor tbv.ed till forlnd. tOP ‘ AI.ES OF LAXDS hv Adtnmislrniors, KxWators or Guardians are required hi law to he held on the first Tuesday in the month, between th.i hours o’ ten in the forenoon and three in the afternoon, at the Court 'House, in the county in which the land is situated. Not:ice of these sale, must he sfiven in a public FORTY D.l\. twe"ioil to the dav of sale. SALES OF XEG ROES must he made nt p.d> lie auction on the first Tuesday of the month, he I ween the usual hours or sale, at the place of |.ul> lie sales in the county where the lette rs i esta lientary, of Administration or ‘T: 1 have he**n granted; first >j ivmc l Ohi 1 IJII notice tl.ctvof in one oftlie pnhlic l'l'Z'lu s ol Ih Sit-, ar.l at the court house whe c such salearsi *° Notice for the sale of Personal Property must he gl/on in like manner FORTY DJI VS previous I 1 1tie dav ol sale. Notice to Ouhlor* and Creditors of nn estate .mist he published FORTY DAYS. Notice that application will he made to the Court Ordinary for leave to sell land must he pub 18'ie.l for Tiro MOXTHS, Notice Tor leave to sell negroes must he published TWO MOXTHS before any order a!>- so'iile shall he made thereon by the Court. CITATIOXS for Letters of Administration must he published thirtt pays; for Dismission from Administration, monthly six months; lor Dismission from Guardianship, forty day . fl'iles forihe Foreclosure of Mori gage must be published monthly for four months, esta ishinsflosi papers, lor the full ol three months; for compelling titles iroin hxcentors to ndm.ri’strators, whom a totaling bem fivrrm • hcciil nsidll ?* r iil truer <d utkf m ml k Communications. AUTUMN REFLECTIONS. BY Cl. H. BRIGGS. Autumn winds are sighing round me, Faded leaves are fleeting past; Summer flowers are wi'.h’ring now, In Hie chilling northern blast. Summer birds have flown away. To a distant sunny land, \V tier® flowers bloom, and skies are bright, And: whisp’ring z-pliyrs always bland. The skv assume* its yellow line The woodehn dying robes are clad; All nature mourns the year’s decline, In accents mournful, low and sad, MonrnfnMy. old mournfully the passing breeze D dh wail among the leafless trees — And echoes sad are borne along Like funeral dirge or mournful song. Ob! wlist is this that weighs me down? That warns me of some coming blow? Some g ish ng sorrow by ihe future veiled, Presaging deatl! and crushing wo.? Why do our tearsjunbidden start When all locks guy around? Why doth the sigh unbidden rise Ai every joyous sonnet? Ala*! Hiere i*some bidden power, Ttiat breathes upon these silver strings And wan t iis, e’er a tender flower Is borne away on angel wings. TO THE PUBLIC. COXTINUrD FROM LAST WEEK. Once mope. Even those who had (led from the intemperate zeu! of the Old World, came here and commenced the same pro cess against each other. Such is the in temperance of fanatical zeal, that I say, even a dog could not escape their fury, nor the pains and penalties consequent up on a charge of witchcraft. Then, to sum up all the pain, misery, blood, and victims even here enumerated, and this is but half a quarter, and place in one scale—then, in the other, place all the evil, pain, and misery, that ever was in flicted, or caused by the intemperate use of spirits—ail the widows made by all the wars of which the clergy were not the in stigators—all the crimos occasioned by the misuse gs alcoholic drinks—all its es sects of mischievous tendency—add all the miseries brought on the human family by fire, by water, by the whirlwind, by storms ! at sea, or perils on land, by the raging ! ftres of the prairie in the savage desert, or by savage cruelty and barbarity, by all savage and ravenous beasts and birds of prey, by venomous and hissing serpents, by the stings of adders and scorpions, still, all this, and all other evils put together, including famine, pestilence, and all the diseases with which mortality was ever af flicted, or Subject to, and which had not been brought about by the ageuey of the priests of some religious sect, denomina tion, or religions organization—all these would then form, in comparison, but a drop in the bucket, to the calamities and miseries brought on the human race by religious zealots. Such is the disparity, that verily it looketh like little Lulus the petty dwarf following after Anchises the giant; no hopos that, altogether, he could ever come in sight, or even form a respect able comparison. But, here, allow me to say, that all this is really chargeable to leaders who know better, and not to those who follow after, and who know no better than to do as they are told. And here let me include another set, who are not culpable, though found in bad com pany; for there arc good men and good women, that arc, and have been, believers of e\ r ery religion practiced under the sun, and who have taken it upon themselves to do all the good required of thorn, by the more knowing ones, (or leaders,) do ing, at the same time, as little injury as possible; yet, from the honest impulses of their heart and very constitution, have at tempted to avoid what they believe to be evil, aud do what they have been taught to believe right, good and proper, and nothing else. Wc say there arc theu such men and women; and wc hope, for the honor of the humau*raco, that their num ber is not few. Also, there are those, who, like St. Paul, while he was a pharisee of the strictest kind or sect, “went on” (as one translation has it,) in persecuting the Christians “from excess to excess ex cessively/’—and further than all men went in persecution. Titus— ‘‘Two prim iplos in human nature rt-ign, Srlf-love to urge, and reason to restrain, Nor this a good, nor that a bad, we call, — Bach wrks its end to rule or govern all.” Pro and Coil —8 t. Pope. We curse not wine, Ihe vile execs ! we blame, J’nre teligion ne love, Out Bate the j'ju.-e o! by itiy*e who claim the nanlc. ( So, we have concluded nil we lmve to j say tow, on our first position. 21 Position. We maintain that good and evil arc rel ative terms, and necessarily exist together, cr in company, as a mixture ; the total ex tirpation of one leaves us no information concerning the other. “Hut of the tree of knowledge of t'ood and evil, thou slinlt not cot of it.”— Genesis II: 17. * But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst < f the Harden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of and, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.”- Genesis II: •'Hast thou cnlcn of the tree, whereof I com maniDd thecthal thou shouldest not cai?” — Gen. Ill: 11 . „ •‘And unto Adam he said. Because thou hasl hearkened unto the voice of thy wile, and liast eaten *,fthe tree of which I nomrnanded thee, saying, Thou siiait not eat of if: cursed is the ground lor thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life.” — Gen. Ill: 17. “This is an evil among all things that are done under the sun, that there is one event unto all: Yea, also the hearts of the sons of men is full of mV, and madness is 111 their heart while Kiev live, and alter that thev go to the dead.” — Eccl. IX: 3. and V: 18, and II: 54, and III: 12 and 13. “l form ihe light, and create darkness: l make peace, and create evil: 1 the Lord do all these filings',”— Isa XLV: 7, and especially LIV: 17 to 23, inclusive. “By wlmt means do we certainly know any thing to be an established law of na ture?” Answer: “By continued recurrence.” Examples may be, day ami night, the four seasons of the year, the changes of the moon, the morning and evening star; these things .-ire so regular, that man, him self, can certainly predict periodical results dependant on the same. Now, all physi cal evils arc reducible to tabuler compu tation in some way. The same may be said of the aggregate annual number of deaths that occur in any of onr cities, by a knowledge of the number of inhabitants and their locality; or, of the increase of population, number of houses destroyed, and amount of property destroyed by fire, number of railroad and steamboat disas ters from same cause with amount of pro perty and loss of life occasioned by them. By the same rule it is equally easy to tell the amount destroyed by water, amount stolen or lost by house-breaking, See &c. Av erage per cent of property lost in the ship ping trade. Tables are being made and constructed every day upon this doctrine of chance, as it is called; by which, insu rance is effected in every department with mathematical certainty and precision; as against death with all its casualties; as a gainst the loss of property in general, or houses in particular, by fire; no matter from what cause originating. Bo of the shipping business. So of every trade or occupation under the sun. Insurance may be effected against all risks at sen, or upon land, either of life or property.— From all of which facts, it is clearly pro ven that the laws of nature are absolute, certain, and invariable. Again. The like calculation may be applied, with equal certainty, to all the physical evils of life; which fact, alone, establishes, beyond contradiction, that all existing evils are a part and parcel of the grand scheme of creation. Say, then, what can bo more unprofitable than the daily complaints and prayers of communi ty, for the removal of an evil, when, at the same, time, others (perhaps an equal num ber ) in the same settlement and adjoining, are fervently praying for its increase and i continuation, as a blessing to them. Such is the case of drought last summer. Those who cultivated uplands, prayed, incessant ly, for rain; while, those who had all low lands, were satisfied that rain would ruin them: while those who cultivated both, to an amount of equal interest, would offer 1 prayers on neither side. Thus, this evil to Georgia, last summer, however sore, was a benefit, and resulted in a positive blessing to the people of Tennessee, to as great an extent as the injury it done to the State of Georgia. That good and evil arc relative terms, wo can sustain by the examination of evil alone. Thus, take almost any of the evils the existence of which any one may de precate, and yon will find thousands pro testing against its removal. Not a public improvement—no grant of any kind, can be asked of a government, but there will be opposition to show that the same thing which is good to some is evil to others Proving, conclusively, that if ortr position and locality be changed, the evil complain ed of may become a good, or a blessing; and, also, that evil is not an entity, but, that, like the chameleon, every thing is colored alternately, as wc vary positions from winch we view it; and the very same thing thus becomes, in turns, both good and evil. What is evil to one is good to another. The fevers which rack the brain of the sick man, is an evil to him, but a benefit to the well physician. The rain that rains the harvester, blesses the miller and the boatman. The scanty market the seller craves, is bitterness to the buyer.— Carrion and train oil are offensive to us, but sweet savored to the vulture and Es quimaux. Snakes and henbane are poison ous to us, but they delight and fatten swine. What can be more nauseating than tobacco, yet it gives priceless enjoy ment to millions. F.rc sears our flesh, but if it had not this consumptive power, it would not cook our foo 1, nor burn the fu el that warms our hearths and ministers to our varied necessities; sack are its nu- ( mcrous uses aud benefits, that no tbwC cf argument could prevail on the legislature ! of a single State to pass a prohibitory law’ in respect thereto; notwithstanding the many sad and lamentable catastrophes which have fallen upon mankind by means of its agency; and which are hourly oc curring. See the newspapers, almost eve ry one details some sad event which has happened by fire, ‘lake another case, — Even the wateriug of spiritg apd Other a dulterations that put unjust gajug }nto the pocket of the vender, give, oftoq, t° the buyer, by reducing a too concentrated diet, protection from disease he blindly courts. Nothing better illustrates the even distribution of good aud evil, and the impossibility of concentrating all con ceivable advantages in any one department, than a search lor a country residence. In whatever direction we look, we find that where one sot of desirable qualities exists, there will be a corresponding set of disad vantages. ‘l lms: The hills give us fine prospects, healthy air, refreshing breezes, THE GEORGIA JEFFERSONIAN. GRIFFIN, (GA.) THURSDAY MORNING, MAY 18, 1854 good roads, farinaceous grain, sweet gras ses, &c. But, the soil is - thin, water is scarce, early and late frosts destroy our fruits, our labor is doubled and tillage is more costly. On the other hand, emi grants to the Western States are tempted by the rich alluvial soil and beautiful plains, where, with little labor, rank crops are received; but, they must accept as a necessary condition, of the situation which produces these benefits, damp atmosphere, pestilent diseases, b.ad roads, confined prospect, annoying vermin, rank weeds, and insufferable heat. Then, necessarily, the blessings in the n£e of diets or drinks, consist in the mod erate and proper use, If we would avoid the evils resulting from immoderate and improper use. And this view fully corre sponds with the texts quoted at the head of this article—The tree of knowledge of good and evil —so the prophet is made to speak for the Creator, a language which is unmistakeable.—lsaiah, XLV: 7. Those who advocate the total extirpation of any evil under the sun, by legislation, may as well legislate against darkness; for the latter is no more the creation of Peity, than the former, if the prophet is right; which, I suppose, all will be willing to ad mit; and if they admit, they ought to bow in silent respect and ask forgiveness for at tempting to kno w more than their Crea tor, and beg the extension of his mercy and pardoning power for attempting to a bolisli an evil, by legislative enactment, which, the prophet says, had been created by the Lord. It is said that intemperance produces poverty. Suppose it docs? What then? Do you expect to enrich all by legislation, in the teeth of the fact, That the poor yc have always with you? This, no doubt, is considered a great evil by the rich, who have two opinions in favor of parsimony to one in favor of charity.— Hence, this accounts for the hue and cry of that class, against the use of spirituous liquors. But, to suppose a case, which is, by no means, far fetched, that total absti nence has become a law, and that in con - sequence, liquors of all kinds are abolish ed; aud in the course of human events, one of onr millionaires steps out into the yard, is attacked and bit by a poisonous reptile —distance three miles to the nearest phy sician, and he is gone, no medical aid can bo obtained in time; the grocery, which was within three hundred yards of the rich man’s residence, is closed, in conse quence of the law prohibiting evil, and its place filled with dry goods—the latter will not cure the bite, though the former would, and but for his vote, perhaps that law would not have passed. Thus, he dies, like a fool, a martyr to his own law, and 1 passed by his own vote; instead of living under the laws as organized by the Crea tor. Such views put me in mind of the Puritan fathers in this country, who, in a general meeting ou the subject of laws, a mong other things, voted—That “they would put up with the laws of God,” as contained in the Bible, until they could make better. Those who seek to abolish all evil, seek to amend and improve the laws and creation of God. P. B. COX. Mr. Editor:— l am under the necessity of asking a small space in your columns, to reply to a communication over the sig nature of Daniel Godard, which was pub lished in your issue of the 27th ult. He sets out in his communication by saying that he had seen a piece over my signa ture, published in your issue of the 15th ult. and goes on to characterize my piece as malicious and uncalled for. Now if the truth be malicious and uncalled for, then is my piece malicious. If the truth be uot malicious, then he has missed giving my publication its true character. I now say, that I have had no doubts or fears, in relation to his opinion or knowl edge of my publication; but, Mr. Editor, he has made an astounding development in the close of his first paragraph, by sayir.g my name is “DANIEL.” But, sir, you was not so much astonished, as when you had read further down in bis communication, which 1 will notice before 1 am done with him. Reader, ho continues by saying, that “somebody is mad,” and that I had sig nally failed to rule. I have never aspired to be a ruler, but they that do rule, are always afraid that they may l6se their place, and a madman is most certain to think, that because he is mad eve ry body else must be. Daniel farther’ says, that he cannot attempt to follow me in the charges which I made against him in my publication If they had been untrue, Daniel, it would not have taken much time to have said they were untrue, and to have proven it too. Daniel, yon say you had good reasons not to notice the charges which I made against you, and that yon eutertained fears, and that you desired to keep clean hands that you might grow stronger and stronger. I think it is very necessary that you should be cau tions, in relation to keeping your hands clean, and it may be that before I am done with you, that you may have cause to cleanse them, ‘else you may grow weaker.’ You then make a charge against me: You say, that I “publicly in the Church round ly denied my own saying, and it was pro ven to my face” Wheu you made this charge you soiled your hands, and you will grow weaker; you ought not to have soil ed your hands, for you have great need of strength. Daniel, I am ready to meet you oil that charge. I deny the charge most positively. Why were yon not ni?!’ f! specific in your charge? Why did yon not name the conference? the time and the sayir.g? that you say I denied. Oh! you could not do that, for you had “fears” that 1 would call you to an investigation. Daniel, I have been credibly informed, that you say the charge which you made against me In your publication, is, tliat I said that the meeting house was all paid for, and that I well knew that there was three dollars still unpaid. If that bo the change, then yoq have fallen into a tni*- iqfc “again. I never sad the meeting house was aq paid for; I said the stand and seats were paid for: You will recollect that there were twq geperate contracts, one for the house, qrjd gqe for the stand and scats, with two diffepoai persons. I could with all propriety say, the stand and seats were paid tor, for the reason that all the money pased through my hands I advan ced a large portion of the money; will you let the public know hw that matter stands? Keep up the idea that “clean hands give strength.” Now, Daniel, I bring you some testimony that you will not dispute, that goes strongly to show that you fell into a mistake in making that charge. When wo were excluded from the Church, you said you was glad that there was no charge a gainst ns, except that we would not agree with the majority; you said you were proud that we were not guilty of any im moral conduct; yon t old the committee from Bulah, as the committee from Union, the same thing, that we were guil ty of no immoral non spud; then, after all this, you say 1 am guilty of denying my own words. Oh! Daniel, examine your self, aud see if your hands are clean. If I was guilty as you say, then you should not have told that I was innocent of any charge, except that I would not agree with the majority of the church; and, I now say, that I hold myself ready to meet, any charge which you can invent. 1 chal lenge investigation. I am both willing and ready to meet you on any charge what ever, in relation to the meeting house, or any conference had thereat, or any matter touching the difficulty of that church. Now, Daniel, I come to your last para graph. I have often heard you say, where you have attempted to preach, that be fore you was done, you would tell some thing new, that yoi would venture, that there was not five men in the house had ever heard of it before, or even thought of what you was going to say. Whether you redeemed that promise or not, I leave others to say. But in this paragraph, you have revealed that which not a single person in the world ever kuew before.— Yon say that you feel sorry and to lament that I have made it your duty to do that ; which very seldom becomes a “political organ.” The public has been much en lightened to know that you are a “politi cal organ;’’ to be unpolitical organ’*and a minister too, is too much for one man. I would advise you to give up the organ ship. Now, Daniel, 1 have gone through your communication, you have fired your blunderbuss, and it reminds me of the fowler’s gun,— “Which was well aimed at duck and plover. When i. fired ii kick’d hack and knock’d the own er over.” Now, Daniel, If you think that I have not redeemed my promise, that I made in iny first publication, and if you are still dissatisfied, I will say to you that I have “a few more of the same sort left.” JOHN E. DUKE. PREMIUM LIST For the Eighth Annual Fair or THE Central Agricultural Society of tho State OF GEORGIA. To he held at Augusta on the 23 d to the 28 October, 1351 FIELD CROPS. I. For the largest crop of Cotton proilu^ ced upon two acres of upland, with the mode of eulliv.itamount and kind of manure Used, the period of planting, the number of times plowed and hoed, the kind of Cotton; the land to tie mea sured and the Cotton weighed in the pres sence of three disinterested and reliable witnesses, with certificate from them, pitcher, SSO 2 For the largest crop of Cotton produced upon two acres sf lowland, (the same requisition as upon ail acre of upland,) 50 3. For Hie largest crop of Pea Vine Hay, raised on two acres, one bale to be sent as a sample, with a certificate of quantity made, silver cup, 20 4. Foi’ the largest cr >p of Native Grass Hay, raised on two acre.-*, the same as above, 20 5. For the largest crop of Foreign Grass tl iy, raised on two acres, the same as above, 20 6. For the largest crop of Corn grown upon 2 acres of upland, not less than 75 bushels per acre; the period cf planting, the mode of culti vation, kind of corn, times plowed and hoed, the amount and kind of manuie applied; tile land and corn measured in the presence of three disinterested and reliable witnesses, with their silver pitch er worth 50 7 For the largest- crop of Corn grown upon 2 acres of low land, not less than 103 bushels per acre (re quisition as upon upland Corn) 50 8. For the largest crop of Wheat (broadcast) grown upon two acres of land, not less than 20 bushels per acre, nor under 60 pounds per bushel; the land and Wheat to be measured, and under the same requisition in all things as above, 35 9 For the largest crop of Wheat (drilled) grown upon two acres of iai,d not less than 20 husliels per acre, nor less than 60 pounds per bushel, re quisition the same as upon the above, 25 10. For the largest crop of low land Ric?, on one acre, not less than 100 bushels, 50 11. For the largest crop of Oats, kind, &c. raised per acre, 20 12 For the largest crop of Rye, kind, &c. raised per acre, 10 13. For the largest crop of Barley, kind &c. raised per acre, 10 14. For the largest crop of Sweet potatoes raised per acre, one eighth of an acre to be dug, an d certificates of the yield by disinterested persons furnished, 20 15 For the largest crop of Irish Potatoes raised per acre, 20 16. For the largest crop of Turnips raised per acre, 1® 17. For the largest crop of Ground Peas, or Pindars, raised per acre, 10 18. For th@ largest crop of Field Peas raised per acre, 15 19 Best box ot Chewing Tobacco, Southern raised, 5 20. Best box of Cigars from Sou thern raised Tobacco, 5 21. Best sample of Southern raised Smoking Tobacco, 5 22 For the greatest quantity of Corn produced on an acre of land by irrigation, with the mode of cultiva tion, time of planting, irrigation, &c. 25 Exhibitors of all the above crop must state in writing, in full, to the Sec retary, all Ihe requisitions as laid down for Corn, Cotton, &c , as above, whet the articles are entered upon his books for exhibition; with the witnesses’ certi ficates for the measurements of lands and pounds, and bushels per acre, without which the Judges will he required to withhold their awards, and exhibitors not complying with these requisitions will not he allowed to compete for the Pre miums of the Society. CHOPS BY HOYS UN I) EH SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE. 1. For the largest quantity of In* dian Corn grown by any white hoy under 16 years of age, upon an acre of land, a patent lever silver watch. 25 Tne rules in relation to (laid crops to be complied with. 2. For the largest quantity of Cot ton produced by any white boy un* tier 16 years of age upon an acre of land —patent iever silver watch, 25 The rules °f held crops to he com plied with. SAMPLES OF. FIELD CROPS. 1. best variety of Bread Corn, wi;h two bushels as sample, $lO 2. Best variety of Corn for stock, two bushels as sample—tested by weight, 10 3 Best variety of Wheat, with a bushel of grain as sample, 10 4. For the best variety of Sweet Potato, sample of two bushels, 10 5. For the best variety of Field Peas, sample of one bushel, 10 6 Best variety of Upland Colton, two stalks as samples, 10 7. Best variety ot Sea Inland Cot ton, with two stalks as samples, 10 8. Best bushel of Rice, 5 9. “ “ “ Oat s, f) 10. “ “ “ Rye, o XI. “• “ “ Brilev, 5 12. “ “ u Irish Potatoes, 5 13. Best variety of Grass S-eds adapted to the South for May or Grazing, 10 Exhibitors of crops, must give in ‘wri ting to the Secretary a full account of each crop offered, its adaptation tor pro fitable cultivation, &c. Exhibitors of Hay must give the mode of cultivating, curing, harvesting, &c. COTTON BALES. 1 For the best 2J bales of Upland Cotton, 2 For the best 10 bales of Upland Cotton, 1° 3 For the best 5 bales of Upland Colton, 1® 4 For the best 1 bale of Upland Cotton, 5 5 For the best 5 bales of Sea Is land Cotton, 20 6 Best hale of (300 lbs) Sea Island or Black Seed Cotton raised on up land, 25 The Cotton must be on the Fair Ground during the Exhibition, to claim the premium. RECLAIMING LAND, 1 For the best and most economi cal method, based on actual experi ment of resuscitating the wornout land of the South, by a system of turning under green crops, liming, guano, super-phosphate, or other wise, $25 2 For the best essay on Agricul ture . by a pupil of any School or Col lege in the State —Pitcher, 25 FLOWING MATCH. 1 For best Plowing by whit*! man, 5 2 “ “ “ slave, 5 3 “ “ white boy, 13 to 16 years sold, 5 4 For best Plow ing by negro boy 13 to 16 years old, 5 The Plowing Match will come off du ring the Fair. Grounds will be prepared foi the same, and entrance open to hor ses, mules and oxen. Judges in this depattment will be gov erned in their av.aids by the depth and width of the furrow, slice turned by the plow of each competitor, and the time employed to complete his work. Plows must be deposited at the Secre tary’s office on the first day of the Fair. Those of Southern invention and manu facture, if of equal merit, to have prece dence. Tiie Gadsden Treaty passed by a vote of thirt/-th ee to fourteen. The Southern vote was unanimous in the affirmative.— Eight Northern Whigs, four Detnoetats and two Freesoilers voted in the negative. Toe treaty as passed provides a bounda ry embracing twenty-eight, tbousafid square miles of territory and a route for the Pacific Railroad. Mr. Bell’s amend ment providing for a guarantee and pro tectorate on the part of the United States Government towards the Tehauntepec Railroad or Canal, is adopted and forms a part of the treaty. It settles the dispu ted Mesilla Valley question, giving the United States the boundary at the initial point upon this side.- The article provi ding for private claims was rejected unan imously. The United States are releas ed from the eleventh article of the Trea ty of Guadaloupe llidalgo, and all claims arising under it. For these concessions the United States are to pay ten millions of dollars. It is supposed the project thus prepared by the Senate will be ap proved by the President and gladly ac cepted by Santa Anna. — Salt. .Iniev. 27t/i. Liberia.—President. Roberts, in his an nual message to the Assembly of Libe* ria, gives an encouraging account of the present condition and future prospects of the republic. During the year 1853, the revenue ofihe republic was more consider able than in any previous year. Th 4 to tal receipts into the treasury were $35,- 093, while the public expenditures for the same period amounted to $32,072, leaving a cash surplus of $3,021. The present liabilities of the government a mount to $13,925, which, when the assets are deducted, leaves a balance against the Slate of $6,062. It is believed that du ring the present year, the receipts will be sufficient, not only for the discharge of the ordinary expenses, but also for the liquidation of the present liabilities and the completion of various important pub lic improvements. IS SENATE. INDIGENT INSANE BILL VETO. Washington, May 3, 1854. A message was received from the Pre sident of the United States, by Siduey Webster, Esq. liis Private Secretary: To the, Senate of the United Statis: The bill entitled “An act making a grant of public lands to the several States for the benefit of indigent insane persons,” which was presented to me on the 27 th ultimo, has been maturely considered, and is returned to the Senate, the House in which it originated, with a statement of the eductions which have required me to withhold from it my approval. In the performance of this duty pre scribed by the Constitution, I have been compelled to resist tire deep sympathies of my own heart in favor of the humane pur pose sought to be accomplished, and to overcome the reluctance with which I dis sent from the conclusions of the two Houses of Congress, and present my own opinions in opposition to the action of a co ordinate branch of the government, which possesses so fully my confidence and respect. If. Ul presenting my objections to this bill, I should say more than strictly be longs to the measure, or is required for the discharge of my official obligation, let it be attributed to a sincere desire to justify my act before those whose good opinion I so highly value, and to that earnestness which springs from my deliberate conviction, that a strict adherance to the terms and pur poses of the Federal compact, offers the best, if not the only, security for the pre servation of our blessed inheritance of representative liberty. The bill provides, in substance: First, That ten millions of acres of land be granted to the several States, to be ap propriated among them in the compound ratio of the geographical area, and repre sentation of said States, in the House of Representatives. Second, That wherever there arc public lands in a State subject to sale at the re gular price of private entry, the proportion of said ten millions of acres falling to such State, shall be selected from such lands within it; and that to the States in which there are no such public lands, land scrip shall be issued to the amount of their dis tributive shares, respectively; said scrip not to be entered by said States, but to be sold by them, and subject to entry by their assignees, provided that none of it shall be sold at less than one dollar per acre, under penalty of forfeiture of the same to the United States. Third , That the expenses of the man agement and superintendence of such lands, and of the monies received there from, shall be paid by the States to which they may belong, out of the treasury of said States. Fourth , That the gross proceeds of the sales of such lands, or land-scrip so grant ed, shall be invested by the several States in safe stocks, to constitute a perpetual fund, the principal of which shall remain ever undiminished, and the interest to be appropriated to the maiutaiuance of the indigent insane w ithin the several States. I Fifth, That animal returns of lands or ] scrip sold shall be made by the States to the Secretary of the Interior, and the whole grant be subject to certain condi tions anil limitations prescribed in the bill, to be assented to by legislative acts of said States. This bill, therefore, proposes that the Federal Government shall make provision to the amount of the value of ten millions of acres of land, for an eleemosynary ob ject within the several States, to be ad ministered by the political authority of the same; and it presents, at the threshold, the question, whether any such act, on the part of the Federal Government, is warranted and sanctioned by the Consti tution, the provisions and principles of which are to be protected and sustained as a first and paramount duty. It cannot be questioned that if Con gress have power to make provision for the indigent insane without the lifni sos this District, it has ike tame power to provide for the indigent who are not in sane; and thus to iraffsfef to the Federal Government the charge of ail the poor in all the States. It has the Same [low er to provide hospitals and other local establishments for the care and cure of every species of human infirmity, and thus t > assume all that duty of either public philanthropy, or public necessity to the dependent, the orphan, the sick or the needy which is now discharge] by the States themselve*, or by corporate institution*, or private endowments exist ing under the legislation of the States.-- Ike whole field of public beneficence is throvyn open to the care and culture of the I ederal Government. Generous im pulses no longer encounter the limitations and control ot our imperious fundamental law. For, however worthy may be the present object in itself, it is only one of a class. It is not exclusively worthy of benevolent regard. Whatever consi-. delations dictate sympathy for this parti cular object, apply, in like manner, if not in the same degree, to idiotcy, to physi cal disease, to extreme destitution. If Congress may and ought to provide for any One of these objects, it may and ought to provide for them all. And if it be done in this case, what answer shall be given, when Congress shall be called upon, as it doubtless will be r to pursue a similar course of legislation in the others? It will, obviously, be vain to re ply that the object is worthy, but that die application has taken a wrong direction. The power will have been deliDcrative ly assumed, the general obligation will, by this act, have been acknowledged, and the question of means and expediency will alone be left for consideration. The dicision upon the principle, in any one cas6, determines it for the whole class.— The question presented, therefore clearly is npon the constitutionality and proprie ty of the Federal Government assuming i to enter into a novel and vast field of le i gislation, namely, that of providing For i the care and support of all those, among: i the people of the United States, who, by < any form of calamity, become fit objects 1 of public philanthropy. i I readily, and trust feelingly, acknowl < edge the duty inenmbnet on ns all, asinen > and citizens, and as among tire highest and holiest of our duties, to provide for those who, in the mysterious order of Pro vidence, are subject to wont and to dis ease of body or mind, but I cannotfind any authority in the Constitution for making the Federal Government the great almo ner of public charity throughout the Uni f ted States. lodo so would, in my judsr- I nient, be contrary to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, and subversive of the I whole theory upon whuh the Union of | these States is founded. And if it were admissible to contemplate the exercise of ‘j this power, for any object whatever, I can not avoid the belief that it would, in the end, be prejudicial rather than ben eficial to the noble offices of charity, to have the charge of them transferred from the States to the Federal Government, j Are we not too prone to forget that the I ederal Union is the creature of the States, not they of the Federal Union?— \V e were the inhabitants of Colonies dis tinct in local government one from the other, before the Revolution. By that Revolution the colonies each became an in dependent State. They achieved that in depencicncc, and secured its recognition by the agency of a consulting body, which, from being an assembly of the ministers of distinct sovereignties, instructed to agreo to no form of government which did not leave the domestic concerns of each State to itself, was appropriately denominated a Congress. When, having tried the ex periment of the Confederation, they re solved to change that for the present Fed eral Union, and thus to confer on the Fed eral Government more ample authority they scrupulously measured such of the fimctioiis of their cherished sovereignty as they cnosc to delegate to the General Go vernment. With this aim, and to this oiicl, the fathers of the Republic framed the Constitution, in and by which the in dependent and sovereign States united themselves, for certain specified objects and purposes, end for those onlv, leaving all powers not therein set forth'ns confer red on one or another of the three “-reat departments, the-legislative, the execu tive, and the judicial, indubitably with the States. And when the people of the sev eral States had, in their convention and thus alone, given effect and force to the constitution, not content that any doubt should, in future, arise as to the scope and character of this act, they engrafted there on the explicit declaration that; “The powers not delegated to the United states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” Can it be controverted that the “reat mass of the business of Government that in volved, in the social relations, the internal an angement ot the body jtolitrc; the mental and inoral culture of men j the development oflccal resources of wealth; the punishment of crimes in general; the prcsernftßm of older; the relief of the needy, or otherwise unfortunate members of society, did in practice, remain with the States; that nono of these objects of local concern are, by the Constitution, expressly or iniplicdlv prohibited to the States, and that none of j them are, by any express language of the /Constitution, transferred to the United States? Can it be claimed that any of tne'se functions of local administration and legislation are vested in the Federal Go vernment by any implication? I have never found anything in the Constitution which is susceptible of such a construction. No one of the enumerated powers touches the subject, or has even a romote analogy of it.- The powers conferred upon the United States have reference to Federal relations, or to the means of accomplishing or executing things of Federal relation.— So, also, of the same character are the powers taken away from the States by e numeratloir In either case, the powers granted and the powers restricted were so granted or so restricted only where it was requisite for the maintainancc of peace and harmony botwcon the States, or for she purpose of protecting their common : interests, and defending their common sovereignty, against aggression from a broador insurrection at home. I shall not discuss the question of power sometimes claimed for the General Go vernraent, under the clause of the eighth section of the Constitution, which gives Congress the “power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to “pay debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States,” because if it has. not already been settled upon sound reason and authority, it will never be. 1 take the received and just construction of that article, as if writ ten to lay and collect taxes, duties, im posts, ami excises, i.i order to pay the debts, and ia order to provide for the com mon defence and general welfare. It is not a substantive gene al power to pro vide for the welfare of the United States, but it is a limitation on the grant of power to raise money by taxes, duties, and im posts. If it were otherwise, all the rest of the Constitution, consisting of carefully enumerated, and cautiously guarded grants of specific powers, would have been use less, if not delusive. It would be impos sible, in that view, to escape from the conclusion, that these were inserted only to mislead for the present, and instead of enlightening and defining the pathway of the future, to involve its action in the mazes of doubtful construction. Such a conclusion the character of the men who framed that sacred instrument will never permit hs to form Indeed, to suppose it susceptible of any other construction would be to consign all the rights of the States, and of the people of the States, to the mere discretion of Congress, and thus to clothe the Federal Government with au thority to coutrol the sovereign States, by which the States would have been dwarfed into provinces or departments, and all sovereignty vested in an absolute consolidated central power, against which the spirit of liberty has so often, and in so many countries, struggled in vain. In my judgment! )’°a cannot, by tributes to humanity, make any adequate compensa tion for the wrong you would inflict by removing the sources of power and politi cal action from those who are to be there by affected. If the time shall ever ar rive when, for an object appealing how tver strongly to oir sympathies, thodigit* ty of the States shall bow to the dictation No. 20.
