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From the Washington Mews.
J*vo"t'i’ss I's Civil (tvtl Political Li
° berty.
Every friend to civil and politi- ’
cal liberty, bees with pleasure the
vile its made for emancipation by!
the people of Spain. The Amen-,
can people wish them the utmost,
success, and that they can main
tain the establishment ot a lrce go
vernment over despotism and an,
absolute monarchy. But at the
same time it s to be regictted that,|
taking all circumstances under con
sideration, no great hopes tan he
entertained of a successful issue ol
contest. We are under the im
pression that an immediate lefor
mation cannot he effected in every
branch of the civil government ol
Spain ; ou mg to the ignorance, pre- ’
judices, and religious intolerance
of the people. A radical change
cannot be made all at once ; it
should be gtadual to be more cer
tain of its stability. We have said
before, and we repeat it again, the J
people of Europe are too deficient
in liberal principles, and in the
know ledge of civil and political li
berty, for the completion of a ref
ormation in their ideas, mauners,
and religion, in a very short spate
of time. We will indulge our-;
selves with a few remarks on the
subject in support of our opin-,
ion ;
It is acknowledged that, when a;
government does not discharge the j
important duty of providing lor the |
sale.v ol the citizens and security
of their property ,it becomes incom-{
moilious and oppressive, and that
licence succeeds in its phtns to dis-|
engage icseif lrom the shackles ol j
tlu law. ibis is exemplified in
the history of bpain ever since her!
revoi. tion I hat people are too!
ignorant, have too many prejudices !
to expect that their revolution vvilE
imm< diately better their condition, i
We must not be mistaken by pro
mises and words, ihe public V vel- j
fare ceases to be a weilaie, when I
it serves onh as a pretext to the;
arbitrary conduct ol those who go
vern, and to the mutability’ of ttie
opinions ol novators, and when it
brings in rapid succession, changes
in die most opposed principles i
The words public welfare and lib
t eriy have been so frequently abu-
sed, that the ideas of a nation mis
led by numerous sophisttis in po
litics and religion become indis
tinct and confused on the real sense
of those two sublime denomina
tions, which are nevertheless al
ways spoken ot when there is no
public welfare and liberty exist
ing-
Rarely the misfortunes of ty
rants put a stop to tyranny. ‘1 he
successors in power become tv
rants in their turn to avoid the mis
haps of their predecessors , and it
is precisely their vain precaution
which leads them to the same fate.
The law punishes slowly when it
can act, bnt in a state of anarchy or
under an arbitrary power, which is
the same thing when laws do not
exist, or when they are variable and
without force, but that ol a despot,
it is only alter a long series of cala
mities that tyrany can he put down,
and a .ightlul authouty can be
erected in its stead. One of the
greaiest obstacles to a complete re
generation ot the people of Spain, is
religion. Every European nation
has an exclusive religion. Religion
ought to be separated lrom politics,
the aim of those two motives of
the actions of men being essential
ly different and olten contradictory.
They cannot be combined in a free
gov eminent. But as the immortal
ity of the soul, and the hope of re- J
wards in another world, are princi-J
pies favorable to society, by adding*
to the curbs ot the law a moral force I
which ensures their execution, a’
nation cannot exist without reli
gion, as a religion cannot exist
without a worship, at least consid
eiing it in a social point of view.—
All religions arc more or less into-1
brant. I o ensure the tranquility !
ol a monarchical and absolute go- 1
vernment, one religion only should 1
be admitted ; but to ensure the li
berty ol the people, all religions
must be tolerated. Exclusion is
the type of despotism ; a general
admission is the most real proof of
liberty. An exclusive religioi
gives too much importance to its
ministers in political affairs. The
constitution of a free people must
cntirclv st parate heaver, from earn,
in order to prevent the baneful in
fluence of the priesthood in the
government. 1 his influence no
more exists it the worship of all re
ligions is equally permitted and
none denominates.
Before the invasion of Spain by
the French, what have the people
! done to accomplish the objects ol
i the revolution, and to give more
I firmness to the new government
thev had established ? Nothing.—
That people had actually no means
for existence or occupation. 1 hose
means ought to have been created,
that the activity of the population
put in motion by the revolution,
should not have turned against it
self. It was requisite to have min
isters of religion, properly select
ed, to teach morality by precept
and example ; men to study and
expound the laws,to explicate them
l to the people that they might know
their rights, privileges, and duties ;
instructors, properly qualified, for
public education ; artists of all de
nominations to give vigor to the
national trade: a well organized
j militia for the safety of the cities
and roads, and to arrest, and keep
!in check, robbers, indigents, and
malefactors, that swarm in that
country. The government of Spain
did not attend to these great con
siderations : it remained idle. —
• What have been the consequences ?
I disunion among the people. What
I will he the result of the invasion
jby the French! Very probably
! the return of that fine country to an
I absolute government,
i W T e sincerely wish to be mista
ken in our opinion, in regard to
: the war between France and Spain :
: If so. the real friends of freedom
| will have to rejoice at the increase
; of the free nations ©f the world.
From the Bellows Falls Intelligencer.
i Indian Philosophy. —ln the year
j 1798, living on the Ohio, I became
acquainted w ith Geo. Jellowy, a
j chief of the Delaware Indians; he
! possessed grta na oral, and con
j siderable acquired abilities, having
[ received a good English education,
i One day, after he had been relating
some of the hardships incident to
the Indian manner of living, I ask
ed him what it could be that indu
ced him, after the sweets of civili
zation, to return to his native wilds
again ?—He was sitting smoking;
he arose from his seat in agitation ;
the smoke rolled forth in columns;
the natural hauteur of his counte
nance was heightened to a fierce,
bold and daring look, for which he
was truly terrific. Walking across
the room several times, repeating
i with emphasis, she sweets of civi
lization ! turning towards me, he
accosted me thus: ‘Are you a
Christian ?’ Yes, Are you a Re
publican ?’ Yes. ‘ What is the grea
test blessing on earth ?’ Liberty.—
‘Yes, added he with a countenance
which seemed to look me through,&
you good Christian, you good Re-J
publican if a brother owes you ;n
dollar, and has it not; you will goj
away to another brother that writes;!
and get a piece of written paper,*
take it to another brother that rides, |
and give it to him, who will take!
the poor brother and lock him up
in a stone house—and you three
brothers, all good Republicans, will
deprive the needy brother of the
greatest blessiug on earth, (his li
berty,) for the sake of a dollar !
These are the sweets of civiliza
tion ; these are the blessings of Re
publican liberty.’ Then, with an
elevated look and voice, hepraved
to the Great Spirit to he kept from
such sweets of civilization,and that
the white people would not nick
name themselves, as they now did,
in calling themselves Christians,
Republicans, &c. when their works
so much belie their professions.
I was so much overawed, that I
can find no answer yet, although I
have searched for one these twenty
four years.
Punctuality. —President Washing
ton was the most punctual man, in his
observance of appointment ever known
to the writer. He delivered his com
munications to Congrcrs at the open
ing of each session, in person. He
always appointed the hour of twelve at
noon for that purpose ; and he never
tailed to enter the hall of Congress
while the state house clock was strik
ing that hour.— His invitations to din
ner were always given at four o’clock
j 1• M, lie allowed five minutes for
■ the variation of time pieces;and he
j waited no longer for any one. Cer
! tain lagging members of Congress
1 sometimes came in.when dinner was
nearly half over. T]lr<* writer has
heard the Pre-ident say to them with
a smile “ Gentlemen, wearc too punc
tual tor you: 1 have a cook who never
asks whether the company has come,
but whether the hour lias come.”
London papers to the 26th ot Ju
ly, and Liverpool to the 28th, in
clusive, have been received at Bal
timore bv the arrival ot the last
sailin; ship Franklin.
The situation of Spain was daily
improving. Corunna, which was
said to have surrendered to the
French, stili held out, and the last
accounts from there stated that all
the attempts of the French upon it,
had been repulsed with great loss.
Accounts from there by an arrival
at London state that the Constitu
tional flag was flying on the 19th.
A gentleman who left Corunna on
the 18th, states that in one attack
I the French left one hundred and
! thirty waggon loads of dead upon
I the field, bir R. Wilson was still
| at Corunna, but had been slightly
(wounded. Another account states
(that the French had made three
■ attacks upon Corunna, and that
they had been defeated in each bat
tle, leaving from 7 to 800 dead on
the field. The Spanish loss is
said to have been comparatively
trifling.
The report that the French for
ces in Spain, were to be withdrawn
i appeared to be generally credited
jin England. The London Cour
ier of the 26th July, assures its
readers upon authority which may
be relied on, that the French gov
, ernment had it in contemplation to
retire across the Ebro, and to take
i up their line of defence along that
river- -and the Traveller of the
same date, states that the report is
audibly whispered in the French
’ capital; and assigns as reasons for
| believing it—the total impossibili
ty of controuling or even restrain
ing the fanatical party in Spain—
the dangerous situation of the Spa
nish Bourbons in Cadiz—the haz
. ardous position of the French ar
my inadequate, as it confessedly is
‘to the subjugation of Spain—and
: certain nascent doubts of its fideli
: ty —mutinous conduct having un
I doubtedly been manifested at Bay
onne, b) some’ of the regiments
under Lauriston’s command. —
But though last, not least, is the
appalling exhaustation of money,
j A negotiation was pending be
i tween the French and the Cortes at
i Cadiz, and it was said that if it did
; not res.uit in the successful accom
modation of the differences between
the contending parties in Spain,
that it was the intention of the
Duke D’Angouleme to withdraw
his troops from before Cadiz.
The dissentions between the
French and Spanish royalist (says
the London Courier,) form almost
as strong an impediment to the ad
justment of matters, as the dissen
sions between the Royalists and
the Cortes. It is now more than a
month since we first hinted at this
circumstance, and on several occa
sions we have repeated it. In par
ticular, the letter which we pub
lished on Thursday from Madrid,
corroboiated what we had said.—
The following passages from that
letter disclose important facts:
41 Ihe French are not masters
here. The violent party which
continues to urge the Regency to
acts ot arbitrary power, finds no
support in the Duked’Angouleme,
or his adherents. They are anx
ious to negotiate rvith the more mod
derate part'j of the Cortes , ancl to
endeavour to save the King’s life,
by giving favourable terms to the
former. The supporters of arbi
trary power are decidedly averse
to any treaty with the rebels in Ca
diz. It remains to he seem wheth
er. the French party will have pow
er enough to oppose, successfully,
their more violent friends and al
lies.”
“The fact, is, that this delay
hears most heavily on the French
finances, and necessarily must, in a
short time, force that Power either
to join the advocates of arbitrary
despotism, or to leave the contend
ing parlies to settle matters with the
Cortes as they in ay.”
Another letter from Madrid,
written by an officer attached to
the Duke d’Angouleme’s stuff,savs
--“Everyday the respective par
ties become more exasperated
against each other, and we are out
of favour with them all. Disunion
has begun to prevail among t-c
Royalists. We are already expe
riencing much difficulty in main
taining our communications: it is to
be feared our embartassments may
increase in an equal ratio with tne
formation of the predatory hands
w hich infest the country- We
shall Tortly be in nearly the same
situation as in 1811, with the addi
tion of having 20 or 30 fortified I
places to blockade ; we posses, it i.s !
true, one single advantage —that of j
a cool season.”
The repci t that the army and na
vy of Portugal, had been tendered
to the Duke d’Angnuleme, to aid
in restoring absolute power the
King of Spain, is declared by the
London Courier to be totally desti- j
tute of truth—the King of Portu- i
gal had declared his determination J
to preserve the strictest neutrality. |
It is also said that he has declared j
his determination to give to “
Portuguese nation a constitution j
which may conciliate all opinions |
and fulfil the wishes ot his peo
ple.”
There has been a misunderstan
ding between the blockading squad
ron and a British frigate, respect
ing the attempted passage of some
British ships into Cadiz. The fri
gate fully succeeded in obtaining
them a passage into the port. —
“ The American vessels totally
disregard the blockade,and pass in
and nut just as thev please.”
Cadiz was said to have an ample
supply of provisions for three
months.
A Hamburg article of July 15
says:—ln consequence of the al
terations and modifications of the
celebrated Navigation Act lately
made by the English Legislature,
we had last week the novelty of the
arrival of a ship from Jamaica di
rect, which brings the produce of
that Island to our market without
having passed through England.—
A ship from Bombay has also
arrived on the Elbe, with a crew,
composed of natives of that remote
country,of above one hundred men.
Letters from Catalona stare that
Mina’s health is much improved,
and that he directed the late attacks
upon the French army near Barcelo
na in person. The division which
was commanded by General Manso
J being joined to that ol Mina, he
j has now an army of 11,000 or 12,000
men, exclusive of the troops of Mil
ans and Lloberias. It is expected
that this indefatigable Chief will
very shorrly undertake an impor
tant operation.
Paris, July 25.
We learn that the Regency of
Spain having signified its instala
tion to the Spanish isles of the
Mediteranean, its dispatches were
burned at Palma (Majorca) by the
common executioner.—The revolu
tionists immediately after pillaged
the convents of Capuchins and
Dominicans, and more than 100
monks and friars were thrown into
prison.”
Bayonne July 19.
The first convoy of battering ar
tillery has marched to day for the
siege of St. Sebastian.
Sir W. A’Court, after having
demanded an escort from Gen.
Bourmont, has gone to San Lucar
to embark in an English frigate,
which was waiting for him, and
which was to take him to Gibral
tar.
Paris, July 24.
The Constitutional of this day has
been seized at the Post Office.
Odessa , June 23. —We have ac
counts from Constantinople as late
as the 13th of this month. On the
mere report of a change in the M in
istry, at St. Petersburg, four ships,
from this port, (as has been alrea
dy stated,) were detained at Con
stantinople,and are not tobe allowed
to proceed to the Archipelago but
must return hither. The Divan
seemed almost to repent the step it
had taken towards a rcconcileation
in sending the letter of the Res
Eflendi to Count Nesselrode ;*it re
mains to be seen what impression
will be made liy the answer of the
latter, which must now be at Con
stantinople, arfti again proclaims
the pacific system of the Emperor
Alexander. The removal of the
Kiaja Bey, who, as the leader of
the party in favor of peace, had un
dertaken in the Divan the defence
of the system hitherto persued, and
who is, therefore, a loss to the Eu
ropean Ministers, has drawn much
attention. His successor is hard
ly more than a mere puppet. With
respect to Ld- Strangford,thc Porte
<s.r. ci singularly cmharassino , H
nation. While he appeals as I
opponent of the Greeks, B
Englishman, Captain Ham'’! B
who as far as we can learn,also' nt . B
goriatesin the name of the B
Government, has made in the j B
chipelago, overtures to thy j B
gents, which, if hitherto with!, B
success, aim at bringing about a ". B
arrangement with the fort;, ] J B
Strangford afiii ms, that lie ku Ws B
nothing of the object, or even (j I
the existence of those negoeij. ■
Cons. I
The measures against the cotr- I
merce of all Christian nations I
so injurious that a.ll the Franks I
fear they shall soon be on a ] eve i. I
with the Rayas. Lord Strangford I
lias made a forcible remonstrant I
to the Porte on the subject of those 1
new differences in the form of j n . I
J structions to his Drogoman, M I
LChabert. —These differences art
J likely to excite some sensation in
, St Petersburgh, since, on the issue
of this affair, the fate of the trade of
the Black Sea may be said to de
pend. It is to be expected, hower.
er, that Lord Strangford’s Note
will induce the Porte to revoke it
late measures.
It is again asserted, that the
■ Duke D’Angouleme has promised
the Regency of Spain, a French
fleet and army for the purpose of
assisting to re-coaquer Mexico.
An arrangement has taken place
between the Directors of the Bank
of England ancl the East India
Company, by which the former
agree to lend the latter 2,000,000/.
sterling, for two years, at the rate
of three and a half per cent, inte
rest on the security” of the stock.
London, July 24.
To shew how rapidly the nation
al debt has increased, and how ve
ry slowly the work of reduction
takes place, it may be noticed that
in the seven years’ war preceding
1763, the debt increased sixty mil
lions; in the twelve years’ peace it
diminished ten millions. In the
eight years of the American war it
increased 115 millions; in the ten
years of peace it was reduced about
ten millions; in the 30 years of
! peace and war it has increased 569
i millions—the total of unredeemed
j funded debt being stated at 7%
j millions and a half, in the accounts
dated March last.
Last week a poor woman, with an
infant at her breast, employed in the
grounds of Mr. Bailv, of Swanscmnb,
Kent, previous to the commencement
of her daily labours, suckled her
J child, and left it in a hedge near the
’ place where she was at w ork ; on her
I return some time after to look for
j her child, she was struck w ith horror
(atfinding it dead. On here oirnnu
i nicating this dismal intelligence toiler
j fellow work-people, they suspecting
that she had made away with the poor
infant, compelled her to accompany
them, w ith the dead child, to a neigh
bouring surgeon (Mr. Chi vers, of
Greennithe,) to ascertain the cause of
its death, when lie immediately satis
fied them that there was not the least
appearance of its death having been
caused by any unfair means ; and
having obtained the wretched moth
er’s consjentto open the child, he found
to his utter astonishment, a snake in
its stomach ! It is supposed, that soon
after the mother had suckled the in
fant, the snake, attracted by the milk
remaining on the child's 1 ips.had ente
red the mouth ami suffocated it.
[London paper.
SURRENDER OF GEN. MORALES AND
MARACAIBO.
Baltimore, Sept. 8.
We have it in our power to com
municate the highly gratifying in
telligence ol the brilliant success
which has attended the arms of the
Colombian Republic, in obtaining
possession of the city of Maracaibo
and effecting the capitulation of its
most active and dreaded enemy,
the Royal General Morales, and
and the forces under his command.
This pleasing information was re
ceived here yesterday morning by
the fast sailing schooner Abarilla,
Captain Edwards, fr.om LaGuayra,
which port she left on the 22d Au
gust. The editors of the Ameri
can have received a file of the Co
lombiano of Caraccas to the 13th
August, and of the Caraccas iris
to the 18th inclusive. In the Iris
extraotdinary of the last date we
have the official treaty of the capitu
lation, together with other official
documents. The capitulation was
effected on the 8d August, and for