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8 fottth’s Depart omit. ENIGMA— No. 96. I am composed of 16 letters: My 4,5, 2, 13, 10, 6, is the name of a boy. *My 16, 5, 10, 13, 8,6, is the "name of a river in England. My 5, 10, 12, is a covering for the head. My 13, 10, 11, 1, is the name of a girl. My 5,2, 13,-14, is the dearest place on earth. My 9,2, is the name of a river in Italy. My 15, 2,3, 15, is a part of speech. My 7,8, 10, 12, 5, is what we should always be prepared for. My whole is dear to every young read er of the Banner of the South. Aggie. Savannah , Geo., 1868. SQUARE PUZZLE Os 2 words, 3 letters, 4 lines : My 1 and 4 are each the same— Eight ways they read a maiden’s name; My 2 and 3 are clearly mid-day rays, Diverging 2 and 3o different ways. Quilp. Louisia?ia, Nov., 1868. ♦ —♦—♦ . Answers to Last Week’s Enigmas.— To Enigma No. 92—The Southern Opin ion—Horse—Ton—Sin—Hut—Rose— Sip—Nine—Shoes—The. To Enigma No. 93. —General Patrick R. Cleburne—Butler —Pagan—Latin— Eagle—Pike—Precipice —Rebel—Bull Run—Ear—Rack—Crane. To Enigma No. 94.—National Demo crat ic Convention—Nominee —Ant— Time—lce Cream —Ocean —Nine—Aloe —La—Dime—Entice—Mane —Oration —Client—Rat—Attic —Tide—lce— Cancel—Canoe—Onion —Nation—Yat —Entail—Ton—Ton—lnn—One—Na tional. (Prepared for the Banner of the South by Uncle Buddy.] FAMILIAR SCIENCE, PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHURETTED HY DROGEN. Phosphorus. —Phosphorus is a pale, amber colored substance, resembling wax in appearance. The word is derived from two Greek words, which mean to produce or carry light (phosphorein.) It is obtained by heating bones to a white heat; by this means, the animal matter and charcoal are consumed, and a sub stance called “phosphate of lime 5 ’ is left behind The phosphate of lime is phosphorus united to oxygen and lime; when sul phuric acid is added, and the mixture heated, the lime is attracted to the acid, and pure phosphorus remains. If pow dered charcoal be added, phosphorus may be procured by distillation. This clement was discovered in 1669, by Brandt, of Hamburg. It is so exceedingly inflam mable, that it sometimes takes fire by the heat of the hand; great care, there fore, is required in its management, as a blow or hard rub will very often kindle it. The ignitible part of Lucifer, or friction matches, is made of phosphorus. Above 250,000 pounds are used, every year, in London alone, for the manufacture of Lucifer or friction matches. These matches will ignite when drawn across any rough surface, because they are tipped with phosphorus, which has an affinity for oxygen at the lowest temperature; so that the little additional heat caused by the friction of the match across the bot tom of the Lucifer box is sufficient to ignite it, and, at the same time, to ignite the sulphur with which the match is tipped. The peculiar property of phosphorus is that it is luminous in the dark; and, even in daylight, it appears to be surrounded by a light cloud. It should always be kept under water, and great care used in handling it, as the busns made by it are very difficult to heal. Putrefying fish are luminous, because the carbon of the fish, uniting with oxygen, forms carbonic acid; and the phosphoric acid of the fish, being thus de prived of oxygen, is converted into phos phorus. As soon as this is the case, the phosphorus begins to unite with the oxygen of the air, and becomes lumi nous. Carbonic acid is a compound of carbon and oxygen. If the oxygen be taken from phosphoric acid, the residue, of course, is phosphorous The luminous ness spoken of is due to the slow com bustion of the phosphorus while it is uniting with the oxygen of the air “The waters of the ocean,” says Silli man, “especially in warm latitudes, are often covered with little animalcules which become luminous at night when the water is agitated. The cause of phosplmrescence is not known. Phosphuretted Hydrogen —The very offensive effluvia of churchyards arises from a gas, called piiosphuretted hydro- DROGEN. gen, which is phosphorus combined with hydrogen gas. This gas was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, in the year 1812. v * A putrefying dead body smells so offensively, because phosphuretted hydro gen gas always rises from putrefying animal substances. The escape of am monia and sulphuretted hydrogen con tributes, also, to the offensive smell. The luminous appearance called ignis fatuus, “jack-o’-lantern,” or “will-o’-the wisp,” which haunts meadows, bogs, and marshes, arises from the gas of putrefying animal and vegetable substances—espe cially from decaying substances. The gases which arise from putrefying substances, are : phosphuretted hydrogen, from putrefying animal substances ; and carburetted hydrogen from decaying vegetable matter. The ignis-fatuus in bogs and meadows is ignited by the impure phosphuretted hydrogen burstiug into flame whenever it mixes with air or pure oxygen gas. Pure phosphuretted hydrogen will not ignite spontaneously ; this spontaneous igni tion is due to the presence of a small quantity of the vapor of an exceedingly volatile liquid compound of phosphorus with hydrogen, which is occasionally pro duced with the gas itself. If phosphorus be boiled with milk of lime, and the beak of the retort be placed under water, bubbles of phosphuretted hydrogen will rise successively through the water, and, on reaching the surface, burst into flame. An ignis fatuus , or will-o'-the-wisp, will fly from us when we run to meet it, because we produce a current of air in front of ourselves when we run towards the ignis-fatuus, which drives the light gaslorward. It will follow us when we run from it, because we produce a current of air in the way we run, which attracts the light gas in the same course, drawing it after us as we run away from it. Per haps all the ghost stories which deserve any credit at all, have arisen from the ignited gas, or ignis-fatuvs lurking about churchwards and tombs—to which fear has added its own creations. Combustion. —Heat is evolved by combustion by chemical action. As latent heat is liberated when water is poured upon lime, by chemical action, so latent heat is liberated by chemical action also. The chemical action which takes place in combustion is that the elements of the fuel combine with the oxygen of the air. The three elements of the air which are necessary to produce combustion are: hydrogen gas, carbon, and oxygen gas —the two former in the fuel, and the last in the air which surrounds the fuel. Combustion is always accompanied by heat, and frequently, but not always, by light. An example of great heat without light is this: The air which issues from the top of the chimney of a lamp will make a piece of fine iron wire red-hot when several inches above the liame. The elements of fuel are hydrogen and carbon, as bread is a compound of flour, yeast, and salt. The combustion of the fuel is caused by the hydrogen gas of the fuel being set free, and igniting a match, uniting with the oxygen of the air, and making a yellow flame; this flame heats the carbon of the fuel,-which, also, uniting with the oxygen of the air, produces carbonic acid gas. The difference between combustion and ignition, is that some substances, when heated to a certain point, emit light with wasting away; this is called incan descence, or ignition; but when they waste away it is called combustion. A metal wire can be heated red-hot and suffered to cool, without changing its state ; but a piece of charcoal, when heat ed to redness, will waste away. The metal is in a state of ignition, and the charcoal in a state of combustion. Fire is heat and light produced by the combustion of inflammable substances. Fire produces heat because it liberates latent heat from the air and fuel. The chemical changes m air and fuel, which are produced by combustion, arc as follows : Ist, Some of the oxygen of the air, combining with the hydrogen ot the fuel, condenses into water; 2d, some ot the oxygen of the air, combining with the carbon of the fuel, forms carbonic acid gas. When we burn a candle, or lump ot coal, the matter of which it is composed is not destroyed; the component parts of the candle and coal enter into new lorms —namely, of gas and smoke, which are dissipated in the air, and of soot and ashes, which are not consumed. Fire, after it has been long burning, is red-hot, because the whole surface of the fuel is so thoroughly heated that every part of it is undergoing a rapid union with the oxygen of the air. In a blazing tire the upper surface ol the coal is black, and the lower surface red, because carbon, being solid, requires a <r rC at decree of heat to make it unite with the oxygen ot the air, in conse- MB!!! ©J El® RBflm, quence of which the hot under-surface of coal is frequently red, from its union with oxygen, while the cold upper surface re mains black. Fuel burns most quickly in a blazing fire, because the inflamma ble gases of the fuel (which are then es capiDg.) assist the process of combustion. SINGLE, OR THE NEXT GENERAL COUNCIL. That Oecumenical Council which the Holy Catholic Church, assembled and represented from all parts of the world, is going to open on the Bth day of Decem ber, A. D., 1869, is giving a vast deal of trouble to some people, who, having no troubles of their own, (?) must necessa rily borrow a few from their less fortunate neighbors. Os course, in this case, how ever, there are at least, two very good reasons why the parties in question, should feel rather uneasy and worried. In the first place, it is a great piece of impudence in the Pope to convoke such a Council at all. He is getting to be an old man now, and he ought to have better sense than to think that any one in par ticular is going to comply with either his call, or his invitation to attend. He ought to have learned that the world in its proggress can no longer be frightened by his antiquated thunders. He ought to remember, in fact, that he has no business being Pope at all, inasmuch as that office ought to have been abolished long ago, and would have been also, if prophecies from a certain quarter could have abol ished it. For did not even that dear, pure, and great man —Martin Luther— more than three centuries ago, feel him self inspired to cry out in a fit of holy in dignation: “ Virus pestis eram; morions tibi mors ero Papa ! ” or as the very char itable remarks would sound in the Queen’s English: “ Living I bothered you sore; but dy ing, I’ll give you the death-blow! ” And 0 1 o have not ever so many others, upon whom the mantle of that very illustrious Apos tle has since descended, given expression to similar sentiments, and put forward similar prophecies, all of which are still waiting patiently to be fulfilled, and all of which that old Pope has it in his power to verify, if he would only abolish his office, dispose of his territory in favor of the Bible Society, make a meeting-house of St. Peter’s and there lie down and die. Ail that, of course, could be done very easily, and Pius IX ought really to feel ashamed for refusing to put himself to so trifling an inconvenience, when there is a question of obliging so many. Then there is that other reason on ac count of which these good people are troubled. “If the Pope will insist on having a council, and if lie is even now having all the preparatory arrangements made for the same, then why, for the land’s sake, don’t he do the thing openly? What are they goiDg to do at it ? What new rules, regulations, and dogmas are going to be made and proclaimed on the occasion? We are dying to know, and it is absurd for the old Pope to have any secrets about it. Why, nobody lias any secrets in these days, and it is ridiculous for the Pope to make an exception. 11 c, fur our part, never had, nor kept a secret from any one. O, no! and hence it is wrong to treat us in this manner. ‘But nevermind! If the Pope is shrewd, someone else may be found that is still shrewder. If he sees fit to order his “congregations”—or committees, as we would style them in this country — to meet and transact their business with closed doors, they never, at least, will think of stopping up the key-holes to their various halls, and—“ we ask no more.” Carrying out this programme, or at least pretending to have done so, some enterprising individual has lately elec trified the world, both Old and New, with a most startling revelation. lie has been to Rome. While there, he managed, either by fair means or foul, to obtain ac cess to the meetings of the Cardinals; Bishops, Ac., who are charged with ar ranging the prelimenaries ot the Council. And, “mille murtlier! ” what did lie find them discussing? Poor rnan! it is a wonder that he survived the shock at all, and that lie ever lived to tell the tale. Could any one believe it, unless it came from such very good authority ? The Pope is at least corning to his senses. How so ? Ah, “ tell it not in Gath, pub lish it not in the streets of Askalon! ’ but the old man, and his Cardinals, Pa triarchs, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests, Monks, and nuns, are all sick and tired of their single blessedness, and every mother’s son of them is going to get mar ried as soon as the Council is over. You n;ay stare in mute astonishment, but there is no doubt about it- Our informant heard them say so, as he was listening through the key-hole They were at that very moment introducing the ques tion of abolishing the “dogma,” (how verv dog-matic our informant is,) regard- ing the celibacy of the Clergh, and it was received with the warmest applause! Nor was this all our lucky dogmatic friend—had the good fortune to over hear. Abolition is going to be the rule at the coming Council, for in addition to celibacy, he overheard them also discuss ing the expediency of abolishing the use of the Latin language in the Church ser vice. Os course. Why not ? il Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in Mis,” which, I suppose, might be ren dered by: “ Times are changing anon, and we are as fickle as they are.” Why, then, should the Catholic Church make an ex ception ? Besides, it is so hard to study the Latin, and consequently, so hard and tedious to prepare for the Priesthood under the present system. And again, there ,is yet another consideration. If once the service is conducted in the ver nacular, the worshippers down in the body of the Church will be so attentive, and so pious. There will be no more whispering, nor giggling, nor going to sleep then during service. Os course not. We are not told exactly what a poor for eigner, coming we will say, from Swe den, or Portugal, Turkey, or New Zea land will do if he comes to 'these, or any other shores but his own, and wishes to attend the Catholic worship in a country whose language is “ all Greek” to him. But then, it is an understood matter that no foreigner has any business to come here, and expect to find his God worship ped here .in the same manner, or in the same language in which he was accus tomed to hear and see Him worshipped at home. But enough. It does seem very strauge to see day after day, how easily the world is gulled in some respects. Tell it the truth, and vo’u will have to repeat your proposition over and over again a thou sand times, before you can make an im pression. Tell it a lie, and behold you, every newspaper in the country takes up the refrain, and hundreds of thousands eagerly gulp down, and repeat the false hood. Such a he is the telegram pur porting to have been sent by cable lately from Rome. It bears the stamp of a lie on its forehead. Even the very fact alone of the reporter, eaves-dropper, hum bug, or whatever else you may call him, speaking of the “ dogma ” regarding cel ibacy, proves that he does not knew what he is talking about. •Celibacy in the Catholic Church is not a dogma , but a matter of discipline which could be abol ished to-morrow without impairing the deposit of faith, but which never will be abolished, “ even unto the consummation of the world.” Hence, though we are neither a clairvoyant nor a prophet, we are going to conclude with the following, two very grave assertions, which we defy all the world, either now, or hereafter to disprove by authentic documents : 1. The question of abolishing, at the next general Council, the celibacy of the Roman Catholic Clergy, or the use of the Latin language in the administration of the sacraments has newer yet been enter tained or discussed by any of the “con gregations” now charged with arranging the prelimenaries of the Council. 2. Those questions will never even be broached by any Catholic Bishop, Priest, or laymen, when the Council is formally opened. Esperanza. Curious Work of Bees.— The poppy bee makes her nest in the ground, bur rowing down about three inches. At the bottom, she makes a large round hole, and lines it splendidly with the scarlet' leaves of wild poppy. She cuts, and tits the pretty T tapestry, till it is thick, and soft, and warm, then partly fills the cell with honey, lays an egg, folds down the red blankets, and closes up the hole, so that it cannot be distinguished; and there, in its rosy cradle, with food to eat, and a safe nook to rest in, she leaves her baby bee to take care of itself. The leaf cut ting bee makes her cells of green leaves, shaping them like thimbles. These little jars she half fills with rose colored paste of honey, and pollen from thistles, lays her eggs, and covers the pots with round leaf lids that fit exactly. The mason tee makes its nest of mud or mortar. It looks like a bit of dirt sticking to a wall, but has little cells within. The mother bee does all the work, sticking little grains of sand and earth together with her own glue.. The carpenter bee bores in posts, and makes its cells of saw-dust and glue. The carding bees live in holes, among stones and roots, making nests of moss, lined with wax, to keep the wet out, with a long gallery by which to enter. They find a bit of moss, and several bees place themselves in a row, with their backs toward the nest; then the foremost lays hold of the moss, and pulls it up with her jaws, and drives it with her fore feet under her body, as far towards the next as possible. The second does the same; and in this way, heaps of prepared moss are got to the nest; others weave it into shape. W\t and junior. The Language of the La. often been said that a woman with a La zel eye never elopes from her husband never chats scandal, never sacrifices her husband’s comfort for her own, never find, fault, never talks too much or too litt| e and is always an entertaining, agreeable’ and lovely companion. “We n t . Ver knew,” says a brother quill driver, “L ut one uninteresting, and unamiable woman with a hazel eye, and she had a nose which looked, as the \ ankee says, lik e the sharp end o f nothing whittled d f , Wn to a point.” The grey eye is the sign 0 f shrewdness and talent. Great thinkers and captains have it. In woman it j n . dicates a better head than heart The dark hazel is nobler in significance as j n beauty. The blue eye admirable, but feeble. The black eye! Look out for the wife with a black eye ! Such can be seen almost daily at the police office, gen eraliy with a complaint against the hus band for assault and battery. —Eo Surprised.- -One of the “broad” style of Western men, said that nothing sur prised him so much as to see the New England farmers “boring holes in the rocks with gimlets, to put in their grain. Why, out West, he added, “we put the grain on a table, and fan it, and it comes up all around ! ” A Different Direction. —“I say, Mr* Pilot, ain’t you going to start soon,” said a nervous traveller on a steam-boat lying to during a fog. “As soon as the fog clears up,” replied the Captain. “Well, it’s star-light now overhead,” said the man. “ Oh, yes! but we are not goiug that way.” Philosophical. —One of the most calm ly philosophical speeches I ever heard, I heard the other day from the mouth of an urchin. The scene was a play-field attached to a most respectable academi cal establishment. Roys were busy cricketing, and engaged in other sports. Espying one solitary little fellow stretch ed out on the grass, in listless abandon ment of all control over his limbs. “Find the weather too warm for exertion ? ” I remarked. “No,” he said; “ but when I bore myself doing nothing, play-time seems so much longer.” I have not yet recovered from the stupendous depth of this answer. Perplexed.— A little fellow some four or five years old, who had never S'Cii a negro, was perplexed one day, when one came by where he and his lather were. The youngster eyed the negro suspicious ly, until he had passed, and asked his fa ther: “Pa, who painted that man all black ?’’ “ God, my son.” “ Well,' said the little one, still looking after the ne gro, “ I shouldn't athought he’d a held still! ” Lazy Society. — A Club called the Lazy 7 Society, has been formed in Ea.it Bridgeport, Oonuetieut. It already num bers Several hundred members. Iwo members have been discharged—one for striking at a mosquito, which lighted on his face, another for gaping too quickly, and opening his jaws. The Society is iu perpetual session. The Reason.—llev. J. D. I’niton, writing on board the City ot Baltimore, says: “I have heard that good wme could not cross the ocean. I never knew the reason before. It is drank up. Never did I see more wine drinking, than on this ship at sea, we have had but one per son intoxicated.’’ Most Influence. —“Tain’t de white, nor yet dc black tolks what hub de m y intiuence in dis work, but de yefiow boy-, said old Aunt Chloe, as she jingled a a - coins that had come down from a former generation. Prenticiana. —A weak woman coni persuade man to eat the forbidden ti ni*. but it. took the Devil himselt to pursuant the woman. The negroes have wool, and the w ; * men have not, and yet it is the white men that get fleeced. The merchants and bankers tell m tua there are more unsafe safe, than safe bait- Speaking of the newspaper discuss -u concerning the adulteration ot Uil,iV > Punch gives his opinion that the best ar ticle on milk is—cream, A Wisconsin paper records the of a compositor who worked until died, his last “take” being a notice ot own decease. Mrs. Fanny Ivemball recently ;!N . ished a railroad conductor by pnreh;«>»ug four tickets for her party ot three, c cause she wanted to occupy two s< at ~ the sake of comfort. The following is Aunt Betsey's «k --scription ot tier milkman : -tie • meanest man in the world, she excmia ! k ‘ He skims his milk on top, then tin' 1 over and skims it on the bottom.