About The sunny South. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1875-1907 | View Entire Issue (April 30, 1887)
1 BY BEI.T.E FRENCH SWISHER. Hat] to tho South! Hall *o the North! O-instarry bauaer, ha!!! United low in bonds of iove, Fcrevor hush the tale How brothers f'-ught In days gone by: F >r both were leal and t»ue— Columbia's sons, who wore the grey And they who wore the blue. Unthinking, rash, they went to war por what each oilier deemed was just. And ?a?r Columbia bowed her head D »wn tojhe verv dust. Speak softly, ye who wore the grey. As loving brothers do, w ‘ 10 their preefons lives while wearing of the blue. In Union there !s always strength, And union’s cr.use was blest. And brother clasped a brother’s hand And wept on brother’s breast. » P ra ? er '9 were for the blue, Uet fad a tear today, -,°, t L le men wt >0 fell While wearl„| t the grey. So hall the No^I 3o hail the Southl It is wuh mJ net's pride Columbia sees her darling sons Now working side lv side. H^i'to our star bt spaucled Hit , Which waves to bless ulway ' C jlumbhi’s sous who wore the blue . And they who wore they grey. • Tuna, ' Wearing of the Green." TIIROUGII GEORGIA. Sherman's March to the Sea. A Graphic Description. By GENERAL ADAM BADEAU. ia considering war It is generally supposed that the most impor tant duty of a soldier is to tight; but this is a mistake. He must cat before lie can fight; and more battles have been lost because com manders could nit feed their armies, than be cause they could not fight the enemy. This fact should be especially borne in mind by those who wish ti understand the March to the Sea. In 1804 when Grant took command of the armies of the United States, there were two great forces of the South to be beaten and de stroyed if the Union was to be saved. One was the army under General Robert E. Lee, between Washington and Richmond; the other that in Northern Georgia, before Chattanooga, commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston. Grant remained in person at the East, and un dertook to defeat I.ee’s army there; while he „ av0 t0 Genera! William T. Sherman the task of subduing Johnston’s forces. Chattanooga : s in the heart of the Cumberland Mountains, on the borders of Tennessee and Georgia. It stands at the junction of the great railroad which runs east ami west between the Miss £sippi and il. 3 Atlantic, and that other equally important one running north and south be tween <)hio and the Gulf of Mexico. By these two railroads the Southern Confederacy, dur ing the early part of the war, had sent sup- idfes toIts armies. But when Giant won Chattanooga in ISC.G, one line was broken; and ■he Southerners fell back for communication to o'her railroads which met at Atlanta, con- Set place with Mobile, Savannah, Xcv Orleans, and Richmond. ' The control of the railroads is the object of ■verv treat campaign in modern war. Who ever bolds the railroads can move troops and ammunition and food to the important point more quickly than the enemy. And every- tldnff depends upon being stronger than your enemy at the important point. One man is ,,ea-iv as good as another man, at least on the vrrage Ten thousand men of one nation are neatly sure to be worth ten thousand of an- - her and certainly in the great American w-ar where all of the men were of the same na'i’on there was little difference in the fight- inn Quality of tbe opposing forces. One side had more dash, the other more endurancejone - erhaDS went into btttle more furiously, the Joher I should say held out more stubbornly; hnt in the end the men on one side were about as "ood for fighting purposes as those on the her Whoever had most men, therefore, was .“t likely to win. But they must he equip- ‘“"j anc i fed. To have more men than you can feed is worse than not bavins enough. When Grant won Chattanooga, lie secured ,he (Treat highway across the continent from MtaCppi to the sea, as well as the gateway o Gerngia- Then he ordered Sherman to advance southward to the next great crossing ef railroads, at Atlanta. It took Sherman fe ur^months’to carry out this order. lie had o move through a mountainous region, by narrow defiles, across numerous streams, ' ; an army of his own countrymen, as S ever fought, and led by a fmoral who had no superior in skill or cour se on either side during the war, who knew how to tight and to fortify, to put every obsta cle in the way of his autagomst, to hold him nff is Ion" as possible, and—quite as impor tant assoylki™* else-to fail back when he muld hold out.no longer. Johnston opposed Johnston, because he fell back so constantly (when there was nothing-else for him to do), and pnt General Hood, a headstrong sort of soldier, in his place. Hood at once attacked Sherman, and two or three heavy battles oc curred, in which many lives were lost and Hood was invariably beaten. As he had few er men than Sherman, he was less able to bear the loss, and was comparatively weaker at the end of every fight than at the beginning. Fi nally he was driven into Atlanta, and then Sherman made, another Hank movement, al most surrounding the town, and threatening to block every railroad leading Into it. This compelled Ilood to abandon the place precipi tately, in order to save his only communica- tions. Thereupon Sherman entered Atlanta, and the first part of his task was accomplished. Soon, however, Ilood thought he would try Sherman’s game. The Union commander was now three hundred miles from Nashville, the point where his food was stored. Now, it is impossible to carry many days’ provisions for 1 sixty thousand men along with them; armies { must therefore h,.-.-e a “base,” that is, a point ; where their food is stored; and they must ! keep open the read to this base. Sherman was now in an enemies country; ho could get nothing from the people except by force, and all his supplies came along the one road which he had wrested from the Confederates. Hood, therefore, flung his army around on this read at various points between Atlanta and Chat tanooga, that is, between Sherman and his base; and Sherman soon discovered that he was in great danger. The enemy was highly elated, and declared that the Union army I must either starve or rterrat over the line it had won. Sherman, however, did not give up Atlanta; but he had to move a great part of his army back in order to drive off Ilood and j rc-open the road. But Hood could keep up 1 his attacks on the railroad indefinitely; he had 1 Ills own country behind him, and the' supplies of the South to draw from. Sherman, there fore, for all his victories, had won littlo more than the ground he stood on. Grant’s plan had been that Sherman, after entering Atlanta, should march on to Mobile, holding the line that he had gained. This would have cut tbo Confederacy in two. But Sherman found the achievement iin- posible ; and after chasing Hood about m the rear for a month or two, and accomplishing nothing but to hold his own, he conceived another idea,—one of ..he grandest and boldest that ever occurred to a man in war. This was nothing else than to give up Atlanta and tbe railroad to Chatta nooga, to abandon all supplies from the North and to dash into the enemy’s country depend ing upon the country itself for supplies and then make a way to either the Atlantic or the Gulf of Mexico. He proposed to take his six ty thousand men into the interior of the Con federacy, where he could have uocommunica- Gon with any other Union army, no help from Grant or the Government, no news from them for at least a mouth; to risk meeting whatever force the Southerners might collect to obstruct him, and to depend upon what he could find to feed his army—men and horses. No such enterprise had ever been attempted in modern war. | Sherman proposed this scheme to Grant, i who saw the necessity of some change of plan I at the West, hut at first did net think favor- I ably of Sherman's suggestion. /Grant thoueht j that Hood’s army would be kf . . ■■• t. -o • Jjji -a aim rii.ui.ick), ft id, 4 — he could ""take care of the impetftou* awAL erner The Government—t uat is, Mr. Lin coln and Mr. Stanton, the President and the Secretary of War—were strongly opposed to Sherman’s plans; but they left it to Grant to dec ; de Grant finally determined to collect another army under Thomas in Tennessee, which could withstand Hood if he should turn Northward, and then the General-in-Chief con sented that Sherman should attempt his ven- turesome campaign. , The first thing that Sherman did was to de stroy the railroad in his rear, from Atlanta Northward, lest what had been of so much im oortance to him should now become of use to the enemy. Then he burned everything val uable in Atlanta—the machine shops, foun dries and store-houses, which had supplied (runs and clothing for the Confederacy. PRICE: $2.00 A YEAR IN ADVANCE. of the National Museum in 1881 became its assistant director and was placed in charge in January, 1887. He is the author of various papers and pamphlets upon Ichthyology and fisheries and of “A History of the Menhaden ” “Game Fishes cf the United States,” and the articles “Pisciculture” and “G -stc- Fisher ies,” in the Encyclopedia Britannica. The building which was Unbilled in 1881 has the merit ol being the cbeajicft public edifice of its size ever erected. Its oxLrior features are of the ordinarv, temporal expos tion and LETTERS r Wf, e p EDpLE: THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Among tho Curiosities with l’on and Pencil. OUR ILLUSTRATES LETTER. shed. Its interior, with its Irijy arches far reaching vistas, is dignified -.nfl not un- pleasing; and its uninterrupted fi-.r,r area two acres and a half in extern, and i.s almost- un limited wall space are cxce..ii .a - well girted [ for exhibition purposes. Th • aio sixteen exhibition halls as well as two hundred smaller rooms occupied as iab.ratories, st i- J 'nts, cilices, workshops and store rooms. EpiTon Sunny South: It is only a question of time, and that time may not be long, when the National Museum of the United States can bo reckoned among the most comprehensive and instructive in the world. While it may not be possible to gaih- er together such treasures of art and industry as aro in tho possession of the government museums of Europe, it is not unreasonable to hope that examples of every kind and object known to man may be acquired, and that this The museum contains, in eral col cetinn in the depart!.c and arts and industries, .... .t was especially intended, »•. logical, geological and pale tions, the mammals and in _ parative anatomy series, ‘I with the institution is entrui •/ regents, composed of the . United States and his Cabim ' dent and Chief Justice cf ihu Court, three" members of t members of ihe House of R. p six other persons not members of Congress two of whom are residents o' the city of Wash ington. Congress annually appropriates sums for the care and preservation tions and for the coustiuciio ,■ amount varies, but isgeneiaji The attitude of the Govern;', museum lias always been ex' and liberal and tho growth (. consequently been so rapid tin becomes necessary to ask for a in tho money grant. The museum never buys s- though the law lias recently : permit the increase of the cr. chase, the entire appropiia’ pay the salaries of the staff '• 1 to the gen- ‘ r, f ethnology i ue reception i e minera- al collec- s id the com- ' attain along 1 o a hoard of dent of the d’ itr-l’re - i- 8. Supreme S-mate, three sedatives and the coliec- casrs. The out $150,000. n toward the dingly helpful an 3iuin has ■ eh year it •.bur increase ■■m. ns for. al cn modified to c ions by pur- n is needed to but a representative scries of such objects will undoubtedly grow up which shall bo suffi ciently large and well selected to enable Americans to understand these subjects in a general way to educate the public taste and to promote so far as possible, the study of the elements of art and the history of civilization as well as to forward the growth of arts of de sign. This having been accomplished, a large part of the attention of the museum would naturally be attracted toward the exhibition of the geology ami natural history of America, and at the same time its natural resources, to the preservation of memorials of its aboriginal inhabitants and the exposition-of the arts and industries of America. Aiready are on exhibition here, in natural history, one or more samples of nearly every known animal, bird, fish or reptile; a sample of every kind of quartz, mineral, gem, stone and everything ever found upon or within the bowels of the earth, or that in meteoric form ation has ever dropped from the skies; appa ratus for cooking, machinery and works of struggling civilization from the earliest and now extinct races down to tho present turn, their weapons of warfare, even some indica tions of their clothing, rude boats and domes tic implements, curiosities more particulaily of our own land, people, races, individuals (explorers, travelers, hunters, warriors, etc.), and these unique, primitive and often ingeni ous articles, with the wonderful collections in natural history mentioned, go very far toward making a student visitor’s day spent in the National Museum one of the most profitable lie will have in the Capital City. ARKANSAS. Notes from Columbia S. C. s more nu merous than that of any museum ia the world What a “Sunny South” Representa tive Saw, Heard and Experienced in that State of Congenial Sons and Daughters. Dear Sunny South: Leaving the good old State of Missouri after a successful raid upon the intelligence and good nature of that pro gressive people in the interest of your publi cation, which I find to bo everywhere appre ciated, I wended my way to Arkansas, the northwest section of the State, tho richest in coal and valuable mineral of any in the galaxy of Southern stars. My objective point was Fort Smith, where I f incidentally heard that friends of the Sunny I South were numerous, and where also I had [ the pleasure of an acquaintance with Dr. R. j D. Seals and his two charming daughters, j Misses Mamie and Viria, whom I found to be ■ > n some way rt lated to the manager of the | leading literary publication in the South. My I business here, though it did not attain the ; proportions of a bonanza, was nevertheless j profitable, and many renewals, as well as new I subscriptions, were secured. Through the ■ courtesy of the gentlemen of the local press I mot quite a number of Fort Smith’s "distin- .ushed citizens; among whom I am nleasc-d i UNai-n . , UfcUS ,roi >d> ‘ i ft “^tiou Col W. M Fishback,'Capts. J/ I 3S1 ttlil; —m tbrS-T | Blalte-Anre and Waldron, Col. truce of the 'SypSl fH hf ;; { Copt. Eberie^of t the TrLnnr, licn.-v ■ l^* a °WPtuY 1 J * Fort Smith." o,ll«J _th« ^VlJrdflr The College German—Duelling—Col. Rion and the Dauphin—A Sad Case, Etc. Editor Sunny South : The magnificent Salon ol the Columbia Hotel building was briliantly lighted Thursday night, lor the en- tertainmnnt of the belles and beaux who at tended the closing dance of the college german. It was a complete success, and the pleasure of the occasion was enhanced by the presence of several fair and captivating strangers. There were thirty couplc.3 in attendance; and theso were chaperoned by Mra. Robert Seibles, Mrs. W. C. Wright and several others. Although in a throng of so many fascinating ladies, it is hard to decide which one is enti tled to the pain for beauty and expression, or grace of manner or motion, I will venture to say in defiance of Dogberry’s assertion that “comparisons are odorous.” Among the gal lant younggentleman there was soma differ ence of opinion, but all the black-eyed beaux united in calling Miss Annie Keitt the hand somest girl, and the blue-eyed ones Miss Katie Watters, and both contended that Miss Har riet English danced gracefully in an exquisite ly beautiful costume of ruby velvet and white satin, which swayed in perfect harmony with every step of the wearer. The costumes of all present were happily destitute of the enor mous trains hitherto worn to the annoyance of the beaux. But alas! the decollate corsage was universally worn, whether it revealed a beautiful bust, or disclosed the malformations of crooked collar bones and scrawny arms, and ugly decorations of warts, moles, etc. But with the cultivated .vd faultless bearing of the young gentlemeui among whom were .Messrs, Seibels, Waring, Youmans, McMaster, Gad sden, Gibbes and others, the evening was prof itably spent.. As conducted byjthij german, society in Columbia is not opposed to the round dances in themselves, It does repro bate, however, the decollette corsage and Helle skirt. You announced in your last issue the death of Mr. Johnstone. This sad occurrence was probably the result of our statute against dueli- If there had boon no law stamping out loctkw'aiid'cEerokee "nations on" the'westT The INTEETOH NIEW OF NATIONAL MUSEt M. ; full of horrors; and peace- abie citizens, women and children, in an in vaded country, suffer almost as much as those engaged in battle, fn the civil war of Amer ica 5 however, there were few peaceable male citizens. The war was a people’s war, and almost every white man at the Soutii was en- ca „cd either actually as a soldier or in some occupation that contributed to support the army. Generally speaking, there, were no non com batants visible except the blacks and the wo men and children. A stray old man or an in valid was sometimes found, hut I have been weeks in a Union army marching through the South and never seen a man who did not hear arms. There never was a war in the world in which the population was more apparently unanimous than the Southerners were in our ^Sherman started from Atlanta on the loth of November. He took <i3 cannon, 2,500 wag ons food—“rations,” the soldiers call it—for twenty days, soma beef cattle that were driven with the army, and 210 rounds of ammunition for every man. There was forage (iioulIi to su T ,ply the horses five days. Wilh this stoek in hand, the army moved. It was uncertain what enemy the Northern soldiers might mee j in front, or what might follow them; it was uncertain what supplies they would be able to ! collect—and if there sliou d be much fighting to do there would be little time to collect sup plies- it was uncertain what point they might be able to reach—Savannah or Mobile, the At lantic or the Gulf of Mexico. It was uncer tain how long they might be on the way, or when they could communicate again with their comrades. They were one hundred and fifty miles from any Northern force in the rear, and three hundred from the nearest friend in trout. On the lfith of November Sherman himself rode out of Atlanta, his army having preceded him. When lie reached a hill just without the town he stood on one of his old battle-grounds and paused to look back at the smouldering mins he had made. The smoke hung over the unfortunate city like a pall, but m front the men were marching to the tune of ‘John Brown’s body lies mouldering in the grave. They took up the hymn as they bore their glis tening muskets in the sun, and with swinging museum may be able, by means of a thorough classification, and as a result of the absence of the enormous masses of duplicates which are- sure to encumber any museum, to illustrate the h’story of human culture better than it lias done before. This is (lie announced aim of the conductors of the National Museum. _r <t.n oro nil limited in lias done before. .he conduetc... ... .. The museums of the world are all limit their scope. There are many which have an ted irahly carried out some single idea or a luni d number of ideas and which are marvelous „ rich in material and arranged in a manner full of suggestiveness. The museum, however, has not yet been organized which will show, arranged according to one consistent plan, the resources of the earth and the results of human activity iu every direction. Sherman in this way. The peculiar character of tbe museum work, the rate at which it is growing, and the extent of its scope render it necessary that, a largo number of custodians be employed. The staff consists of two classes of workers—scientific and administrative. On the scientific staff there aro at present twenty-eight enrat.ve ships, some of which are sub-divided so that the number of heads of departments and sub- departments are twenty-five, and the total number of men on the scientific staff thirty, of whim thirteen are in the pay of the museum and the others honorary, lOo being detailed for this uutv by the Geological S irvey. one by the Bureau of Ethnology, others by the Com missioner of fisheries ani by the Secretary of Navy, while two are volunteers. The number of clerks, preparators, mechanics, watchmen and laborers exceed 100. The number of vis itors to the museum is about 200,000 each year. ,. ... In London, in l'aris, in Benin and in v lenna the public collections are scattered through various parts of the city, in museums wile distinctive names and more or less independ ent organizations, and by no means always harmonious with each other. Much of tho work which should properly be done by these museums is omitted, because ut lie of them have seen fit to undertake it; and on the other hand much work is duplicated, which is, per- haos, equally unfortunate—collections of sim ilar scope and purpose being maintained in other parts of the city. < me of the chief ob jections to such division of effort is that much of the value of large collections in any depart ment is lost by the fa lure to concentrate them ! Her population is rated at 15,0tX) souls. Her i buildings, both business and residence, are built j after the modern styles of architecture, and j some are simply magnificent within them- ! selves. Two lines of railroad, the St. Louis j and San Francisco and the i.ittle llock and ! port Siiith penetrate here, and the I Gulf and others are now building. Like ! other cities of similar pretensions, Fort 1 Smith tins her street railways, gas, electric lights and other novelties peculiar to the 19th century and scientific research. Be sides these she has the fiuest public school fuud of any city in the Union, her population considered. The federal court buildings, handsome in architectural design and finish, are also located here, and her public schools, three iu number, are models of neatness anil beauty. This growing city has many indus trial enterprises that I would be glad to men tion in detail, hut fearing the consequences of prolixity f shall stop short and introduce to ti... ...rir the flourishing little town of But t oo much attention is not to be paid to the students 'attend- I where“they may be studied and compared side is another and ^ ed to. The majority of visitors to any muse um go thither in searcli of amusement, or from mere idle curiosity. Many have no desire to gain instruction and most of these, if au.uated - .._i. .. fail to accomplish their ob- Tliis But Sherman had more “ud c-quai skill and courage. His military n.a had taught him, as a rule, not to attack f h C r enemy M strong defenses,, but to move around him, to flank him as it is called- o threaten his rear ani his communications, to place^be National army in such a position R ^t could interrupt Johnston’s supplies of food so that lobnston must either drive Sher man off by fighting, or lose his supplies, or fa flyback to another position. He could not, rJ conrse afford to lose his supplies, for as I have said armies must first of all be fed; and have sam. a e h ^ attack Sherman E.u ,n B«“; rd "i SMS & thinking little then of the thousand miles that lay between them and Richmond. The army was divided into two columns, with the cavalry kept distinct, so as to move about quickly in every direction and hide the Union operations, while detecting what the enemy might be doing—in fact, to serve as a curtain for Sherman’s movements, that could be withdrawn whenever he chase. The first inarch was to he to Mil'edgeviile, the Capital of Georgia, and one hundred miles Southeast of Atlanta. This point Sherman hoped to reach in Be ven days. . The two columns moved l-y different roa.is. twenty or thirty miles apart, so as to give the appearance of intending to strike points on each side of those they were really aiming at. The troops started at tho earliest dawn and marched till noon. Then there was a halt for the day, always, of course, near a stream; wa ter was brought and the clicking began, and the pine trees were cut, not only for tire, but for shelter and beds, for there were no tents taken with the army; everybody went into biv ouac. The pines grew far apart and without branches till near the top, and as the soldiers moved through the groves of fragrant ever green hewing the trunks, colleciing the ie'ct by a visit to an ordinary museum, is due; in part, to the fact that so much dupli cate materia! is exhibiltd that the really in- slructive articles are lost to view. Then again but few museums are labeled in a really at- i tractive manner. But the lack of interest lies | principally in the tact that the objects exhibi , Ud are not of a kind best adapted to the needs j of the museum-visiting public. The visitors carry away only a general impression of rooms , full of glass cases containing animals, miner- a i s or curiosities. To obviate these difficulties and faults many steps have been taken at the National Museum not usual m other places of , the kind. By far the most important ot these is in the direction of a thorough and compre- , hensive system of labeling. The National Museum is a chad of the Smithsonian Institute, which was described | several weeks ago. Erofessor Baird is its di rector, ex-oilicio, though the assistant director, : L’rof. G. Brown Goode is in charge. Ibis gen tleman, to whom a great deal of credit he lm’s for tho completeness and arrangement „f the exhibits, is a native of New Albany, Indiana, having been born there hebruary l->, mil 
