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NEWNAN HERALD
NEWNAN, FIRDAY, FEB 5
MILITARY SAPPING
Origin of the Trench Work of the
Modern Battlefield.
DITCHES DUG BY PEASANTS.
In the Middle Agee Civilian* Were
Forced to Do the Labor to Which Sol
diers Would Not Stoop—Sappers and
Miners and Then Successors.
in stories nnd reports of modern
buttle* the worn of the suppers la or-
ten metitlulieu. "To Mini" or “Slip pin It"
was an early way of approaching a
strongly roriitied position by menus ot
n tjlfi-li. It was also a very early form
or treneti work. Tile rortltied piisi
tlons against wiilet) saps were employ
ed were the stone walls of castles or or
cities
When the nmUinu <>t cannon had nut
progressed so far that solid shot could
lireach stone walls, nut wlieti eannnu
were powerful enouitli to keep uruietl
men at bay or to destroy them. It be
came necessary to make an approach
to the walled poHltlou In a way which
was difficult to attack successfully and
for which at that time no way of
checkmating hud heen thouitht of by
the defenders. A narrow ditch was
dug In the direction or the wall to he
aaaalled. This ditch, which wan wide
enough for oue luau to dig lu. was
called a sap, the digger a aap|>er. and
the end of the ditch toward the enemy
was the aaphead. As the leudlug sap
per dug forwurd he protected himself
and the nupbeHd In rarlous ways, usu
ally by pushing a screen ahead of him.
This screen was of various rorras, a
bag of sand or a sheet of metal In
clined to deflect arrows or gun shots,
i When the aaphead had reached the
desired point the ditch would tie wid
ened, the excavated earth forming a
parapet on each side, and the guns
would be brought ho close to the wall
that they could not be reached by gtins
mounted ou the wall, for lu the timea
'.In which these conditions prevailed
walls were high and cannon crude and
they could not be sufficiently depressed
to reach an enemy at the tout of the
wall.
: Sapping was usually done by peas
ants impressed or lured tur that serv
Ice, because soldiers m ihe armies or
the middle ages were more skillful
with weapons than with tools amt the
work ot digging trenches was beneath
their dignity, while It also savored or
a disinclination to close with the ene
my, even though that enemy was lie
bind stone walls with cannon—cannon
at which men armed with modern
weapons would aiulle, hut which In
their day were weapons of great effect.
Vnuban. the great military engineer,
reilued supping and brought It Into a
system by which any fortified place
could be approactied, reached, mined
nnd breuebed.
These saps arter awhile were dug In
a number of ways. Many forms of the
approach trench were devised. Un
covered trenches were cut forwurd, de
flected at right angles und then cut
forwurd to be again deflected further
along, each of these deflections from
the straight course of the trench form
ing a transverse for the protection of
the trench. Some trenches were roof
ed In with timber and earth as they
were cut forwurd, thus forming a
bombproof covered way. Some saps
were cut or dug In the fashion of a
tunnel, the surface ot the earth not
being disturbed ut all. Double saps or
numerous parallel saps were dug close
up to the posltlou to be attacked.
Mining of castle and city walls or
city gates Is as old as the use of gun
powder In war, uud “undermining” of
walls was practiced In war before the
use of gunpowder. When sapping had
become systematized and generally ern
ployed In offensive operations against
fortified positions the military work of
sapping nnd mining was combined and
Instead of being done by peasants or
“civilian” iaoor was committed to spe
cial troops. These troops became
adept In this Important work, nnd be
cause of the extra labor Involved and
the hazard of this duty these, called
sappers and miners, were given high
er pay than other troops.
As the years nod the centuries went
by other duties were put upon these
troops—erection of held fortifications,
erection of many forms of obstacles to
Impede an aggressive enemy nnd hold
him under fire at a known range, de
struction of bridges, construction of
bridges, demolition of buildings and
many other things. Gradually the sup
pers nnd miners’ duties became greatly
enlarged and refined, and In many
armies they came to he called engi
neers.
In all armies every soldier today does
work that formerly fell to the laboring
and hard working sappers. Every sol
dier today knows how to handle a pick
and spade as well as to shoot a rifle,
pistol, magazine gun or cannon. AJI
soldiers now dig trenches, gun pits nnd
the like, but construction work, requir
ing higher technical training. Is done
by the engineers, successors to the sap
pers of old. In many kinds of construc
tion the engineers may be aided by
troops of other hrnnehes and by civil
ians, hired or Impressed.—Washington
Star.
An Old Story.
Snbbnbs (arriving home)—Well, dear,
anything new happened today? Mrs.
Snbbnbs—The cook's gone. Subbobs—
I asked yon If there was anything new
happened.— Boston Transcript.
WHISTLER'S CLEVERNESS.
Tho Artist Could Fia In Hi* Mind Any
Effect In Nature.
It whs Whistler's ha hit to memorize
an effect In mature, uud Mr. T. It. Way.
In his "Memoirs,” gives tan exaanple of
bis cleverness at It.
I shall never forget aa lesson lie gave
me oue evening. We haul left the stu
dlo when It was quite dusk ami were
walking along tho road lay Ihe gardens
of the Chelsea hospital, when lie |s)lnt-
ed to a group of Imllillngs In the dts-
tanee. an old publle House nt the cor-
uer of the road, with windows and
shops showing golden lights through
the gathering mists or twilight
"Look!" he said.
As he did not scent to have anything
to sketch or make notes on. I look out
my uotehouk and offered It to him.
"No. uo; lie quiet!” lie said, tllld after
a long pause he turned and walked
back a few yards; then, with Ills buck
to the scene, lie salil; a*
“Now. see If I have learned It." and
then he gave a description of the
scene, perfect lu every detail or ar
rangement and volur. as lie might have
repeated a poem lie had learned by
heurt.
Then we went on. ntid soon there
came another picture that appealed to
me even more than the former. I tried
to cull bis attention to It. but lie would
not look at It.
"No, no." he sold; "one thing at a
time.”
In a few days I was at the studio
again, and there on the eusel was the
picture.
FINALLY SHE BALKED.
It Wai a Good Schema, but 8h*
Thought It Waa Going Too Far.
It was an extraordinary uotlcc:
“Eleemosymary Typewriting institu
tion.—Anybody wishing tyiiewrltlng
done, but hijvlng uo money to pay for
name, wilt he accouimodated to this
office between the hours of 5 and 10
p. m.“
A young woman waa tacking the
sign on the office door when the man
In a plaid suit stopped.
“Who la the public benefnefor?" he
asked.
“Me." she said. ”1 thought 1 might
as well advertise nnd save my employ
er’s friends the trouble of hunting mo
up. They always have something for
me to do. Even on days when 1 am
so busy that I hardly have time to
breathe they come In with rolls of
manuscript nnd ask the manager If 1
have time to copy It. Sometimes that
makes the manager squirm.
“’Are you quite busy, Miss .lones?’
he asks. 'Quite/ I say. Then the
rannager thinks. But lie always gives
In. 'Oh. well,’ he says, '1 guess that
Isn't very important, .lust let It go
and copy this for Mr. .' So 1 copy
It. and -Mr. — suys. ‘Thanks; you nre
very kind.' He never thinks of puy-
lng. It Is the easiest way Id the
world to get typewriting done. 1 was
afraid there might be a few men who
had never heard of the scheme, so L
have put this sign out for their bene
fit’’—New York Post.
Catching a Thief.
In Dewsbury several years ago a gen
tleman present nt a public gathering
had the misfortune to have his watch
stolen, a magnificent gold repeater.
Standing up. he announced his loss and
added: “It Is now two minutes to I).
At 9 o’clock the watch will strike the
hour, and ns it is loud 1 nsk every one
to keep quiet We shall then bo nble to
put our bands on the thief.” A dead
silence ensued, and one individual,
seized with a bad fit of coughing, en
deavored to leave the room. He wns
promptly accosted, searched und the
missing property found In his pocket.
It afterward transpired that the watch
would not have struck, as It was out of
order.—London Express.
A Thorough Cate.
Every schoolroom is supposed to
have its romancer, or boaster.
There was a mild epidemic of mumps
In an uptown school not long ago, and
a teacher asked the pupils In her room
how many remembered having the dis
ease.
A few remembered It, but most of
them bad never beard of It.
Then the romancer attracted the
teacher’s attention.
“I get the mumps, teacher," he smil
ingly said. "1 get It around my face
so. And 1 get one by each eye—and
one under my neck.”—Cleveland Plain
Dealer.
Crude Petroleum.
Roumanla holds the honor for the
earliest production of crude petroleum,
having put it on the market In 1857.
Two years later the United States pro
duced Its first petroleum, 2,000 gallons.
Italy was n producer the following
year, and Canada, within twelve
months, entered the field. ItusBla
| quickly followed, and for years these
countries were the sole producers. Rus
sia Is now second only to this country.
Hawaii’* Crater Lake.
Waiapele. or Green lake, on the Is
land of Hawaii. Is a body of fresh wa
ter In the pit of an old crater near
Kapoho. This lake covers an area of
about five acres und Is fed by springs
below the surface. A pumping plant
takes water from this lake for domes
tic use and for Irrigation purposes.
Whale*.
The whale Is not a fish. In every-
Bilng which characterizes a true fish
and separates It from other classes, as
reptiles, birds and mammals, the
whale resembles the last named (the
mammals) nnd differs radically and
fundamentally from the fish.—New
York American.
GERMAN CIVIL COURTS.
Mod* of Proc*dur* Whor* Commsroial
Case* Are Tried.
The "haudeisgerlcht.” or wuutuotvlnl
court. Is presided ovev by one Judge
uud twu laymen know n as "hamlet*
rlchter"—sAJiuuierelai Judges iionmmt
ed l>y cotouierelnl Inslles and Mpimlnt-
ed by the government Any German is
eligible w ho Is registered h* n mer
chant. thirty years old -ul otherwise
qualified as specially ded liy law.
Only conimerelai eases me sent Co this
department upon motion of either par
ty. 1 witnessed a trial between mer
chants and was miieli pleased with
the speedy method of determining the
case.
Instead of submitting teelmleul busi
ness questions to a Jury, who In all
probability never heard of the like be
fore, and then offering the testimony
of experts on eneli side or the ease,
which often has a tendency to eon-
fuse the Jury rather than to enlighten
them, the German commercial Judges
possess personal experience In busi
ness and skill In affairs of commerce
of the greatest value In arriving nt
correct Conclusions. Besides, Ibe pro
cedure. us a rule. Is brief sad to the
polut and einmes little delay to the
litigants. So far as I could ntmerve,
this system worked very satisfactorily.
—Fred II. 1‘eterson lu Case uud Com
ment.
THE MAN WHO LAUGHS.
The Reason Ho Doe* So From the
Physical Point of Visw.
Laughter Is an Involuntary response
of certain muscles to. a communication
from nerves controlling their action.
We laugh because wo receive nn Im
pression through our sensory nerves
that causes u demonstration from the
muscles which express mirth. The
vigor or heartiness of laughter depends
upon the susceptibility ot the brain to
what Is received through the sensory
nerves.
They get the Impresalon In throe
wuys—from something we see. feel or
bear—and seud It along to tho nerve
center. From there It Is sent along
other nerves connected with certain
muscles or glauds and excites them to
activity.
The nerves nre like so many electric
wires, and tho sensory nerves set as
a battery, by means of which the elec
tric currents of life are transmitted.
The muscles buve the power to ex
press the state of gladness. Indicated
by laughter, according to the poslttve-
ncss of the Impressions pussed along
the nerves which operate them. You
lough less heartily the second time
you hear a funny story because the
Impression Is less positive. — Rocky
Mountain News.
A Book That Wasn’t Published.
A singula, plan Tor honoring heroes
was proposed lu 1882, If we tnay credit
(V
ajtZ ^omeynuuCte*»a
A so-called “cold” is often just a forerunner of some se
vere disease sure to follow unless the cold is “caught” in time.
When you catch cold, “catch” hold of it at once and cure it
A neglected “cold” often causes quick pneumonia and
death.
Whatever be your needs in the drug line, come to us for
them. Prescriptions accurately compounded.
THE BEST DRUG STORE
We Give You What You Ask For
J. F. Lee Drug
Prompt
Delivery
TWO
PHONES v>\ I
Efficient
Service
tho following footnote to "La Typo
graphic," a |iociu by Lo Pelletier, pub
lished In that year nt Genova: "In Feb
ruary last several newspapers an
nounced that the largest book ever
printed will shortly appear In London
under the title “The Pantheon of Eng
lish Heroes." The pages of this book
will be twelve feet long und two feet
wido and the letters' six Inches high. It
has been found uecessury to erect spe
cial mnchlnery for the manufacture of
the paper required. This gigantic work
will be printed by steam In characters
of gold, no ordinary printing Ink being
used In the process. Only a hundred
copies will be issued, und these will
serve to ndoru the principal libraries
in England.” You will not find that
book In any public or private library.
Poarlo.
Tbe use and popularity of pearls date
back to about 300 B. C., but they were
known to yet older peoples, and espe
cially to those of the east. The Chinese
records go still farther back, and oys
ter pearls were received as tribute In
tbe twenty-tblrd century B. C. It is
probable that they were found In tbe
waters of Ceylon and India 2,000
years ago, und the Greeks of conrso
both knew nnd recognized the value of
tho pearl. But it wus not until the
Roman empire wns beginning to rise
that tbe knowledge of the value of the
pearl became general.
Unfortunate Namur.
From tbe tenth century to 1421 Na
mur was the capital of a dukedom, but
was merged In the Netherlands In 1421.
It was captured In 1092 by Marshal
Vauban In the Netherlands war and
three years Inter by William of Orange.
Again in 1740 tbe French General
Clermont took It, and It was taken
from tho French by Joseph II. In 1794,
but restored again later. In 1815 It was
defended with great bravery In tbe
Waterloo campaign.—London Answers.
Interrogating a Reformer.
“I shall leave politics a poorer man
than when I first accepted office,” Hold
tbe patriot
"Excuse me." responded tbe friend,
who Is a little bard of bearing, “did
you say 'poorer' or •purer?' ’’—Wash
ington Star.
Easy.
”1 wish I knew how to get rid of
trouble."
"I’ll help yon out. I know a fellow
who's always looking for It!”—Judge.
Alligators' Teeth.
Ivory from alligators’ teeth la as rich
tn hue as nnd bas a brighter luster
than tbe best tusks tbnt ever came
from an African elephant.
There Is work on God’s wide earth
for all men that he bus made with
bands and hearts.—Carlyle.
Unclaimed Letters.
The following list of unclaimed let
ters will be Bent to the Division of Dead
Letters, if not called for within two
weeks:
E W Attaway, Mattie Beasley, Pellie
Beasley, Allie Budler, Martha Brun-
ster, Joe Boswell, G J Bradley, Will
Cox, Tommie Clark, Mamie Clark,
Willie Cooks, J E Carroll, Willie Mae
Hines, Julia Hill, Susie SuBie Jackson,
Eddie Moreland, P L Meeks, Newnan
Towels Mill, Lee Nicenon, Mrs. J H
Morgan, Love Nelson, J D Pearson,
Annie kinder, Love Strickland, W A
Sanders, Mrs. N D Stamps, Mrs. N C
Tolbert, Urice Tell, Mrs. S L Wood, O
T Watkins, Sam William*, Carrie
Wilks, Nonie Wiggins, Rev. J M
Woods, Lucy Wyatt, J G Bartlett, J T
Brady, Geo. Bradley, Mary Bledsoe, C
C Black, J L Bur & Co. Luke Beavers,
J W Davidson, Jimmie Davis, Winnie
Danneck, Will Gamon, Mary Graham,
Mary Hart, Jennie Hurton, W T Jack-
son, Jennie Lou Lambert, H F Mutt,
Charlie Mathers, Harvie Payton, M O
Phillips (2) Willie Mae Ragland, Laura
Ann Ragland, Annie Right, Earnest
Richards, Cicero Riggins, Mattie
Sturling, R L Thomas, Eliza Thurman,
Lone Woodruff.
To avoid delay in delivery have your
mail addressed to street and number,
box number, R. F. D. number or gen
eral delivery.
In calling for the above, please say
"advertised.”
Susie M. Atkinson, P. M.
Five Cents Proves It.
A Generous Offer. Cutout this ad.,
enclose with 5 cents to Foley & Co.,
Chicago, Ill., and they will send you one
trial package of Foley’s Honey and Tar
Compound for coughs, colds, croup,
bronchial and la grippe coughs. Foley’s
Kidney Pills and Foley's Cathartic Tab
lets. For sale in your town by all deal
ers.
There’s a fine bit of a story out on a
well-known North Georgia Congress
man, who has an agricultural bent of his
own, and who dearly loves to send free
seed to his constituents.
A woman wrote him recently asking
for Borne garden seed. He sent back
by return mail a generous supply of
what she asked for, mailed in the regu
lar official envelope. In a couple^ of
weeks the seed went back to the Con
gressman. The woman had read the
card on the corner of the envelope,
which says: “Three hunded dollars
fine for private use. ” She wrote the
following note to the Congressman;
“I am much obliged for the seeds,
but I wanted them for private use and
could not possibly afford to run the
risk of having to pay the $300 fine.”
If a better cough syrup than Foley’s
Honey and Tar Compound could be
found, we wiuld carry it. We know
this reliable and dependable medicine
has given satisfaction for m're than
forty years; therefore, we never offer a
substitute for the genuine. Recom
mended for coughs, colds, croup, whoop
ing cough, branchial and la grippe
coughs. No opiates. Sold by all dealers.
Ignorance is the mother of suspicion,
hate, backbiting, lies. Blander, and the
whole brood of evil imaginings that
keep people apart.
Our Finely Ground, Standard
Whitestone-Limestone
Trade-Mark
The Finest Ground and
Highest Grade on the Market
$1.75 Per Ton
WHITESTONE MARBLE CO- ATLANTA. GA.
After Many Years.
J. L. SoutherB, Eau Claire, Wis.,
writes: “Years ago I wrote you in re
gard to great results I obtained from
Foley’s Kidney Pills. After all these
years I have never had a return of those
terrible backaches or sleepless nights;
— I am permanently cured. ” Men and
women, young and old, find this relia
ble remedy relieves rheumatism, back
ache, stiff joints und ills caused by
weak or diseased kidneyB or bladder.
Sold by all dealers.
‘‘Where’s your little brother?"
‘‘He hurt himself.”
*‘How?”|
“We were seeing who could lean out
of the window the farthest, and he
won. ”
People Say To Us
"I cannot cat this or that food, it does
not agree with me.” (Jur advice to
all of them is to take a
Dyspepsia
Tablet
For Halo liy ALL DEALERS.
before and after each meal. 25c a box.
John R. Cato* Drug Co.
SPECIAL TO WOMEN
The roost economical, cleansing and
germicidal of all antiseptics Is
Are You a Woman?
lohible Antiseptic Powder to
As a medicinal antiseptic for douches
In treating catarrh, Inflammation or
ulceration of nose, throat, and that
caused by feminine ills it has no equal.
For ten years the Lydia E. Plnkham
Medicine Co. has recommended Paxtlne
in their private correspondence with
women, which proves Its superiority.
Women who have been cured say
it Is ‘‘worth Its weight In gold.” At
druggists. GOc. large box, or by mall.
The Paxton Toilet Co,, Boston, Mass.
m Cardui
Thu Woman’s Tonic !
FOR SALE AT ALL DRU661STS
P
Pay your Subscription.