PAGE TWO
%Tuskegee Reports 13 Lynchings in 1931; A.N.P Says 15
‘ BY AIN ¥ P ¢
CHICAGO, Dec, 30 — (ANP)-
“According to the report of the de
partment of records and research
at Tuskegee institute, there were
13 lynchings in the United States
during the year 1931 or eight less |
than for 1930, for which 21 were
-reported.
,.i The number 13 is two less than|
that of 15 reported by the ~’\s,~o—"
xciated Negro Press. Dr. Monroe
Work, director of the records :mdl
research department at Tuskegcu,
who is in this city studying for his
doctorate at the University of
Chicago, in an interview regarding
this difference, stated that it was
chis: policy to understate rather than
to overstate in respect to 1ynchings1
and that his department never set|
up as a lynching any occurrence |
which it could not defend. There
.were bound to be differences of
opinion, he added as to what con- |
stitutes a lynching, and scarcoh"
any two agencies would agree. : .
The National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
"explained Dr. Work, annually
“broadcasts a list of the lynchings
“which varies from the Tuskesec
1ist, but the N. A. A. C. P. always
- advises with Tuskegee before issu
;‘j‘n‘g its roll.
=v The differences between the Tus
skegee list and the roll of the Asso
aciated Negro Press concern tiwo
s@deaths, one in Arkansas and the
other in Alabama.
In the Arkansas case, John Park
er, a colored man had been arrest
.&£d for killing a man. A white far-
Jner and a colored employe set out
to track Parker down. They en
countered him on a road in the
custody of officers. The white far
mer and his colored employe took
;Parker from the officers, carried
s$im away and shot him to death
. Ihe exception taken by Dr
" Work in this ease was that thc
- white farmer and the Negro om
v\_ployo, just two persons, did not
_ constitute a mob.
i In the Alabama case, Wess Skip
per, a white man, was Killed by
six other white men. Skippcer had
been accused of mistreating his
wife. The six white men went to
his home to punish him. Skipper
was Kkilled in the fight which en
;isued.
. Dr. Work did not have informa
tion regarding these occurréhces at
Jhis disposal.
~ Free Husband
(continued from page one)
her beneath the house intoxicated.
Undertakers declined to give any
comment one way or other but
-admitted that both Mrs. Andrews
and her husband were middle aged
folk.
The ambulance driver for the
Hanley Company. Pete Turner,
who has been retained as a witness
by police, claimed that when he
arrived the woman was lying on
the floor of the front room with
the shotgun nearby. Turner de
clined to give any other statemeént
save that Andrews was from his
home town. Norwood, Ga., and had
always been of good character. He
claimed that he saw no burns from
the discharge of the gun but that
tne entire volley of shots had been
poured into the wound, showing
that it must have been fired at
close range. L
Hayes, Darrow
(Continued from Page 1)
lhis motion had been acted upon.
Following their sentence at the
Scottsboro trial, which was heavily
guarded by National Guardsmen,
the youngsters were brought here
for safety, later being transferred
to Kilby Prison for safekeeping up
on an order signed by Judge Haw
kins.
That the actio nof the defense
may not be ended by the refusal
of the Supreme Court to grant a
new' trial was intimated by Mr.
Hayes. Only matter brought out in
the original trial will be considered
in the arguments at Montgomery
while new evidence that is being
secured will be used in further
steps that may be taken if a new
trial is denied or in the next trial
in the event that the motion is
granted. At the time that the bill
of exceptions was heard at Mont
gomery recently, that offered by
the I. L. D. was rejected.
Protests from all parts of Ameri
ca by individuals and organizations
have swamp<d Gov. Miller ever
since the boys were sentenced. Mes
sages have been received {rom a
number of foreign countries includ
ing Switzerland, Germany, Cuba.
Russia, France, Canada, England,
and lesser European and South A
merican domains.
&and Mrs. Hayes left for a va
ca in Mexico City: Mexico,
while Mr. Darrow returned to his
h?}f in Chicago upon fhe comple
tion..of their work here.
A N.P. SURVEY OF EVENTS IN 1931
Action, action, action—that is the
chief impression to be gained by a
perusal of the files of The Associat
ed Negro Press for 1931, If progress
;is not discerning. there 1s no sign
of retreat. In the battle for exist
!encc. throughout the world, black
‘men are seen holding their ground
In the face of a world-wide depres
sion exerting an zalmost resistless
social and economic pressure. Ne
groes are seen not to be even think
ing that there is a force extant
which threatens their status. a men
ace to the gains already won. Cease
less activity on all fronts during
the past year indicates that the vear
1931 has been a sort of Verdun in
which the men and women of th
race have repulsed all the destruc
tive and devitalizing influences
created by the depression and have
waited hopefully for the first sign
of a chance to begin a new forward
march.
- .
1 Foreign
In 1930, Ethiopia and Haitl came
under the spotlight of international
affairs. But during the past ycear.
there was a decrease of activity in
Abyssinia that would interest the
world reader and Liberic was forc
ed to the front to share the cal
cium glare with the perennially
interesting Haiti. For several
months unofficial reports had been
coming out of Monrovia of the ex
istence of slavery in the West Afri
ca republic. These reports were con
firmed early in the year by the|
publication of the report of the In
ternational Commission which was
sent to Liberia to study that con
dition.
Further investigation was made by
George Schuyler. His observations
sn slavery in the republic and oth
sr conditions, published serially in
the white and colored press, were,
in the main uncomplimentary. Re
percussions of the slavery disclos
ures were felt in the United States,
at Geneva and in the Liberian elec
tions in May. The government of
Liberia received a “warning” from
the American government; the Lea-i
gue of nations appointed anoher{
commission to help set Liberia a-|
richt. and in the elections, Theo
dore Faulkner was deleated by Ed-|
win Barclay. Faulkner was said to!
have been the people’s choice. In
the reports on slavery, Barclay had
been indicted as a beneficiary of
the slave system existing. Post elec
‘ien charges were made that Bar
clay's victory was bought.
Uncle Sam might be expected to
comment confidentiaily that those
Haitians just will not keep still.
With the orderly election of a leg
islature and a new president, Stenio
Vincent, in 1930, a period of some
thing like amity between the Hai
tian and American government was
anticipated. But the events of the
year just past show that the rela
tions of the two governments have
been anvthing but pacific and trust
ing. The Haitians seem .actually to
have believed that when they elec
ted Stenis Vincent, he was to be an
executive who would exercise the
nrerogatives of his office with au
thority superior to anyone else in
the republic an dindifferent to the
overt or covert influence of the
United States. Early in the year,
a violent flareup occurred when
Perceval Thoby. former president
of the Patriotic Union, and minister
of the interior, disagreed on mat
tors of policy with the United States
naval officers who supervised the
department of public works. Fail
ure of Thoby to obtain a vote of
confidence from the Haitian legis
lature led him and the other mem
bers of the cabinet to resign. A new
cabinet was appointed. President
Vincent himself ran Into these nav
al officers later when he sought to
give commissions to Haitidn tech
nical workers in the department of
public works. Up until that time,
all commissions had been authoriz
ed by the naval heads and restrict
ed to Americans. Despite the stiff
arm of the American minister. Dana
Munro, Vincent won the skirmish.
More serious, however, was the
apprehensions caused when the
American Financial Advisor sought.
ih the course of national budget
trimming, to reduce the salaries ol
Haitian officials. including the
president. The Haitians stuck their
tongues in their cheeks and told
the advisor that they would sub
mit to a reduction if Americans,
earning bonuses in the Haitian
service, would agree tc decrease
them. After the flyving of much fur,
the Americans agreeably agreed
and a cause of war averted.
Evidence of a new policy on the
part of the American government
toward Haiti is apparent. Until this
year, Americans had practicaly do
minated five spheres of official ac
tivity in the republic; the depart
ment of finance, the gendarmerie,
the health department. education
and agriculture, and the department
of public works. At the end of the
summer, the United States. by trea
ty, relinquished control of health,
except in special cases, public works
educaticn and agriculture. We still
retain our hold on the Haitian gour
des and th esoldier boys of the re
public.
Dantes Bellegarde. leading Hai
tian statesman, was appointed
United States minister. He drew
the fire of Major General Smedley
D. Butler, former commander of
the marines in Haiti ,when he told
reporters that he and many other
Haitians knew nothing of a Fort
Riviere, for the capture of which
General Butler had received the
distinguished service cross. Butler
demanded an apology which Belle
garde did not give, but concluded
a supplementary statement with the
cbservation that the fort might
have existed although he, a Haitian
bxstorian. and other Haitians were
ignorant of it. The effect of the in
terchange between the two men
was to create the impression that
if Fort Riviere did exist, it could
not have heen much of a fort and
that in its capture, Butler did not
perform much of a feat
Haiti. playing no tavorites, also
made a diplomatic protest to Great
Britizn when a British captain, an
choring in Haitian waters, failed
to observe the proper courtesies.
Perhaps the outstanding position
attained by any Negro during the
vear was that of Blaise Diagne,
Senecealese member of the French
chamber of deputies, who was ap
pointed to the cabinet of Premier
pPierre Laval as under secretary of
state for the colonies.
For the Colonial Exposition held
later in the year outside Paris, Jo
sephine Baker, an American Negro
sirl. was chosen queen of the colon
ies, and during the period of the
cxposition,. exhibits from the black
colenies of France were among the
chief attractions for visitors to the
¢xposition, I
¥ . 1
['nusual Domestic
. |
Happenings |
Doubtless the most significant
event of the year is what has come
to be known as “The Scottsboro|
Affair.” It became noteworthy or|
notorious. as you will, first because
of the scarcity of evidence aguinst'
those accused and because of the
severity of punishment meted. Eight
boys, ranging in age from 14 to 20!
vears, were sentenced to death at
Scottsboro, Ala. for an alleged at
tack on two white girl hoboes. ;
The Scottsboro Affair attracted
wide public attention to communist |
activities among Negroes and !
brought the liberal Negro groups!
and the communists. The Inter
national Labor Defense, a commu
nist arm. injected itself early into
a fight to save the lives of the boys |
at Scottsboro. Machinery was set
in operation to raise funds among
Negroes for defense. At the same
time, the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored Peo-|
ple swung into action. It sought
funds for the same purpose. So far
as the public knows. no effort was
made by these two groups to unite
in defense of the boys Each orga
nization was suspicious of the met
hods of the other The NAACP,
many of whose officers had been
suspected of being Painted with
radicalism up until that time, was
found to be too conservative by
the communists, and Walter White,
dynamic secretary of the NA A.C.P.
alarmed at 1,700 threatening mes-
sages sent the governor of Alabama. |
described the communists as “in-|
temperate” and charged moreover.|
that they were not interested in
the lives of the condemned boys.
“The boys may be executed, so
far as they care,” stated Mr. White |
in effect. “if the communists can usc]
their case to help build an orga-:
nization among Negroes who suffer!
from persecution in the United|
States.” |
Neither side would yield a point.|
Negroes and whites contributed to;
two defense funds, some organiza-|
{ions contributing to both. Matters
came to such a pass finally thnt'
Comrade (?) Dubois, Comrade (?)|
White, Comrade (?) Pickens, Com-}
rade (?) Schuyler .and other elastic[
reasoners in the name of breadth,
lifted their skirts and went Hw’
way of the old-time socialist. It
became apparent that except I':)rf
Eugene Gordon and a few o hers |
our suspected communists voere |
certainly not of the I. L. D. type.|
and possibly not of the Revolution-|
ary Age.
As the year comes to an end,
both groups appear to have gained.
World-wide attention was focussed |
on the fate of the Scottsboro vic-|
tims as a result of the communist,
activity —— American consulates in|
Germany were attacked, and im-!
portant men from Mexico to Rus
sia spoke out publicly against the
atrocity. The number of Negro com
munists in the United States., under |
the spur of the depression, bas|
grown. The N.AAC.P. appears to|
have the inside track in the de-/|
fensé of the Scottsboro victims and|
the best chance of saving their|
lives. Responsible Negro leador'shin:
and opinion has become a bit wory!
of communist methods and cispic-|
ious of communist sincerity. Con-/
fidence ‘in the N A A C P at |
tacked by the communists, 's un
shaken among the Negroes it reach-|
es. although there remains a dis-|
position to see what, if anything, |
zan be obtained by giving faverable |
ear to communist inducements. !
A by-prrduct of communist ac-!
tivity in Jbamu, predicted by the
NAACP wis an outhieak at
Camp Hill in which one Negro was
arrested, several wounded and near
ly two score arrested. The trouble .
occurred when officers broke in on.
Negroes meeting in a church, I!i
was believed that they were being |
organized by communists. Some |
communist literature was reported |
found. The leaders among these|
sharccroppers. if there were any.
escaped. No action was taken a
gainst the slayver of the Negro, who |
was shot as he lav wounded. and |
several ofthose arrested. disappear- |
ed mysteriously {
In August, two of three white|
girls in Birmingham. Ala. who were |
out riding in an automobile. were|
kidnapped and killed The surviv-|
ing girl charged that a Negro was|
the abductor ¢nd slaver. After sove- |
ral weeks' investigation Willie |
Peterson was seen on the streets |
of Birmingham and identified. He
was arrested and, later, while still|
in prison. was shot five times by a!
brother of one of the slain girls He
was tried in Noyember. A jurv ot
twelve men was out more than|
ofrty-four hour without being able
to reach a verdict and the judge
ordered a mistrial. \
At Norfolk, Va. William Har
per, who had been convicted of an
attack on a white woman and sen
tenced to die, was retried and uc
quitted on the grounds that testi
mony against him in the first tra|
had been perjured. Two of the wit-
THE ATLANTA WORLD, ATLANTA, GA.
!nosscs. gllcged to have perjured,
| were white women, Dorothy Skagg:
| the victim of the alleged attack. and
| Katherine Ketchum ,both married.
]Af!or Harper's acquittal, Mrs.
Skaggs was tried and convicted ot
'pm’jury. Mrs. Ketchum was indict
ed on a charge of periury. At a
‘s(‘mnd trial, Mrs Skaggs was ac-|
| quitted and the charge against Mr:s.
| Ketchum was then nolle prossed. |
! Six Negroes were clectrocuted at
i Columbia, S. C. They had been con
| victed of the murder of two white
| men |
! Eleven Negro conviets were|
il‘n{l:‘«,h“d alve in a North Carolina
i prison fire
¢t Wijll Manier, a white man was
given a sentence of 21 vears in jail
at Gainesbore. Tenn. for killing al
: Negro. |
The Nashville Banner, whilc!
i daily: was sued by a white man
| because he was identified as a Ne
| gro in a news story The story con
i(‘orne(l a crime to which the white
' man was a party The court held
' the newspaper guiltless because no
. harm had been done by calling the
| white man, a thief a Negro |
. C. Eubanks Tucker. a New Bern,
AL . went t6 court to have him
self recognized as a white man. The
Bidge entered an order on Saturday |
W that effect. On Sunday, the judge |
by special order .rescinded the first
one and left Tucker pairt while, |
part black and part red . |
The appointment of William H
Carter, treasurer of Tuskegee insti
{ute. as receiver for the Knights ot
Pythias of that state. was reported
a5 the first position of thal Kind
by a Negro in thatl stote
. Wilfred Brunder, West Indian
Negro. living in New York, was
found to have banked more than
| a_million dollars out of the “num
hers racket” without paying any
lthx He fled from government
| azents. but later returned and paid
| 245000 back tax order to escape
La jail term. The United States fool
' cd him by taking his money and
| rowarding him with a nine-months
| sentence.
1 At FElberton; Ga,. Johnh Dowiet
| was convicted of an atiack on a
bwhite girl swhile hor escort looked
lon after a jury had deliberated
lonly six minutes, and sentenced to
I die. the evidence against him was
La pair of shoes found in his house
| which seemed to make tracks like
i those found nead the scene of the
i crime. White and colored lawyers
R
¢ & . e p l Dot - — T
b Y e o o - TEEy e N W
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Ui e B
.
jnined in an effort to obtain a new
irial Tho point was woh when the
United States Circuit court of ap
penls 4t New Orleans granted the
plea on the grounds that the jury
might Lve been influenced by the
actions of a large mob inside and
outside of the courtroem.
Joreph Kennedy a West In
dian Neuro living in Boston, won
8150.000 with a ticket he held in
an Envlich sweepstakes race, He
soon retarned to the West Indies.
A iy in Tampa, Fla, acquitied
David 1.aw of a murder charge.
Law had killed a white man, Al
bert G Bond. who came in the night
time to collect a small debt with a
pistol
The Pierson murder case, involv-
Ling the murder of Edward D. Pier
| <o, former auditor for the Nation
11 Babtist Convention, was brought
to a close with the dismissal of
charges against those indicted: the
Revy A M Tovisend: the Hey B
. J. Westbrooks ,and one George
Washington.
Ira Short white Texan, was given
.o life sentence for killing Richard
Tohnson, a Negro.
C € Spaulding, president of the
North Carolina Mutual Life Insur
ance company, was beaten up by a
' white drug clerk in Raleigh, N. C,
| when Mr. Spaulding started to
' drink a bottle of soda water at the
fountain. The clerk was later fined
1 $15 and costs for the offense. The
drug store in which the incident
ocetirred wias part of a Negro es
tate
A white woman in Mississippi
sent a Negro to purchase some poi
son. She gave that poisonh o her
baby. The Negro was convicted of
murder. He said he did not know
what he was buying, nor for what
it was to be tsed
In Kansas City, Mo., Albert Silk,
white merchant, who took a colored
cmploye out in his automobile and
murdered him, was let off with a
twenty-year sentence.
.
Lynchings
There have been two distinet
aspects of lynching activity this
vear which have had special signi
ficance. One was the organization
of a group of prominent southerns
white and colored, into a commis
sion to investigate the lynchings of
the year before. This commission
finithed its study and reported on
each act of lypching. 'The repobt
showed that there wze only small
percentage of rape charged, that in
most instances there was it
evidence to indicate that the vic
tim was not guilty ot tne «uw
‘made and that in other cases, Ne¢-
groes had been lynched on ver)
flimsy pretexts. The report was re
ceived favorably by the white and
colored press, north and south. (!
equal significance with the work
of this commission was the attempt
in several states, north and souun,
to force the passage of anti-lynch- |
ing bills. For several years the em- |
phasis had been placed on a na- |
tional anti-lynching, law, but thisg
vear there were legislators in thvf
several states prepared to go limit
in protecting their statest against |
the outrage of mod murder. Mis- |
souri, the first state to have a |
lynching in 1931, was the first to |
consider an anti-lynching measure. |
The bill passed both houses of the |
legislature and was sent to the |
governor. He voted it because he |
said, it lacked teeth, Anti-lynching |
measures were placed before the
legislature in Tennessee twice dur
ing the yeat. A bill presented in
February failed to become law. |
Another bill was introduced in |
December by Representative
George Chamlee. He is the son of |
Attorney George Chamlee, ('“‘hatm-§
nooga lawyer employed by the In
ternational Labor Defense, -comm
unist organization, in behalf of the
Scottsboro victims. Early in the
year, as a vresplit of N A A C P
activity following lynchings at
Marion, Ind., the legislature of that
state enacted into law an anti
lynching which Governor Leslie
signed. Anti-lynching measures
were also introduced into the New
York legislature and that of North
Cargclina. In South Carolina, a bill
was introduced to repeal the anti
lynching law of that state which
reqiires the county to pay the
family of a lynch vietim $2.000. The
‘ieffo:’t to repeal was not successful.
. Computing the number of lynch
| ings is ;. matter of definition. What
'is a lynching? The Associated Ne
' gro Press has chosen to regard as
lynching the deaths of men or wo
‘men which have occurred at the
ihands of mobs (two or more per
'sons) which have set out after the
| victims with punitive intent. The
‘record of 15 for the vear stands to
Eth(‘. discredit o f the fsllowing
istates:
‘Mississippt -~ - : 3
‘Alabama . .. - v 2
e .
[West Yivgihia ... . 'y
Migsoml . ]
Norlh Dakota = = |
'Tonnessee : o
folisépe ... ... |
Hrkapsas ... .. . . ]
Marylgnd ... ... .. ]
gotd . .. 1§
MISSISSIPPI--- George Spann, a
tenant farmer, who shot a n d
wounded his white landlord at
Clarksburg, was tracked by blood
hounds and killed by a mob in
February. Eli Johnson was lynch
ed by a mob in March at Redwood,
Miss.,, for an alleged attack on a
white woman. In the same month
was reported the lynching of Steve
Wiley on the city limits of Inver
ness for an alleged uttack on the
wife of a mercantile dealer. Cole
man Franks was hanged by a
group of unmasked white men out
side of Columbus, Miss, in Nov
ember because he had shot Clyde
Bell, a white farmer.
ALABAMA — Wess Skipper, &
white man living outside Doth: n.
Ala.,, was lynched by six white
men in February who went to his
home to punish him for his treat
ment of his wife when he deficd
them. On unnamed Negro boy, 16
vears old, and accused of attempt
ed rape on an ll-year-old white
girl, was lynched at Sandy Ridue,
‘Ala., by , mob of citizens who shot
him thirty-two times.
]
‘ Southern women, gathered at
Atlanta, Georgia, issued a protest
against the observance of Lincoln's
birthday as a holiday.
Colored citizens of l.os Angele:
were incensed because they were
excluded from exercises celebrat
ing the 150th anniversary of tlhe
founding of the city. They product
ed historical records to prove that
Negroes formed a large percentage
of the first settlers of the city.
FLORIDA Richard Smike and
Charles Smoke were lyncied out
of Blountstown in August by a
mob of masked citizens. The father
and son had been accused of at
tacking Frozier Willisms, whitc
forest ranger. —and were ocal en
bond furnicshed by their employer.
WEST VIRGINIA -Tom Jackson
and George Banks were taken
froam the county jail at Lewisburg
carly in December and lynched.
They had been arrested in con
nection . Withh fthe death of two
white men.
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 230, 1931
| MISSOURI -- Raymond Gunn
was lynched by a mob at Mary
ville in January for an attack on
a white teacher,
| {
| NORTH DAKOTA-Charles !
| Bannon, white farm hand, was
lynched by a mob at Schafer, N.
| 0. He and his father had been ac
cused of murdering a wealthy far
' mer,
! TENNESSEE-—-Gceorge Smith, ac-.
'cused of attempted rape on a
'white girl, was taken from jail and
!hnngod to a tree in the courthouse
Eyzn'd at Union City, Tenn, in April.
% LLOUISIANA-—A mob at Ponte-a
lcharged with an assault upon a
I-vl;l‘l‘lu(fh\‘. took Oscar Livingstone,
!whitc girl, from L. T Fontenelle,
{jailer. in August, and riddled his
Qbuly with buckshot.
|
| ARKANSAS - John Parker, ac
lvu.wd of killing another man of his
jrace, was taken from officers out-
I'side Dewitt by O € FIumsden
| white farmer, and John Brooks, .n
;Omploye_ and shot to death on the
[read in August.
% MARYLAND--Matthew Williams,
| accused of killing his white em
ipluvm', was taken _fl'qm a lmspitvul_ ]
at Salisbury, hanged, shot and burn
ed by an unmasked mob.
l There have been numercus in- |
stances in the south where white |
officers have exercised courage e- |
| ncugh in the face of mobs to save !
| their prisoners. At Huntington,
| Tenn., a sheriff's wife challenged a
i mob and saved her prisoner. She
| was awarded a medal for her &
&b!'il\'('!'_\'. At Elberton, Ga.. a whiteg
{ preacher had the courage to haran
{ gue the mob in favor of law and |
i order after John Downer had been
| arrested.
) The use of the term ‘“legal lynch- |
iing" has won increased currency
{ during the year. The term is used
[ to describe trials with the life of
; a Negro defendant at stake in which
| little attempt to discover his in- §
| nocence is made.
I (Continued on Page IFouy) :
‘ CUT BY UNKNOWN i
Will Favors 952 lyons Allay 1
isaid that he was @ atlacked by 1 |
[knifer just a he was leaving his
{home shortly after 8 p. m. Sunday |
‘night. He received a deep cut in
!the abdomen, which doctors say is |
‘dangerous. Favors declared that he
{would not know his attacker as |
{he was unable to see his face. He |
lcould think of no cause for the at- |
tack.
