1
BY BEI.T.E FRENCH SWISHER.
Hat] to tho South! Hall *o the North!
O-instarry bauaer, ha!!!
United low in bonds of iove,
Fcrevor hush the tale
How brothers f'-ught In days gone by:
F >r both were leal and t»ue—
Columbia's sons, who wore the grey
And they who wore the blue.
Unthinking, rash, they went to war
por what each oilier deemed was just.
And ?a?r Columbia bowed her head
D »wn tojhe verv dust.
Speak softly, ye who wore the grey.
As loving brothers do,
w ‘ 10 their preefons lives
while wearing of the blue.
In Union there !s always strength,
And union’s cr.use was blest.
And brother clasped a brother’s hand
And wept on brother’s breast.
» P ra ? er '9 were for the blue,
Uet fad a tear today,
-,°, t L le men wt >0 fell
While wearl„| t the grey.
So hall the No^I 3o hail the Southl
It is wuh mJ net's pride
Columbia sees her darling sons
Now working side lv side.
H^i'to our star bt spaucled Hit
, Which waves to bless ulway '
C jlumbhi’s sous who wore the blue
. And they who wore they grey.
• Tuna, ' Wearing of the Green."
TIIROUGII GEORGIA.
Sherman's March to the Sea.
A Graphic Description.
By GENERAL ADAM BADEAU.
ia considering war
It is generally supposed that the most impor
tant duty of a soldier is to tight; but this is a
mistake. He must cat before lie can fight;
and more battles have been lost because com
manders could nit feed their armies, than be
cause they could not fight the enemy. This
fact should be especially borne in mind by
those who wish ti understand the March to
the Sea.
In 1804 when Grant took command of the
armies of the United States, there were two
great forces of the South to be beaten and de
stroyed if the Union was to be saved. One
was the army under General Robert E. Lee,
between Washington and Richmond; the other
that in Northern Georgia, before Chattanooga,
commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston.
Grant remained in person at the East, and un
dertook to defeat I.ee’s army there; while he
„ av0 t0 Genera! William T. Sherman the task
of subduing Johnston’s forces. Chattanooga
: s in the heart of the Cumberland Mountains,
on the borders of Tennessee and Georgia. It
stands at the junction of the great railroad
which runs east ami west between the Miss
£sippi and il. 3 Atlantic, and that other equally
important one running north and south be
tween <)hio and the Gulf of Mexico. By these
two railroads the Southern Confederacy, dur
ing the early part of the war, had sent sup-
idfes toIts armies. But when Giant won
Chattanooga in ISC.G, one line was broken; and
■he Southerners fell back for communication
to o'her railroads which met at Atlanta, con-
Set place with Mobile, Savannah,
Xcv Orleans, and Richmond.
' The control of the railroads is the object of
■verv treat campaign in modern war. Who
ever bolds the railroads can move troops and
ammunition and food to the important point
more quickly than the enemy. And every-
tldnff depends upon being stronger than your
enemy at the important point. One man is
,,ea-iv as good as another man, at least on the
vrrage Ten thousand men of one nation are
neatly sure to be worth ten thousand of an-
- her and certainly in the great American
w-ar where all of the men were of the same
na'i’on there was little difference in the fight-
inn Quality of tbe opposing forces. One side
had more dash, the other more endurancejone
- erhaDS went into btttle more furiously, the
Joher I should say held out more stubbornly;
hnt in the end the men on one side were about
as "ood for fighting purposes as those on the
her Whoever had most men, therefore, was
.“t likely to win. But they must he equip-
‘“"j anc i fed. To have more men than you can
feed is worse than not bavins enough.
When Grant won Chattanooga, lie secured
,he (Treat highway across the continent from
MtaCppi to the sea, as well as the gateway
o Gerngia- Then he ordered Sherman to
advance southward to the next great crossing
ef railroads, at Atlanta. It took Sherman
fe ur^months’to carry out this order. lie had
o move through a mountainous region, by
narrow defiles, across numerous streams,
' ; an army of his own countrymen, as
S ever fought, and led by a
fmoral who had no superior in skill or cour
se on either side during the war, who knew
how to tight and to fortify, to put every obsta
cle in the way of his autagomst, to hold him
nff is Ion" as possible, and—quite as impor
tant assoylki™* else-to fail back when he
muld hold out.no longer. Johnston opposed
Johnston, because he fell back so constantly
(when there was nothing-else for him to do),
and pnt General Hood, a headstrong sort of
soldier, in his place. Hood at once attacked
Sherman, and two or three heavy battles oc
curred, in which many lives were lost and
Hood was invariably beaten. As he had few
er men than Sherman, he was less able to bear
the loss, and was comparatively weaker at the
end of every fight than at the beginning. Fi
nally he was driven into Atlanta, and then
Sherman made, another Hank movement, al
most surrounding the town, and threatening
to block every railroad leading Into it. This
compelled Ilood to abandon the place precipi
tately, in order to save his only communica-
tions. Thereupon Sherman entered Atlanta,
and the first part of his task was accomplished.
Soon, however, Ilood thought he would try
Sherman’s game. The Union commander was
now three hundred miles from Nashville, the
point where his food was stored. Now, it is
impossible to carry many days’ provisions for 1
sixty thousand men along with them; armies {
must therefore h,.-.-e a “base,” that is, a point ;
where their food is stored; and they must !
keep open the read to this base. Sherman
was now in an enemies country; ho could get
nothing from the people except by force, and
all his supplies came along the one road which
he had wrested from the Confederates. Hood,
therefore, flung his army around on this read
at various points between Atlanta and Chat
tanooga, that is, between Sherman and his
base; and Sherman soon discovered that he
was in great danger. The enemy was highly
elated, and declared that the Union army
I must either starve or rterrat over the line it
had won. Sherman, however, did not give up
Atlanta; but he had to move a great part of
his army back in order to drive off Ilood and
j rc-open the road. But Hood could keep up
1 his attacks on the railroad indefinitely; he had
1 Ills own country behind him, and the' supplies
of the South to draw from. Sherman, there
fore, for all his victories, had won littlo more
than the ground he stood on.
Grant’s plan had been that Sherman, after
entering Atlanta, should march on to Mobile,
holding the line that he had gained. This
would have cut tbo Confederacy in two.
But Sherman found the achievement iin-
posible ; and after chasing Hood about
m the rear for a month or two, and
accomplishing nothing but to hold his
own, he conceived another idea,—one of
..he grandest and boldest that ever occurred to
a man in war. This was nothing else than to
give up Atlanta and tbe railroad to Chatta
nooga, to abandon all supplies from the North
and to dash into the enemy’s country depend
ing upon the country itself for supplies and
then make a way to either the Atlantic or the
Gulf of Mexico. He proposed to take his six
ty thousand men into the interior of the Con
federacy, where he could have uocommunica-
Gon with any other Union army, no help from
Grant or the Government, no news from them
for at least a mouth; to risk meeting whatever
force the Southerners might collect to obstruct
him, and to depend upon what he could find
to feed his army—men and horses. No such
enterprise had ever been attempted in modern
war. |
Sherman proposed this scheme to Grant, i
who saw the necessity of some change of plan I
at the West, hut at first did net think favor- I
ably of Sherman's suggestion. /Grant thoueht j
that Hood’s army would be kf . . ■■• t. -o •
Jjji -a aim rii.ui.ick), ft id, 4 —
he could ""take care of the impetftou* awAL
erner The Government—t uat is, Mr. Lin
coln and Mr. Stanton, the President and the
Secretary of War—were strongly opposed to
Sherman’s plans; but they left it to Grant to
dec ; de Grant finally determined to collect
another army under Thomas in Tennessee,
which could withstand Hood if he should turn
Northward, and then the General-in-Chief con
sented that Sherman should attempt his ven-
turesome campaign. ,
The first thing that Sherman did was to de
stroy the railroad in his rear, from Atlanta
Northward, lest what had been of so much im
oortance to him should now become of use to
the enemy. Then he burned everything val
uable in Atlanta—the machine shops, foun
dries and store-houses, which had supplied
(runs and clothing for the Confederacy.
PRICE: $2.00 A YEAR IN ADVANCE.
of the National Museum in 1881 became its
assistant director and was placed in charge in
January, 1887. He is the author of various
papers and pamphlets upon Ichthyology and
fisheries and of “A History of the Menhaden ”
“Game Fishes cf the United States,” and the
articles “Pisciculture” and “G -stc- Fisher
ies,” in the Encyclopedia Britannica.
The building which was Unbilled in 1881 has
the merit ol being the cbeajicft public edifice
of its size ever erected. Its oxLrior features
are of the ordinarv, temporal
expos tion
and
LETTERS
r Wf, e p EDpLE:
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Among tho Curiosities with l’on and
Pencil.
OUR ILLUSTRATES LETTER.
shed. Its interior, with its Irijy arches
far reaching vistas, is dignified -.nfl not un-
pleasing; and its uninterrupted fi-.r,r area two
acres and a half in extern, and i.s almost- un
limited wall space are cxce..ii .a - well girted
[ for exhibition purposes. Th • aio sixteen
exhibition halls as well as two hundred
smaller rooms occupied as iab.ratories, st i-
J 'nts, cilices, workshops and store rooms.
EpiTon Sunny South:
It is only a question of time, and that time
may not be long, when the National Museum
of the United States can bo reckoned among
the most comprehensive and instructive in the
world. While it may not be possible to gaih-
er together such treasures of art and industry
as aro in tho possession of the government
museums of Europe, it is not unreasonable to
hope that examples of every kind and object
known to man may be acquired, and that this
The museum contains, in
eral col cetinn in the depart!.c
and arts and industries, ....
.t was especially intended, »•.
logical, geological and pale
tions, the mammals and in _
parative anatomy series, ‘I
with the institution is entrui •/
regents, composed of the .
United States and his Cabim '
dent and Chief Justice cf ihu
Court, three" members of t
members of ihe House of R. p
six other persons not members of Congress
two of whom are residents o' the city of Wash
ington. Congress annually appropriates sums
for the care and preservation
tions and for the coustiuciio ,■
amount varies, but isgeneiaji
The attitude of the Govern;',
museum lias always been ex'
and liberal and tho growth (.
consequently been so rapid tin
becomes necessary to ask for a
in tho money grant.
The museum never buys s-
though the law lias recently :
permit the increase of the cr.
chase, the entire appropiia’
pay the salaries of the staff
'• 1 to the gen-
‘ r, f ethnology
i ue reception
i e minera-
al collec-
s id the com-
' attain along
1 o a hoard of
dent of the
d’ itr-l’re - i-
8. Supreme
S-mate, three
sedatives and
the coliec-
casrs. The
out $150,000.
n toward the
dingly helpful
an 3iuin has
■ eh year it
•.bur increase
■■m. ns for. al
cn modified to
c ions by pur-
n is needed to
but a representative scries of such objects will
undoubtedly grow up which shall bo suffi
ciently large and well selected to enable
Americans to understand these subjects in a
general way to educate the public taste and to
promote so far as possible, the study of the
elements of art and the history of civilization
as well as to forward the growth of arts of de
sign. This having been accomplished, a large
part of the attention of the museum would
naturally be attracted toward the exhibition
of the geology ami natural history of America,
and at the same time its natural resources, to
the preservation of memorials of its aboriginal
inhabitants and the exposition-of the arts and
industries of America.
Aiready are on exhibition here, in natural
history, one or more samples of nearly every
known animal, bird, fish or reptile; a sample
of every kind of quartz, mineral, gem, stone
and everything ever found upon or within the
bowels of the earth, or that in meteoric form
ation has ever dropped from the skies; appa
ratus for cooking, machinery and works of
struggling civilization from the earliest and
now extinct races down to tho present turn,
their weapons of warfare, even some indica
tions of their clothing, rude boats and domes
tic implements, curiosities more particulaily
of our own land, people, races, individuals
(explorers, travelers, hunters, warriors, etc.),
and these unique, primitive and often ingeni
ous articles, with the wonderful collections in
natural history mentioned, go very far toward
making a student visitor’s day spent in the
National Museum one of the most profitable
lie will have in the Capital City.
ARKANSAS.
Notes from Columbia S. C.
s more nu
merous than that of any museum ia the world
What a “Sunny South” Representa
tive Saw, Heard and Experienced
in that State of Congenial
Sons and Daughters.
Dear Sunny South: Leaving the good old
State of Missouri after a successful raid upon
the intelligence and good nature of that pro
gressive people in the interest of your publi
cation, which I find to bo everywhere appre
ciated, I wended my way to Arkansas, the
northwest section of the State, tho richest in
coal and valuable mineral of any in the galaxy
of Southern stars.
My objective point was Fort Smith, where
I f incidentally heard that friends of the Sunny
I South were numerous, and where also I had
[ the pleasure of an acquaintance with Dr. R.
j D. Seals and his two charming daughters,
j Misses Mamie and Viria, whom I found to be
■ > n some way rt lated to the manager of the
| leading literary publication in the South. My
I business here, though it did not attain the
; proportions of a bonanza, was nevertheless
j profitable, and many renewals, as well as new
I subscriptions, were secured. Through the
■ courtesy of the gentlemen of the local press I
mot quite a number of Fort Smith’s "distin-
.ushed citizens; among whom I am nleasc-d
i UNai-n
. , UfcUS ,roi >d> ‘ i ft “^tiou Col W. M Fishback,'Capts.
J/ I 3S1 ttlil; —m tbrS-T | Blalte-Anre and Waldron, Col. truce of the
'SypSl fH hf ;; { Copt. Eberie^of t the TrLnnr, licn.-v
■ l^* a °WPtuY 1 J * Fort Smith." o,ll«J _th« ^VlJrdflr
The College German—Duelling—Col.
Rion and the Dauphin—A Sad
Case, Etc.
Editor Sunny South : The magnificent
Salon ol the Columbia Hotel building was
briliantly lighted Thursday night, lor the en-
tertainmnnt of the belles and beaux who at
tended the closing dance of the college german.
It was a complete success, and the pleasure
of the occasion was enhanced by the presence
of several fair and captivating strangers.
There were thirty couplc.3 in attendance;
and theso were chaperoned by Mra. Robert
Seibles, Mrs. W. C. Wright and several others.
Although in a throng of so many fascinating
ladies, it is hard to decide which one is enti
tled to the pain for beauty and expression, or
grace of manner or motion, I will venture to
say in defiance of Dogberry’s assertion that
“comparisons are odorous.” Among the gal
lant younggentleman there was soma differ
ence of opinion, but all the black-eyed beaux
united in calling Miss Annie Keitt the hand
somest girl, and the blue-eyed ones Miss Katie
Watters, and both contended that Miss Har
riet English danced gracefully in an exquisite
ly beautiful costume of ruby velvet and white
satin, which swayed in perfect harmony with
every step of the wearer. The costumes of all
present were happily destitute of the enor
mous trains hitherto worn to the annoyance of
the beaux. But alas! the decollate corsage
was universally worn, whether it revealed a
beautiful bust, or disclosed the malformations
of crooked collar bones and scrawny arms, and
ugly decorations of warts, moles, etc. But
with the cultivated .vd faultless bearing of the
young gentlemeui among whom were .Messrs,
Seibels, Waring, Youmans, McMaster, Gad
sden, Gibbes and others, the evening was prof
itably spent.. As conducted byjthij german,
society in Columbia is not opposed to the
round dances in themselves, It does repro
bate, however, the decollette corsage and Helle
skirt.
You announced in your last issue the death
of Mr. Johnstone. This sad occurrence was
probably the result of our statute against dueli-
If there had boon no law stamping out
loctkw'aiid'cEerokee "nations on" the'westT
The
INTEETOH NIEW OF NATIONAL MUSEt M.
; full of horrors; and peace-
abie citizens, women and children, in an in
vaded country, suffer almost as much as those
engaged in battle, fn the civil war of Amer
ica 5 however, there were few peaceable male
citizens. The war was a people’s war, and
almost every white man at the Soutii was en-
ca „cd either actually as a soldier or in some
occupation that contributed to support the
army.
Generally speaking, there, were no non com
batants visible except the blacks and the wo
men and children. A stray old man or an in
valid was sometimes found, hut I have been
weeks in a Union army marching through the
South and never seen a man who did not hear
arms. There never was a war in the world in
which the population was more apparently
unanimous than the Southerners were in our
^Sherman started from Atlanta on the loth
of November. He took <i3 cannon, 2,500 wag
ons food—“rations,” the soldiers call it—for
twenty days, soma beef cattle that were driven
with the army, and 210 rounds of ammunition
for every man. There was forage (iioulIi to
su T ,ply the horses five days. Wilh this stoek
in hand, the army moved. It was uncertain
what enemy the Northern soldiers might mee j
in front, or what might follow them; it was
uncertain what supplies they would be able to !
collect—and if there sliou d be much fighting
to do there would be little time to collect sup
plies- it was uncertain what point they might
be able to reach—Savannah or Mobile, the At
lantic or the Gulf of Mexico. It was uncer
tain how long they might be on the way, or
when they could communicate again with their
comrades. They were one hundred and fifty
miles from any Northern force in the rear, and
three hundred from the nearest friend in trout.
On the lfith of November Sherman himself
rode out of Atlanta, his army having preceded
him. When lie reached a hill just without the
town he stood on one of his old battle-grounds
and paused to look back at the smouldering
mins he had made. The smoke hung over the
unfortunate city like a pall, but m front the
men were marching to the tune of ‘John
Brown’s body lies mouldering in the grave.
They took up the hymn as they bore their glis
tening muskets in the sun, and with swinging
museum may be able, by means of a thorough
classification, and as a result of the absence of
the enormous masses of duplicates which are-
sure to encumber any museum, to illustrate
the h’story of human culture better than it
lias done before. This is (lie announced aim
of the conductors of the National Museum.
_r <t.n oro nil limited in
lias done before.
.he conduetc... ... ..
The museums of the world are all limit
their scope. There are many which have an
ted
irahly carried out some single idea or a luni
d number of ideas and which are marvelous
„ rich in material and arranged in a manner
full of suggestiveness. The museum, however,
has not yet been organized which will show,
arranged according to one consistent plan, the
resources of the earth and the results of human
activity iu every direction.
Sherman in this way.
The peculiar character of tbe museum work,
the rate at which it is growing, and the extent
of its scope render it necessary that, a largo
number of custodians be employed. The staff
consists of two classes of workers—scientific
and administrative. On the scientific staff
there aro at present twenty-eight enrat.ve
ships, some of which are sub-divided so that
the number of heads of departments and sub-
departments are twenty-five, and the total
number of men on the scientific staff thirty, of
whim thirteen are in the pay of the museum
and the others honorary, lOo being detailed
for this uutv by the Geological S irvey. one by
the Bureau of Ethnology, others by the Com
missioner of fisheries ani by the Secretary of
Navy, while two are volunteers. The number
of clerks, preparators, mechanics, watchmen
and laborers exceed 100. The number of vis
itors to the museum is about 200,000 each
year. ,. ...
In London, in l'aris, in Benin and in v lenna
the public collections are scattered through
various parts of the city, in museums wile
distinctive names and more or less independ
ent organizations, and by no means always
harmonious with each other. Much of tho
work which should properly be done by these
museums is omitted, because ut lie of them
have seen fit to undertake it; and on the other
hand much work is duplicated, which is, per-
haos, equally unfortunate—collections of sim
ilar scope and purpose being maintained in
other parts of the city. < me of the chief ob
jections to such division of effort is that much
of the value of large collections in any depart
ment is lost by the fa lure to concentrate them
! Her population is rated at 15,0tX) souls. Her
i buildings, both business and residence, are built
j after the modern styles of architecture, and
j some are simply magnificent within them-
! selves. Two lines of railroad, the St. Louis
j and San Francisco and the i.ittle llock and
! port Siiith penetrate here, and the
I Gulf and others are now building. Like
! other cities of similar pretensions, Fort
1 Smith tins her street railways, gas,
electric lights and other novelties peculiar to
the 19th century and scientific research. Be
sides these she has the fiuest public school
fuud of any city in the Union, her population
considered. The federal court buildings,
handsome in architectural design and finish,
are also located here, and her public schools,
three iu number, are models of neatness anil
beauty. This growing city has many indus
trial enterprises that I would be glad to men
tion in detail, hut fearing the consequences of
prolixity f shall stop short and introduce to
ti... ...rir the flourishing little town of
But t oo much attention is not to be paid to
the students 'attend- I where“they may be studied and compared side
is another and ^
ed to. The majority of visitors to any muse
um go thither in searcli of amusement, or from
mere idle curiosity. Many have no desire to
gain instruction and most of these, if au.uated
- .._i. .. fail to accomplish their ob-
Tliis
But Sherman had more
“ud c-quai skill and courage. His military
n.a had taught him, as a rule, not to attack
f h C r enemy M strong defenses,, but to move
around him, to flank him as it is called- o
threaten his rear ani his communications, to
place^be National army in such a position
R ^t could interrupt Johnston’s supplies of
food so that lobnston must either drive Sher
man off by fighting, or lose his supplies, or
fa flyback to another position. He could not,
rJ conrse afford to lose his supplies, for as I
have said armies must first of all be fed; and
have sam. a e h ^ attack Sherman
E.u ,n B«“; rd "i
SMS &
thinking little
then of the thousand miles that lay between
them and Richmond.
The army was divided into two columns,
with the cavalry kept distinct, so as to move
about quickly in every direction and hide the
Union operations, while detecting what the
enemy might be doing—in fact, to serve as a
curtain for Sherman’s movements, that could
be withdrawn whenever he chase. The first
inarch was to he to Mil'edgeviile, the Capital
of Georgia, and one hundred miles Southeast
of Atlanta. This point Sherman hoped to
reach in Be ven days. .
The two columns moved l-y different roa.is.
twenty or thirty miles apart, so as to give the
appearance of intending to strike points on
each side of those they were really aiming at.
The troops started at tho earliest dawn and
marched till noon. Then there was a halt for
the day, always, of course, near a stream; wa
ter was brought and the clicking began, and
the pine trees were cut, not only for tire, but
for shelter and beds, for there were no tents
taken with the army; everybody went into biv
ouac.
The pines grew far apart and without
branches till near the top, and as the soldiers
moved through the groves of fragrant ever
green hewing the trunks, colleciing the
ie'ct by a visit to an ordinary museum,
is due; in part, to the fact that so much dupli
cate materia! is exhibiltd that the really in-
slructive articles are lost to view. Then again
but few museums are labeled in a really at- i
tractive manner. But the lack of interest lies |
principally in the tact that the objects exhibi ,
Ud are not of a kind best adapted to the needs j
of the museum-visiting public. The visitors
carry away only a general impression of rooms ,
full of glass cases containing animals, miner-
a i s or curiosities. To obviate these difficulties
and faults many steps have been taken at the
National Museum not usual m other places of ,
the kind. By far the most important ot these
is in the direction of a thorough and compre- ,
hensive system of labeling.
The National Museum is a chad of the
Smithsonian Institute, which was described |
several weeks ago. Erofessor Baird is its di
rector, ex-oilicio, though the assistant director, :
L’rof. G. Brown Goode is in charge. Ibis gen
tleman, to whom a great deal of credit he
lm’s for tho completeness and arrangement
„f the exhibits, is a native of New Albany,
Indiana, having been born there hebruary l->,
mil 
