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N :w Car Motor.
Great Saving xn Horae Stock.
There has been on exhibition at the
office of the Passenger Railroad Loco
motive Manufacturing Company, for
several days past, the drafts for a new
motor power or engine for propelling
street c xrs, which, if it does what the
gentlemen interested say it can do, is
bound to work a revolution in the
street cars. There is also a small
working model for a car starter by
which the strain upon the motive
power, whether it be horses or steam,
is removed by the application of a very
simple process to the running gear.
One of the new locomotives is now
being built by the company, and it is
expected that a public trial will be
given as soon a * the machine is finish
ed. It is of rather novel construction.
A gas engine supplies compressed air
to a reservoir, from which po <ver is
derived to work a system of air and
hydraulic valves which operate two
elastio feet that tread upon the cobble
pavement between the railB. The
power is so nicely under control that
these feet are placed gently upon the
cobbles, and when thus placed the
pressure is applied, and the feet move
upon the cobbles in the same manner
that a horse’s foot moves. These feet
are made adjustable to the inequalities
of the pavement, and should the pave
ment be broken or removed, will
reach down and press upon the earth.
In connection with this loco motive an
apparatus is attached underneath the
passenger car called the “Differential
Car Starter.” Tiislsalsoof peculiar
construction, being a wheel within a
Wheel. There are no springs or cog
wheels in it. T ue back axle of the car
rests upon two small wheels; these
wheels run upon the flanges of two
larger wheels, and are elevated four
inches above the pavement, out of the
way of sand. Tae draft is applied to tw^
small friction wheels, which bear upon
the large wheels near their top periph
ery, and thus is obtained a twenty-
eig)>t-inoii leverage acting directly
upon the small wheels upon which
the axle of the car rests. Tais lever
age comes into notion whenever there
is any resistance, such as starting a
car loaded with passengers, going up
a grade, or running over a stone or
other obstruction. This car starter is
of great value for use with any kind
of a motor, for it avoids the necessity
of a very heavy locomotive depending
upon cohesion. The locomotive tested
on the Market street line some years
ago weighed ten thousand pounds—too
great a weight for the light city.tracks
—but even with this great weight
w^en starting a loaded car the wheels
of the engine revolved upon the track
without moving the car until sand
was thrown under them. Tue Bald
win Works admit that had this oar-
starter been under the car, their loco
motive would have started it easily.
With this starter under.a car, a loco
motive weighing five huudred pounds
less than the car will start a loaded
car with ease. Tue Differential Car
Smarter has been approved by the
Franklin Institute of this city, and
has also been put to a practical test on
a car drawn by horses, and relieved
the horses from all strain when start
ing a loaded car. It would be of
great value for use with horses, but it
is proposeu to do away with horses,
theoompany offering to furnish the
starter and locomotive and engineer,
and oontract to haul two oars night
aud morning and one tirough the
day at a per diem rate below the pres
ent cost, thus enabling street oar com
panies to sell their horses and stables
and make a saving in the daily run
ning expenses of each car of from one
to two dollars. The locomotive will
make no smoke or ste&m, and the en
gineer will stand In front in plain
view. Good mechanical experts who
haye examined the working drawings
of the company’s engineer are satis
fied that the locomotive will be a suc
cess.—
Financial and Commercial.
There have been about 1350,000,000
of the extended three and a half per
cent bonds received at the Treasury
for conversion into three per cents. Of
this 300,000,000 bear even date of trana*
mission, and the order of their ultimate
payment has had to be settled by lot.
The bonds already in represent about
all the exchangee likely to be desired,
and the 3300,000,000 three and .a half
per oents remaining will have to be
extinguished before the new three per
oents can be touched. If any of the
latter remain unpaid on September 1,
1601, they virtually receive another ex
tension until the $350,000,000 four aud
a half per oents can be first paid off.
It is easier to infuse flesh ^nto a
milking breed of oattle than to create
a “milking prepotency” in a fleshy
breed.
Educational
Secondary Schools in Prussia.
The Prussian Minister of Public In
struction has prepared new plans of
study for all classes of secondary insti
tutions. Peculiar interest attaches to
this action on account of the existing
controversy with reference to classical
and non-classical courses. The institu
tions affected are: (1) Gymnasia, class
ical schools preparing for the univer
sity ; (2) Real-gymnasia, secondary
schools preparing for higher technical
schools and for the faculties of philoso
phy in the universities; (3) Ober-Real-
schule, non-classical secondary schools
preparing for technical and commer
cial schools; (4) Higher burgher-
echools, secondary schools preparing
for industrial, lower technical and
commercial schools.
Gymnasia, Real-gymnasia and Ober*
Real-schule have each nine classes.
Higher burgher-schools have six. The
new programs have been made obliga
tory for the three lower classes from
the beginning of the present school-
year C Easter, 1882); they do uot go
into operation in the remaining clas
ses until Eister, 1883. The character
which it is proposed to impress upon
these various institutions will be seen
if we take the program for the Gym
nasia and point out the differences
between it and the others. For the
Gymnasia the subjects of instruction
are: Religion, German, Latin, Greek,
French, history and geography, arith
metic and mathematics, natural his
tory, physics, penmanship, drawing
In the course for Real-gymnasia,
Greek is omitted and English and
chemistry introduced. In the course
for the Ober-Real schule Latin and
Greek are both omitted and English
and chemistry introduced. In the
course for the higher burgher-schools,
Latin, Greek, and physics are omitted,
and English and natural philosophy
introduced.
The number of hours per week allow
ed for French, arithmetic, and mathe
matics, and physics is greater in the
Real-gymnasia than in the Gymnasia,
and the number allowed for Latiu
less. In the Ober-Real-schule the
time allowed for French, mathematics,
and physics is longer than the same
in either of the preceding classes, and
the time for English longer than in
the Real gymnrsia. In the higher
burgher-schools more time is allowed
for penmanship and natural history
than an the other classes of institu
tions.
All Sorts.
—The New Zealand Meat Preserving
Company has forwarded for trans
shipment to the Westland, for Eng
land, fifty tons of preserved rabbits.
They are packed in two-pound tins,
seventy-two pounds in each case, the
two-pound tins being found to be the
most salable in the home market. The
supply of rabbits keeps up well,
averaging 5000 per diem, the largest lot
delivered in one day recently being
9000.
—A Cincinnati insurance company
takes risks on infants, and there may
soon be an opportunity for the great
obituary bard to twang his lyre some
thing to this effect:
Our darling Willie’s gone; he’s been
By angel hands seoured;
But why should we be feeling bad?
Our Willie was Insured 1
—William H. Vanderbilt’s servants
turn an honest penny while William
is at Saratoga by showing visitors his
great house at $4 a head.
—In a museum at Salem, Mass., is a
box made of a cherry stone, whioh
contains onedozen silver spoons. The
finish of these latter can only be
discerned with a microscope.
—Outside investments by “lambs”
in the NdW York Stock Exchange for
the year ending July 1,1882, are esti
mated at $87,000,000.
—Young William Crosby, at Boston
the other day, undertook to drfcre a
wagon containing a load of muriatic
acid around a corner. There was an
upset, and Crosby’s olothei were
burned from his body and his flesh
terribly eaten luto by the eeoaplng
aoid.
—Mr. Joseph Barber, the founder of
the New Haven Jtegiater, is dead.
He was in his 95th year, and believed
in Thomas Jeflerson till the last.
A crimson sea ol passion, Love,
And a bark with a golden sail,
And a silken flag at the mast above.
And an Ivory late, and a wnlte-winged dove
With an arrow In his breast,
And a crushed red rose, and a lair tone pale
With weeping and a Brest.
A yellow sea of bad loo-eream.
And a man with a haggard air,
And a ghast ly look to the gaslight’s gleam.
4nd a driver stern with a two-horse team.
With cloud banks In the west.
And a orushed young man In an loe-eream lair
Two dollars In his vest.
The Economy of Rest.
[The following very able and timely
lecture was given by Dr. Robert Pat
terson, at Pacific Grove Retreat, Mon
terey, in compliance with the request
of a large number of visitors. In
further compliance with the unani
mous and urgent desire of all who
heard it, it is now submitted for publi
cation. It furnishes much food for
thought, and will be no doubt be read
with interest ]
I propose to prove that, as one of the
applications of the great law of reri-
odioity (a law now recognized by all
scientists as world-wide and eternal),
the Sabbath rests on the same scien
tific basis as the constitution of the
atmosphere or the law of gravitation,
or the succession of day and night, and
the duties thence arising.
Such a discussion may have its ef
fects upon persons who do not profess
religion, but who own their obligation
to practice humanity. If it can be
demonstrated that Sabba th rest is as
necessary for the preservation of hu-
mau life as ventilation, and that it is,
in fact, indispensable to the proper
v italization of the blood, humamta-
ians may be willing to unite with
theologians for its preservation. If
men of science can satisfy themselves,
by experiment and demonstration,
that the great law of periodicity
regulates human life no less than the
life of crystals, or the life of plants
and that the formula for man, of
Motion 6 plus Rest 1, is of the same
validity as the law of respiration, re
quiring Nitrogen 77 plus Oxygen 21, *
for the breath of life; they may be led
to accept that fact of science, as an
expression of God’s will in nature that
all men should enjoy the Sabbath
refit.
This proof will appear upon an in
vestigation of the law of periodicity.
Such an investigation will demonstrate
the perpetual dependence of our earth
upon the revolutions of the heavens, of
which it forms a part, and which have
held it, and all its tenan's, in unswerv
ing allegiance to the law of periodicity,
from the remotest ages known to man.
This law of periodicity lies at the very
foundations of the earth, which were
not laid by slow and uninterrupted,
gradual deposits alone, but were
frequently upheaved, and tilted, and
contorted, and aguin deposited, by
geological revolutions and convulsions,
in all manner of dips, inclinations,
cleavages and upheavals. After these
rocks were deposited, they "were not
compelled to a monotonous, leisurely
drudgery of their life-work, but led a
life varied by the periods of work and
re3t prescribed by the law of perio
dicity. As the geologist, s anding
amidst the palms of India, or on the
fertile prairies of Illinois, marks the
scratchings and furrows which the
glacier ice-plow once ground on the
rocks, or the cargo of boulders de
posited by an iceberg which once
floated fatfioms overhead in an arctic
sea, he becomes convinced that the
existing day of light and life here must
have been preceded by a night of freez
ing death. He learns, also, that the
access of heat which melted out the
glaciers of the great ice age could not
have been generated by the cooling of
the globe (which must have exerted
an influence precisely opposite), but
must have arisen from some change in
the relations of our cold, insensate
earth to the great celesial source of
heat and joy. Earth’s great periods,
then, depend upon the heavens.
Sufficient attention hae not yet been
bestowed upon the great faot, attested
by science, that the history of oar
world is not at all a history of slow,
gradual, monotonous progress in one
unvarying course; but is, on the con
trary, the history of a succession of
revolutions—a history ot seasons of
work, succeeded by seasons of repose;
of days of light and life, followed by
evenings darkening into nights of
silence and rest; ol continents up-
heaved from the depths of the ocean, to
enjoy millenniums of sunlight, and to
be clothed with verdant grasses, and
adorned with mighty forests, and
again to sink beneath the waves and
enjoy repose, while old ocean oovered
them with fresh strata. Geology is the
soience of the periodicity of our globe.
The law of periodicity is the law of
the life of the world. This law of rev
olutions and alterations is universal
and perpetual. Everything knqwn to
man is subject to the law of periodioity.
rhe light of tne stars in the remotest
heavens pulsates in undulations as reg
ular as those whioh impel the lift-
blood ol the mortals who behold it.
The moon makes her monthly voyage
with more regularity than the mer
ohant ships, whioh avail themselves
of the spring tides which she produces
to sail up our bays, and, after the tos«
sings of the ocean storms, enter the
longed-for haven of rest. The spots
on the surface of the sun revolve in
their mysterious cycle, affecting the
vast plains of Australia and the rnoun
tains and plains of California, now
with ar d drought, and again blessing
them with the rain of plenty. The
smaller cycles of periodicity In the
heavens are equally identified with
those of every substance upon earth.
Not only is the cycle of sun-spots re
flected in the great magnetic earth-
storm ; the dally current of earthly
magnetism, influenced by the daily
rotation of the earth, is measurably af
fected by the darkness of the night;
and all the minerals and crystals are
formed by it, subject to the law of peri
odicity. It has been long known that
all crystals are formed subject to fixed
laws, which proscribe their respective
forms of cube, or pyramid, or prisms ;
but only recently have experiments
demonstrated that the crystals of iron,
and inferentially all other crystals, are
as dependent upon the laws of periodi
city for their life as upon the laws of
chemistry for their form.
As this discovery of the periodicity
of crystals of iron has an immediate
bearing upon the Sabbatn rest, it is
worth while to narrate it. The North
western Railroad Company of Eng
land employ several thousand cars.
Twenty years ago the com pan suffer
ed continual losses from the breaking
of railway axles, and directed their
chief engineer to make a thorough in
vestigation of the cause. He found,
upon a careful examination, that the
crystals of the axles in the broken
iron had changed their form. When
a bar of wrought-iron is nicked around
with a chisel, and broken with a blow
of a sledge-hammer, you can see the
crystals quite distinctly, large and reg
ular ; and, when beaten and bent, 1 hey
draw out into tough flbeia. But, In
the broken axles no fibrous appearance
wis visible; and the crystals had
changed their size and color, so that
they were now small and brittle, and
broke off short, like glass. The cause
of this change of structure the engi
neer demonstrated to be, the incessant
activity of the axle, and the conse
quent continual concussion against
the box, caused by the wheels striking
the poiuts of the rails, He subjected ,
a bar of iron to the inoessant
hammering of a light hammer, sus
pended from the working beam of an
engine, and produced a similar de
struction of the life of the iron by a
change of its crystalization. He showed
that the only method of preventing
the destruction of iron was, to allow it
to cool off thoroughly every eight
days; in short, to allow the railway
axle a Babbath rest.
As we advance to higher orgaulza
tions, the law of periodioity asserts its
authority still more emphatically aud
visibly. In the vegetable world we
observe the law presenting itself with
greater prominence than among the
minerals. The trees bud and blossom,
and then ripen their fruit, and cast
their fruit and their leave9, ard retire
within themselves for the rest of the
winter. They do this even in Ban
Fraucisco ; and in the Tropics, where
»o necest ity of climate withers their
leaves, they drop them and rest fiom
a necessity of nature. The nursery
man will tell you, that even those
roses called “perpetual” must be al
lowed two months of rest from bloom
ing, if you would eDjoy the full beauty
and fragrance of their flowers for any
length of time; otherwise they will
goon flower themselves to death.
Human life Is sustain* d by breath
ing the air, the breath of life; and is
speedily exhausted it the air is shut
off or poisoned by impure gases. The
breath of life is oomposed of twenty-
one parts of oxygen, seventy-seven of
nitrogen, and two per oent. of vapor.
It is the oxygen whioh unites with
our blood to redden it, and give it
life. God made these proportions
with perfect accuracy when he formed
our atmosphere. No other proportions
would preserve human life. In breath
ing, we consume the oxygen of the
air and convert it into oarbonlo aoid, a
poisonous gas, which we breathe out
from our lungs. When working wo
breathe deeper and faster, and con
sume more oxygen than when at
rest; and in faot, consume more oxy
gen than we take in. The surplus is
taken from our blood aud muscles;
we are then using up our lives. How
muoh of a man’s life is thus used in a
day’s work?
It is well known that the waste of
the human frame is accompanied by
the exoretlon of oarbonlo acid in di
rect proportion to the waste of life.
Two of the savans of the Academy of
Munich, Pettenkofer and Volt, bavin
constructed a respirator enabling them
to weigh and measure the breath and
vapors expired from the human
frame, experimented on a man at rest
and a man at work. They presented
a paper to the Academy, in which
they stated that, “in comparing the
total of the two days’ experiment, It
appears that, on the day of labor,
there wore 373 grammes of carbonic
aciii excreted more than on the day of
rest, and 246 grammes of oxygen more
absorbed. But in 373 grammes of
caibonie acid containing 271 grammes
of oxygen, there is a difference of 25
grammes of oxygen used in excess of
that taken from the air.” (“The An
nual of Scientific Discovery,” 1869.
Pape 298.)
That means that the workingman
used up 26 grammes of his life, about
an ounce in that day’s work. In six
days he used up 150 grammes of his
life; in seven days 175 grammes. In
one year of continuous labor he ex
pended 9,100 grammes of oxygen more
than he inspired. It needs no very
profound science to calculate that at
that rate his original stock of vigor
would eventually exhaust ’itself, no
matter how large it was at first; and
that the man’s life would be spent
much faster than that of the man who,
by resting on the Sabbath, restored to
his frame the amount of oxygen
which he had overdrawn during the
week. And the facts of the case fully
confirm the conclusion. Horace Gree
ley tells us that he found no old men
in the workshops of Paris, where the
workmen enjoy no Sabbath.
It is true, that a portion of this over
draft is restored by the repose of the
night, but not the whole. There re
mains an accumulating balance
against the laborer’s life force. The fever
of his blood does not cool down suffi
ciently. Dr. Stratton, who conducted
several series of observations on the
pulse, says that "in health the human
pulse is more frequent in the morning
than in the evening for six days out
seven; but on t he seventh day it is
slower.” (Edinburg Medical Journal.
January, 1843.) The fever heat of the
working days cools down on the Sab
bath.
Let us, then, for the sake of
illustration, put a money value upon
tt^e breath of life, though no sane man
would sell it at any price if he knew
what he was selling. But let us value
the oxygen at only a cent a gramme.
Then the laborer only receives two
dollars and forty-six cents a day for
his work, and it costs him to live two
dollars and seventy.one cents. He is
plainly losing twenty-five cents a day,
makes ninety-one dollars a year. Sup
pose the man to have been a modern
Samson, to have had a thousand dol
lars* worth of life to begin with; in
eleven years of seven days’ drudgery
he would exhaust it all.
But if he rests every Sabbath day,
he not only does not overdraw his
oxygen on that day, bat he %akee a
saving. For, though he does not
breathe in as much cxygen as when
he is working, he does not consume
□early so much, so that on Sabbath
night he has a great deal more oxygen
in him than he- had on Saturday
night. To return to our dollars and
cents: he gets three-quarters of a
day’s wages and his board on Sabbath,
to meet the loss of twenty- five cunts a
day for the six working days of the
wi&ek ; so that he cannot merely pay
his way, but have a few cents over on
Monday nporfiing. He has got a new
start—a fresh lease of life. He has
more oxygen in his blood, and that
means more life. The poor fellow haw
actually got a few grammps of Ilfs
ahead. So, on Monday morning his
head is clear, his eye is bright, the
stiffness is gone from his back, his
knees are supple again. He feels in
every bone of his body the blessing of
God’s blessed day of rest. As he
kisses his wife, and gives his little boy
three tosses and a shake, and steps
out cheerily to his work, he feels him
self a ,new mm ; though, perhaps, he
does not know why, nor thank God,
who has blessed him with a fresh sup
ply of life in his blood by the rest of
the blessed Sabbath. The Sabbath
rest, then, of one day in seven, is the
* xaot proportion ot rest necessary to
repair the waste of 41 fe caused by the
labor of the week, and to leave a little
over for .the enjoymeut of life and
vigor.—JFVom the Ocaident, fan Iraw-
cisco, Cal.
A souppernong vine In the Tokay
vineyard, near Fayetteville, N. O.,
bears 100 bushels of grapes a year,
There are other vines in the same
vineyard which produoe from 35 to 40
bushels. The vines were set out 9$
years ago.