Newspaper Page Text
COMMISSIONER NESBITT.
HIS MONTHLY TALK WITH THE
GEORGIA FARMERS
On Subjects of General Interest Per
taining to the Farm and
Garden--Good Advice.
Atlanta, Nov. Ist, '93.
The past month, with local exceptions,
has been uniformly favorable for the
Bowing of all crops, an 1 in this work
our farmers have made fine headway.
Tins COTTON
crop is virtually gathered and, with
few exceptions, never were its results
more disappointing. At one time the
crop outlook through the state, with the
exception of northwest Georgia, was
most encouraging. From unpropritious
seasons in that particular section the
crop has been almost uniformly unprom
ising, and from the time it came out of
the ground ail through the growing and
making season, and until fully matured
and gathered, offered little hope. In
other sections, however, the crop at one
time promised well, and the general
failure in results, combined with un
fortunately low prices, have brought
disappointment and gloom to almost
every farmhouse in Georgia. The per
plexing and unsatisfactory condition of
our monetary affairs has added its de
pression of influence, and altogether
our farmers as a class are troubled by
anxious forebodings. More especially is
this true of those who have neglected
diversity of crops and ample home
raiped provisions.
ECONOMY
has been the watchword and making
the present cop, and its principles have
been more generally practiced this year
than for several years past. In many
instances men have denied themselves
and families necessary comforts. But
the sacrifice seems unavailing, and
farmers, in common with workingmen
of all classes, are suffering, though it
may be in less degree, • from the desig
nated condition of the times.
But, while much of the present un
rest and dissatisfaction can be traced to
defective financial laws, we, as farmers,
must admit that, as a class, we have in
vited disaster by ignoring some of the
plainest and simplest business rules.
We readily admit that in our efforts to
cultivate much of our land, we are
yearly taxing it beyond that point where
could we expect even under tlie most
favorablo seasons and with the most
persistent and faithful work to realize
more than the cost of production. No
hope of profit, even under the bast sea
sons and best management. With un
propitious seasons the result is actual
loss, and oftentimes suffering. Will we
never learn wisdom from hard experi
ence, or is the absolute loss of our prop
erty and total inability to secure sup
plies on time the only sure check on
our
SPECULATIVE SYSTEM OF FARMING?
Our farmers should remember from
their past experience that they cannot
afford to start a crop in .the vain hope
that after advancing it to a certain stage,
someone else will he willing to risk the
supplies to keep it going. The mer
chant, like the farmer, lias drifted along
in the same current, both shutting their
eyes to the dangerous snags all along
their course. He, like ourselves, has
hoped against hope, striving each year
to recover some part of the losses which
he has borne in the shape of advanced
and unpaid for supplies. Our mutual
hopes have been built upon sand foun
dations and the props seem entirely
swept away. The lesson for us as farm
ers to learn is, that under existing cir
cumstances, it is worse than folly to at
tempt to work our lands under the old
methods, and w r ith supplies obtained on
credit. It must be evidont to every
thinking farmer, in the light of his own
experience and that of hundreds of
others who have bravely struggled and
failed, that if we continue a, course so
fraught with danger, nothing but a mir
acle will save us from ruin. Let us
arouse ourselves to our true condition,
and realize at once that if we expect to
make our farming successful and self
supporting, we must follow legitimate
and sensible business rules, and not the
speculative plan, which has character
ized our management for so many years.
Let us
LOOK CAREFULLY OVER THE GROUND
and determine just how much of our
land under favorable, or, I should say,
average seasons, with careful manage
ment, will give us home supplies, home
comforts. \Ye but invite failure when
we attempt to cultivate land which, de
pleted by a long and continuous system
of cleanly hoed and exhaustive crops,
holds out little hope of remunerative
returns unless a different plan is adopted.
Our towns are today being filled with
DISAPPOINTED FARMERS,
who, despairing of success in their cho
sen calling, ave been induced to em
bark in undertakins in which they have
no experien. and, in many instances,
little aptitude. They forget that succeas
in any business is usnally the crowing
result of education, study and oftei*
years of patient labor in * that special
line. We see daily hundreds of cases
where farmers have ventured their all
in new and untried business and lost,
and their condition calls for our warm
est sympathy.
The young man just' starting out in
life without capital, hut fitted by tern'
perament and education for some spe
cial work, will find it to his . interest to
engage in that work, because there his
brain and muscle can be used for his ad
vancement. To such the farm cannot
hold out inducements sufficient. Other
fields are more inviting and offer better
pay, and one cannot expect him to fore
go a favorable opportunity or sacrifice
his interest to a mere sentiment. Life
work is too real, and we deal with issues
too vital to be trifled with, and each one
should select the work for which he is
best fitted. But in selecting our busi
ness, not only our fitness, but our indi
vidual fancies and prejudices should be
considered, and in every avocation there
is one cstxtit h we can
Tartiy Hope to climb nigh on the ladder
to succ ss —that is. we must love our
work to be willing to devote our time,
our energies and such talent as we pos
sess to its advancement.
Having cn<>- -n our work we must not
only love it, but hold to it in shadow as
well as sunshine, in discouragement as
well as when it goes right. As farmers
we mu and yno opportunity for gain
ing information, for improving our
methods, to escape, and once we dis
cover that we are on the wrong track,
call a halt, consider the situation, and
having decided on a different line of ac
tion, follow it to tiie finish. Heretofore
defeat has made us desp rate, and in
the vain hope of bettering our condition
we have pi mge l deeper i .to me;
Which, upon 1-. and. iouaaoiHOurcniamr
plishment. We have* -n working for
immediate remits wrnoafc tvo* bring
the injury to our land ; or our ability to
execute the plans, which we have but
partially matured. ii *cogni dug our
mistake the only sound policy is to
for the future. Permit me to emphasize
some of the mistakes and to reiterate
the warning, which I have so often ut
tered. The first and most grievous, the
one which has caused U3 the greatest
number of disappointments as well as
changed the character of our soils is
planting the same land year after year
m the same clean-hoed and cultivated
crops, without rest or change. On this
subject I quote the following from the
American Agriculturist, showing how
universal the practice and how impor
tant to apply the remedy:
“The farmer who owns his farm is
concerned quite has much for its future
as for its present productiveness. He
cannot afford, even under pressure of
seeming necessity, to seil the fertility of
his land by the bushel until its decreas
ing productiveness makes l inger cultiva
tion impossible. Thousands have gone
this road, and have only found their
mistake when too late to retract their
steps.
“However important immediate re
sults may seem, the careful farmer looks
to next year and the year after. It takes
exceptional crops to make the farmer in
different to the future of his soil. But
the true economy consists in combining
both immediate and future benefit by
applying manures chiefly to clover and
other crops which themselves add to
soil fertility, and thus make it serve
both ends. It is here that grain farmers
have an advantage over those who grow
hoed crops exclusively. The farmer who
grows grain can and should always sow
clover with it. Then all the manure he
applies to the grain crop serves a double
purpose. Tlie hoed crop may make the
most money per acre, but, if it is grown
year after year, it demands the yearly
purchase of a large amount of manure.
That will take off the profits. The
alternation of grain seeded with clover,
and then after one or two years growth
the clover plowed under as green ma
nure for some hoed crop, secures both
the immediate profit and tlie permanent
benefit to the soil which every good
farmer seeks.”
In the more southern latitudes pc-as or
rye take the place of the clover.
A second error is the yearly purchase
of large amounts of commercial fertili
zer, stock and provisions, partly on time,
in the hope of a few extra bales, forget
ting that when the additional labor and
various other extra items are calculated
the expense account is largely increased,
and when the crops are gathered the ad
ditional results are sadly disproportion
ate.
The third mistake is included in the
others—that is, the hazardous experi
ment of planting a short provision crop
and trusting to our merchant; or “luck, 7 ’
to keep us out. On a farm where plenty
of provisions are planted there is always
ample opportunity for “rotation and
renovation,” and where the farmer raises
his own meat and possibly his stock, the
harmony of agricultural relations is ad
justed and maintained year after year,
and the land, instead of retrograding, is
being constantly improved.
We have
EXPLODED THE OLD IDEA
that debts can be paid or money made
on borrowed capital when cotton brings
only 7or 8 cents. In looking at this
question from a business as well as an
agricultural standpoint, we cannot
afford to ignore some unpleasant truths.
The crop producing capacity of our
cultivated lands has alarmingly de
creased; the facilities for reaching newer
and more productive lands have so
greatly increased as to draw off a large
part of our best farming population;
these two conditions, combined with
our unfortunate financial status and the
low prices prevailing for our principal
farm products *Jiave caused a general
agricultufal depression, and we south
ern farmers will be compelled to so
arrange the acreage, character and gen
eral direction of our crops as to enable
us to run our farms without incurring
additional indebtedness. Many are seri
ously cramped now, and with tlie de
cline in land production and in prices
their affairs are becoming more and
more embarrassed. To such the error
of attempting to cultivate large areas
in cotton on borrowed capital is pain
fully apparent.
We should cultivate only such land as
experience has taught us will produce
well, and in such crops as are suited to
our soils and the demands of home and
available markets. We should resolve
not to be swerved from this position by
any favorable or sudden change in the
general market prices, for it is the policy
sanctioned by experience, common sense
and onr natural surroundings.
At this season, when the crops are
nearly or about gathered, each farmer
should determine upon the
PROPER PLAN
for him to pursue for another season,
and then direct his energies to their ac
complishment. The fall and winter
plowing should go on wherever the land
is in proper condition. Very little at
tention has heretofore been given to
this work, because of she character of
our crops, they occupying the land until
late in the season; because we have
never realized the importance of a thor
ough stirring of the subsoil, and because
we are such creatures of habit that it is
difficult to fall into new lines o£ thought
and action.
In some cases, where there is an ab
sence of vegetable matter and the land
is disposed to “run together,” tins plow
ing may have to be repeated in the
spring, but in the meantime the land
has been put iu condition to yield up ad
ditional plant food, when needed. A
sufficient area in small gn.in should be
put in each year to meet home demands.
This, dressed with a phosphate and fol
lowed by peas to be turned under or cut.
as the farmer may decide. By this pro
cess we will build up our lands and
gather a supply of pla it food which,
combined with the prep tred fertilizers,
will produce astoni Ling results. Build
up pastures, and provide for the comfort
of stock. Keep one or two good brood
sows, and watch and attend to them
carefully. Give them the benefits of
the slops or surplus milk from the
kitchen and dairy. Shelter cattle and
stock properly. All of these dumb crea
tures, which contribute so largely to bur
comfort, suffer intensely from the effects
of cold, and when unnecessarily exposed
require more food to promote health and
growth. Humanity and economy both
demand that w ■ ’ -viully to the
coiuldrc or The Turin animuis. “Fences
and terraces are to be looked after;
leaves and litter to be hauled for bed
ding; implements, plow-gear and
wagons overhauled and repaired. In
these small matters we are too apt to
procrastinate, and when too late, that
is when the spring work opens in earn
est. we realize the time we have lost,
and regret our inaction.
R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner.
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
Their Percentages of Valuable Plant
Pood.
We are often asked by farmers why it
is that so much unnecessary material is
found in the ordinary fertilizers on the
market. A common composition of
these goods is about 10 per cent of avail
able phosphoric acid, about 2 1-2 per
cent ammonia and about 2 per cent pot
ash. This is a total of 14 1-2 per cent of
available plant food, or 14 1-2 pounds in
every 100 pounds of fertilizer.
This may appear a small percentage,
yet when the source of the materials
and the urgent demand for low priced
fertilizers is taken into consideration,
there are excellent reasons for such a
condition of affairs.
There are certain materials offered
upon the market which contain plant
food, some of them are sold at very low
prices which make them available as
fertilizers. Bones, phosphate rock, cot
tonseed meal, blood, tankage, sulphate
of ammonia, nitrate of soda, muriate of
potash, sulphate of potash and kainit
are such materials.
Phosphate rock is our cheapest and
most used source of phosphoric acid;
cottonseed meal is one of our cheap
sources of nitrogen, and kainit is largely
used as a source of potash.
Now 100 pounds of phosphate rock
only contains about 30 pounds of phos
phoric acid, and to render this 30 pounds
of phosphoric acid available as plant
food requires in round numbers about
100 pounds of sulDhuric acid added to it.
Then the 200-pound mixture will con
tain the whole of the 30 pounds of the
phosphoric acid, or 15 pounds in 100; or,
ih other words, it will be a 15 per cent
“acid phosphate.” Phosphate rock is a
combination of lime with phosphoric
acid, and it also contains some impuri
ties such as sand, etc. Sulphuric acid
when added to phosphate rock seizes a
large portion of the lime and forms sul
phate of lime, leaving the phosphoric
acid available as plant food. If it were
possible to secure a perfectly pure phos
phate rock we could only make about a
23 per cent “acid phosphate ’ with it by
this process.- It is possible to leach out
the phosphoric acid from the “acid phos
phate” and evaporate the solution down,
and thus produce a remarkably high
grade of “acid phosphate.” This, of
course, increases the cost of the goods
very much. It is possible now to buy
goods running from 40 to 50 per cent
available phosphoric acid, but the de
mand is limited, as everyone wishes
cheap fertilizers. Such an article is in
trinsically worth three times as much as
als per cent acid phosphate. With
15 per cent acid phosphate selling at
sl3 a ton, a 45 par cent one should bring
$39. Even at this figure the higher
priced article would be the most eco
nomical on account of freight, as it
would be only one-third of that of the
lower grade goods. Another factor
comes, however, into the matter, which
is tlie additional cost of producing the
more concentrated article. An actual
pound of available phosphoric
acid sells at a higher and
higher price as it becomes more and
more pure. While it is worth 4 cents a
pound in an ordinary “acid phosphate,”
it sells for $2.50 a pound in a perfectly
pure condition as used by chemists.
Cottonseed meal is one of the large
sources of nitrogen, yet as it is put upon
the market it only contains nitrogen
equivalent to 8 1-2 per cent of ammonia.
The raw cottonseed itself contains a still
smaller percentage before the removal of
the hulls and oil. This partial concen
tration of nitrogen in the cottonseed
meal is too expensive to undertake for
fertilizing purposes alone. It is the ex
traction of the valuable cottonseed oil
upon which the industry chiefly depends
to make the business remunerative. If
agriculturists could afford to use the
most concentrated ammoniates which it
is possible to produce, such ammoniates
could be made far cheaper from other
materials than cottonseed. Blood is a
bj'-product from the slaughter houses,
and contains nitrogen equivalent ti
about 1G per cent of ammonia, and while
higher per ton. usually costs less per
pound for the nitrogen it contains than
the cottonseed meal. If cottonseed meal
was worth nothing except as a fertilizing
material, this might not be the case, but
cottonseed is also a valuable cattle food.
Nitrate of soda is also a very concen
trat and form of nitrogen. It can be
bougut containing nitrogen equivalent to
over 18 per cent of ammonia. Perfectly
pure nitrate of soda contains nitrogen
equivalent to t*ely between 19 and 2W per
cent ef ammonia.
Perfectly pure nitrogen and ammonia
are both gases and for fertilizing purpo
ses must be fixed by combination with
some other body. Ammonia gas is now
sold in a liquid form compressed by
heavy pressure into iron cylinders for
the manufacture of ice. Such liquified
ammonia gas it is, of course, impractical
to use. Sulphate of ammonia is ammo
nia gas comtfined with sulphuric acid,
which holds it. Pure sulphate of am
monia contains over 23 per cent of act
ual ammonia.
Kainit is an impure potash mineral,
only containing about 12 per cent of pot
ash. muriate of potash containing 5!)
per cent of actual potash. It c m be
bought at very low figures,
con-idering its contents of potash. The
sulphate can be bought at a little higher
figures, containing also about 50 per
cent of potash. If we consider “acid
phosphate” in an unadulterated state as
containing 15 per cent of available phos
phoric acid and cotton seed meal as con
taining nitrogen equivalent to 8 1-2 per
cent of ammonia, and Kainit as carry
ing 12 per cent of potash, fertilizers can
not be made to run very high from such
materials in their crude form. For Di
stance, 60 pounds of 15 per cent aciu
phosphate contains 9 pounds of availa
ble pno-Tphorio acid (;hat is, it contains
6-10 ot 15 pounds), 23 pounds of cotton
seed meal contains 1-4 of the 8 1-2
pounds of nitrogen equivalent to ammo
nia in 100 pounds of cotton seed meal,
which will be about 2 12-100 per cent,
15 pounds of Kainit will contain 1 8-10
pounds of potash—as 15 pounds is 15-100
of the 100 pounds of Kainit containing
12 pounds of potash per 100 pounds.
By using greater or smaller propor
tions of each ingredient the percentages
can be varied, but such formulae cannot
be expected to contain more than 13 or
14_per cent of plant food.
- IT 16 per cent blbou or 16 per cent
nitrate of soda is used all the percent
ages can be increased if desired. By the
use of such material as the high grade
acid phosphates, which can be bought
running as high as 18 per cent available
phosphoric acid, sulphate of ammonia
containing over 24 per cent of ammonia
and of sulphate or muriate of potash
running over 50 per cent of potash, very
much higher grades of fertilizers can be
produced than the ordinary average of
those on the market. Fifty pounds of
an 18 per cent “acid phosphate” would
give 9 per cent available phosphoric
acid, 25 pounds of 24 per cent sulphate
of ammonia would give 6 per cent of
ammonia, and 25 pounds of sulphate or
muriate of potash containing 5U per cent
of potash would give 12 1-2 per cent of
potash. The demand, however, is for
low-priced goods, and many buyers do
not stop to consider the quantity of plant
food in a fertilizer, but tiiink the cheaper
they buy a ton the better the bargain.
If one desires to buy a gold ring of a cer
tain size, he finds they become cheaper
and cheaper as they contain less gold,
though to the eye they appear equally
well at first. One has to take the jew
eler's word or go to a chemist to decide
the matter. A farmer has to either
take the manufacturer's word or go to a
chemist also. Some may think they can
tell the quality by the smell, taste or
color. They are badly mistaken.
A fertilizer running 9 per cent availa
ble phosphoric acid, 6 per cent of am
monia and 12 1-2 per cent of potash
costs a manufacturer $7.20 for the phos
phoric acid, $15.60 for the ammonia and
$lO for the potash, and $2.60 for mixing,
sacking, inspecting, etc. This will be
$33.40. Such goods can be purchased if
desired. If low percentage goods are
not desired one should not buy them, as
higher percentage fertilizers can be se
cured if one is willing to pay for them.
Where freights are high considerable
money can be saved by using high grade
goods. To increase the standard would
be to lessen the use of cotton seed meal
and the lower grades of phosphate rock
in manufactured fertilizers. This would,
of course, make fertilizers proportion
ately somewhat higher in price.
Pure phosphoric acid and pure potash
quickly take up water from the air, nnd
they would be difficult to manage as fer
tilizers. They could not be kept pure
unless sealed air and water tight. Pure
ammonia is a gas under ordinary condi
tions, and, of course, would be unman
ageable in such a form. These bodies,
however, can be combined with each
other and thus, be handled more readily.
Phosphate of potash can be made from
phosphoric acid and potash, and phos
phate of ammonia from phosphoric acid
and ammonia. These two white sub
stances would look very dissimilar fiom
the ordinary “guanoss” blackened with
lampblack, and even if there was no in
creased cost in ridding the crude mate
rial of their impurities, the market
value would be very high. At the low
valuation of 4 cents a pound for availa
ble phosphoric acid a ton of pure phos
phosphoric acid would be worth SBO. A
ton of pure potash valued at 4 cents
a pound would be SBO, and a ton of pure
ammonia at only 13 cents a pound would
be $260. The freight on such chemicals
would be proportionately low according
to their concentration, but they are, of
course, out of the question, as they can
not at present be manufactured except
at considerable additional cost per pound
of plant food.
At equal prices per pound for plant
food a high grade fertilizer is cheaper
than a low priced one, as the freight is
less, it does not take so much bagging,
and it takes less work to handle it. Far
mers should buy their goods on analysis,
as the manufacturers do theirs. No
reasonable man should expect to buy a
fertilizer containing 27 per cent of plant
food at the sasue price as one containing
only 13 per cent. George F. Payne.
CAKED BAG IN COWS.
I want to know how to cure caked
bag in cows. Will you please give me
the information ? S. B. C.
Rub the middle well every night with
cod liver oil, and give the animal 2d
grains of iodide of potassium in half a
pint of water ever morning before
feeding.
SCRATCHES IN HORSES.
How can I cure my horse of scratches?
W. F, F., Cass Station.
Mix white lead and linseed oil in such
proportions as will render the applica
tion convenient. Two or three applica
tions should effect a cure,
BY THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE.
Relating te the Farm, Garden, Dairy,
Stock Raising, Etc.
CHICKENS.
We are pleased to be able to add the
valuable experience of Mrs. W. E. 11.,
of Milledgeville, as a further answer to
the inquiry as to how to rid the henhouse
and chickens of mites. Mrs. H.’s letter
also contains other valuable suggestions.
She says:
“Seeing in the weekly paper here in
one of your recent reports an inquiry
for cure of mites and lice on chickens I
send the following, which I know to he
sure, as my chickens have been free
from mites for over five years: Two
teaspoonsful of sulphur to a pint of
com meal nfixed well together to every
seven fowls; given twice a week to get
rid of mites; given once every 10 or 12
days to prevent. Mite3 will never get
on roosts made of sassafras poles, and
they can be used several years. Onions
cut fine and baked in dough prepared for
biscuit and fed to fowls once or twice a
week when cholera is around is a sure
preventive. Little chickens just a few
days old can he ted with both prepara
tions. Three drops of sweet oil on the
heads of ducks will kill the lice.”
Respectfully,
Mrs. W. E. H.
TEA VINES.
What is the best way to save pea vines
for hay? P. C., Lee County.
The vines should be cut just as the pea
is developing in the pod, when you can
find an occasional fully developed pod.
Mow or cut down the vines early in the
morning, as soon as the dew is off.
Leave vines on the ground until next
morning, when you scatter the cocks
and leave as before. Throw two cocks
together in the afternoon, and go on in
this way until the vines are dry enough
for the bam. Do not handle the vines
in the heat of the day, when very dry,
or the leaves will fall off. The vines
should, if not prevented by rain, be left
in the field for four or five days. Place
them loosely in the barn, and never pack
them away. In this way you cun se
cure very fine hay.
WEEVILS IN COHN.
Can you give me a remedy, or, rather,
a preventive, that will keep weevils out
of corn? J* L. H., Adel, Ga.
In answering your question on this
subject we reply to several other in
quiries relating to the same matter.
Experiments with bi sulphide of carbon
prove it a must valuable remedy. As
practical experience is the best test, we
give what Mr. John W. Rice, of Su
wanee counts, Florida, says on the sub
ject:
‘•Last winter, after I had housed my
corn, I obtained of Evans Brothers, of
Live Oak, a few pounds of bi sulphide of
carbon. I took a long tube and worked
it into the corn to bottom of barn on one
side, and poured in one pound of the
stuff, stooped upper end of tube and let
it remain two weeks. I then made the
same operation m the other side of the
barn. The we4fns were pretty thick i:
the corn, hut they soon disappeared, and
I have them no more. My barn is freer
from weevils in August than it has been
in March before. I must say it is a de
cided success. I would not be without
it, though it cost me fa a pound. I have
a supply for the present crop, and shall
put each bottle in a box slatted on top to
prevent the breaking of the bottle, place
the box on the floor of the barn and
throw the corn on it—the bottle un
stopped, of course. I shall use one bot
tle to one hundred bushels of corn. My
stock have eaten both corn and shucks
treated with carbon and it had no inju
rious effects. The stuff is worth millions
to the south, where the corn weevil is so
destructive and annoying/’
GREEN CROPS.
I notice that you advise turning under
crops just as matured. I would like to
know whether the character of the soil
should have any influence in deciding
whether the crop should be turned under
green or after matured. C. C. S.,
Bartow County.
The general deduction tliat crops ben
efit the soil most when turned under
just when matured rather than when
green is due to the fact that when
plowed under green they produce an
acidity in the soil from the decomposi
tions that Js hurtful. This being the
case, it is evident that where the soil
abounds in alkaline matter, such as pot
ash and lime, no such injury can result
On this character of soil it may be ad
vantageous to turn under the green crop,
as the acid is then harmless, and uniting
with the alkaline may release plant
food that otherwise might be useless to
vegetation. In the experiments con
ducted at the state station, no marked
results in favor of any particular time
of turning under crops was secured. In
our previous answer to the question we
gave only the general deductions drawn
by experienced and scientific agricultur
alists without the qualifications that
arise in special instances. It is the duty
of every farmer to insure success to
study the best methods, or rather, the
method that will secure the best results
on his land. This can be done in all
matters, especially those involving fer
tilisation by experimental work.
IRISH POTATOES.
Can you give me a good method to
keep Irish potatoes? I). G. W.
Cartersville.
To keep Irish potatoes through the
fall and winter, select a cool, dry, airy
situation —a cellar where the atmosphere
is not damp and the temperature not too
low or very high, is the best place. M'x
two bushels of charcoal with one bushel
of air slacked lime for every 5) bu ■ii ds
of potatoes, and sprinkle this mixture
through the potatoes immediately after
removing them from the field. See that
your potatoes are well dried before stor
ing away. They should be dried in the
shade, and all cut an . mused tubers re
moved.
A common method of storing potatoes
—a ditch cut for too pu . >s *. Where
this method is adopted it is . o select
a hillside where goa l Jin ,o an na
secured. Place straw in ah, a. a
which place the potatoes. 1 1 • ■
with straw, covering
sufficient eartii just to prev -at
All the potatoes shoul lno bes. n i >
gether, but separated inm lots of i o t
25 bushels each, by eartn or sun v r .
Your seed potatoes and o h r.s a 1 oe
excellently preserved by placing ue n m
a bin in a dry, cool place, aal sepn .n.i.jg
the potatoes by sand so that they do not
come in contact with each other.
GRASS SEED.
To sow reel clover liow much seed
should I use to the acre, also how much
clover and orchard grass mixed?
It. P. Milton county.
How much seed to sow depends on tho
purpose for which you desire to use tlx;
land. For pasture it should be sown
thicker than for meadow. Mach will
also depend on the character oiphe .-oil.
If the soil is very lumpy and not very
fertile, twice as much seed will be need
ed as is necessary per acre wu :n the soil
is mellow, free from lumps and covered
with a fine vegetable mould. The fol
lowing is the quantity for general seed
ing, whieh may be varied to suit the
soil, or for meadows and pastures:
When red clover and orchard grass are
sowed together four quarters of the for
mer and 16 of the latter will be suffi
cient if the soil will produce one and a
half tons per acre. If sowed evenly and
nothing but clover is used, six to eight
quarts will seed an acre. With orchard
grass alone use from two to three bus ,
els—better sow three than less than two.
PEAR TREES.
What is the best way to train pear
trees? L. F. TANARUS., Thomaston.
It is best to train your trees so that
they will branch at a distance of only a
few feet from the ground. This method
has these advantages: The fruit can be
easier gathered and the trees easier
trained; the fruit doe.s not injure so
much in falling; the branches being
sturdy, will not be strained by overbear
ing or over weight of fruit; the soil will
be kept shaded and moist, and the trunk
protected from the scorching sun.
STUMPS.
Can you give me a method to de
stroy stamps?
F. D. U., Hancock County.
Bore with a two-inch augur to the
heart or center. Fill the hole with sul
phuric acid or with crude petroleum.
In the first place the acid destroys in a
few months; in the latter, when the
stump becomes saturated with the oil it
is fired and will hum to the roots. Where
oil is used two or more holes will hasten
the time for 'burning. Place an Iron
weight on the stump when fired, and it
will render the result more certain. The
iron retains heat, and by its weight re
moves charred portions of the stump.
HUMUS.
How does humus benefit land ?
S. B. N., Brooks.
Land is bene fit tel by liumus princi
pally by its mechanical effect-;. It stiff
ens sandy land and loosens clay soil; it
gives power to the soil to absorb and re
tain moisture and its solvent powers
renders available mineral substances in
the soil. When the vegetable matter is
from liguminous plants, a considerable
contribution of nitrogen is directly made.
Carbonic acid is the principal element
evolved from humus.
ASHES AND STABLE MANURE.
Will it do to mix ashes and stable ma
nure? F. M. W.
1 It is injurious to mix ashe3 with stable
manure, as they cause the escape of the
ammonia, which is the most costly of
plant foods. If the material is perfectly
dry and you wish to use the compost
immediately by the use of dry earth or
plaster, you can mix them without loss.
WHEAT AND OATS.
How can I separate oats from wheat ?
F. li. E.
Oats may % e nearly entirely removed
from wheat by putting tlio grain in a
tub of strong brine and skimming. The
wheat must then be spread thin and
dried quickly and well limed. It pays
to have pure wheat seed, and you should
do this if you wish to sow the wheat
WHITEWASH.
In your next report please tell mo how
to make a good whitewash.
L. H. T.
This is a simple recipe: Mix up half
of lime and water; take half a
pint of flour and make a starch of it
and pour it into the whitewash while
hot; stir it well and it is ready for use.
In suggestions and information for farm
ers issued by the department, you will
find another valuable recipe.
TICKS ON SHEEP.
Please give me a remedy for ticks on
Sleep. H. L. T.
Mix sulphur and salt, seven pints of
salt to one of sulphur, and feed or salt
the sheep with the mixture given to
them several times. It will drive the
ticks off.
DEAD LEAVES.
What is the best thing to do-with dead
leaves, so as to use them for manure?
S. S. P., Hartwell.
Throw them in the pig pen, or use
them as a litter for cow r s. Hogs will
work them into manure in a very short
time.
JANUARY SHERIFF SALS.
GEORGIA— Butts Oountj .
Will be s<<!d before the courthouse
door in the town of Jackson, said county
on the first Tuesday in January next.
1894, within th legal hours of sale,the
following descriDsd property to wit:
One tract, or parcel, of land situated, ly
ing and being: in 552 district G. M,,
Butts courty, Georgia, containing in ali
fifty acres of land, more or less. Where
on W. A. White now resides, and bound
ed as follows: East by the lands of J.
A. Pitman, north by lands of A. F. Moss
and J. A. Dodson, West by landsofL
M. TANARUS, Mayo, guardian of J, B. Hoard,
south by lands of M. 0. Duke. Levied
n s i e property ot W, A. White ? by
virture and to satisfy two fifas issued by
justice < ourt of the 552 district G. M.,
Paid county and state in favor of W. O.
Clai k against W. A. White. Property
pointed ut by plaintiff* attorney. Ten
ant Hi possession giien written notice.
a hi.- December 4lli 1893,
J O. Beauchamp,
Sheriff B (J.
FOU LEAVE TO SELL.
GEORGIA —Butts County.
To All Whom Ii May Concern:
J. 11. O ru.icha 1 , administrator of E
3. V\ ynn, having m proper form applit and
to me ioi least to seil <>ll the stock in
incorporated oompan es, belonging to the
estate of E. <>. Wynn, late of said county
this is to cite all mid Mogul r the credi
tors und next of kin ol E. fi. Wynn to be
and appear at my office within the time
allowed >y 1 w and show cause if air>
they ca.< any leave n> se 1 sai l stocs
shorn not, be granted to J H. Cairn ei
*l, administrator of E and. vVyun
ibis tne 6th day of Dec., 1b93
J F. Carmichael
Ordinary.
GEOKGAd—Butts C-iunty .
I'o All Whom It May Concern,
himantua. at Wed. T er, almn trait ix
ui F >j. Weave , having in proper form
applie i to me mr leave so sen tin; ..uni
Del .ig.ng to tile es ate o. Saul leoe&.-ed.
i’.n , is to cite >d .ud smguGr tin cred
10. ami next oi km oi F. M. Weaver,
ic be a >0 appear at my office within the
time allowed iyja ~ and show ea se, u
any they can, win cave should not be
granted Samantha V eater, admtois
trait ix, to se i tne 1 and .*• icayeo l
J F. Carmichael,
Grainary.
LEi XE SO* ID.UIAISTRA riO\.
GEORGIA—/Tut s C unty.
Jo ail whom it may concern:
J ii. Caimn na a n proper
lo,m app.ien tome- i pe o. .r.ent ie- ers
o administration n tne est-aie of .C,
Kii.ard, late ot sai i county, this is to
cite ad and singular the creators and
next oi k.n of L.C Kinar to be and ap
pear at my office wit.an the time allow
ed bv law and show cause, if any they
can, why permanent of ad inis
traiion should not be granted to J. H.
,aimichael on B. C. Kinard’s estate.
Witness my hand and official signa.
ture,this the sth day of Dec., 1893,
J. F. Caemtchael, Ordinary.
GUARDIAN SALE,
Rv virture of an order from the court
of ordinary of Butts county, will be sold,
on me hist Tuesday in January, 1894,
at the <*oui tin>us door in said county be
tween the legal sa e hours tne tract of land
containing 18 1-3 seres, more or less, ad
joining lands of John B. Cole, and L. \
Goodrum. as the property of S. P Good
rum and Lucy Goodrum. Terms c: sh.
This the 4. day of December, 1893,
L. L. Goodrum,
Guardian of S. P. and Lucy Goodrum,
GEORGIA —BaIts County
To All Whom it May Concern-
The appraisers appointed to Bet a £
the. widow aud minor child of F
ver, deceased, the provision allowed 1
law, aud reported the same to the ord J
of said county, this is to eve all and tinl
lar the creditors aud next of kin off ■
Beaver, to be aud appear at my c
within the time allowed by law. and
cause, if any they can, why said allow ; ,1
should not be confirmed.
Witness my official signature, Nov. 1
1893. J. F. Caumioiuel, 1
Ordinary, JS, q 1
GEORGIA—Butts County.
7o all whom it may concern:
The return of the appraisers, duly J
pointed to set apart twelve months' allol
ance for Prudence J. Kinard, widow j
B. C. Kinard, late of said county, deceal
ed, and filed according to law. This iH
c3e all and singular the creditors and nej
of kin of B. C. Kinard, to be and appej
at my office within the tiid
allowed by law, and show cause, if an
they cau, why snch allowance should J
be confirmed.
Witness my official signature this, l',t
December, 1893.
J. F. Carmichael, Ordinary ■
MORTGAGE S*VLE.
By virtue oi the power vested in ml
by a mortgage deed made by E a Fml
her t j Eenneli, Thompson & lo , m til
tFh day of February, 1892 uni tuer -at cl
ewii : On ihe Bih day ot Fcbr iarv, FSIIjJ
at. 9 o’clock a. m filed for reo ml au |fl
ecorded in the clerk’s office if the I
nor court ot Butts county, on 111
a book “G” on the 23rd day ol Februal
iy, 1892, and by them regularly trails!
ierred by writing th. re in to me u ; th J
fill day oi Nov., 1893, and by vir urc oi
uecree rendered by the Superior court ol
Butts < oimty at Chambers l.<.|
ii. 1893. 1 will sell beiure tile t our hulls!
d>or in ihe town o! Jackson, ;’ a ;
"ii:ty, e'g a, on the Kith -lay ol ~
1894, between the legal sale hours t act
of ia,nd described in yciu
wi. : Due tract oi land iy ng aim he i:j
a Lut s county Georgia a.e .-vain
one bundled and twenty ii , e acres in
or less. Bounded on the n >rth bv ia m
ot me widow Stroud, eas by lands ol
Goodman amt *JooF , west by iai is : A,
C. T ncbei and South bv ian ■> o .1 i.,
Fincher. These lands aein a high -m u
of cultivation. The terms ot -ate v. I
be cash. Title deeds will bv m.-tm m
the name of E. A. ihnehav with . o
os tee of same by virtue ■ a • id .
J. i . i INCHfiK.
'.Oflt’E TO DIIUTOKS .t.VDCililil -
Milts.
GEO/i’GIA —Butts County.
Notice is hereby given to ah persons
having demands agaius. E. S lUynn. la e
of said county, deceased, to present ihein
to me, properly made out, within the time
prescribed by law, so as to show their
character and amount. Aud all persons
indeb ed to said deceased are hereoy re
quired to make immediate payment to me.
J. II Carmichael,
Adm’r. of E. S. Wynn.
GEORGIA —jtfutts County.
iVotice is hereby given to all persons
having demands against F. Hi. Weaver,
late of said county, deceased to present
them to me properly made out, within the
time prescribed by law, so as to show
their character and amount. And all per
sons indebted to said deceased are hereby
required to make immediate payment to
me, Namantiia M, Weaver,
6t Adm’rt.rix. of F. M. Weaver.
APPLICATION FOit CitAUTEB.
State of Georgia ) To the Superior
Coun'y of Butts. ( Court of said county.
The petition of James A. King, J. M.
McMichael, John A. Pitman, S. C. J/c-
Candless, Wilson /Smith, .It. W. Mays and
all other members of the Formers Alli
ance of Butts county, Georgia; who are in
good standing as the rules, regulations,
and by-laws prescribed; respectfully show
that they and their associates desire to be
incorporated under and byJhe name of the
Farmers Union for the term of twenty
years with the privilege of renewal at the
expiration of said time, with the power to
sue and be sued, to hold and purchase
property, both real and personal, to have
and use a common seal, arid all other pow
ers usually granted to like corporations.
2he object of said corpora'ion is finan
cial gain-
The business your petitioners propoes to
conduct is a genet al mercantile, manufac
turing warehouse, and commission busi
ness with t icir principal office in the to vn
of Jackson, county and state aforesaid,
with the privilege of doing busines in any
county in said state and other states.
Tne capital stock of said company will
be ten thousand doilars, divided into four
hundred shares of twenty five dollars each,
with the privilege of increasing said
capital stock to one hundred thousand dot
htra.
That no stockholder shall be liable for
any debt, or obligation whatever of said
coiporaton, except their unpaid stock.
Petitioners a k that they be permitted to
begin business when ten per cent of said
capital slock is paid in.
Petitioners ask that they be empowered
to make such rules, regulations and by
laws not in conflict with the constitution
and laws of the state of Georgia, that shah
be binding upon the stockholders. Your
petitioners ask that they be permitted to
issue investment bonds and stocks and
buy and sell bonds and stocks and other
securities and charge a commission for
their services.
Wherefore your petitioners pray that an
older may be granted in terms of the law
investing and clothing them and their
successors in office with the corporate au
uhority aud power above mentioned'
And your petitioners wilt ever pray, etc.
lUy & Ray,
Pecs, and Mttys.
GEORGIA—Butts County,
I do certify that the foregoing is a true
copy of the original petition for charter
now on file in my office, 1 his .December
4, 1893. Joseph Jolly. C. S. C,
