Newspaper Page Text
TEN MASTER MINOS.
WHO HA VI) nTAIUIIIEl)
v'lTAl, rtCT* OH IXHTIUVEI)
El'Ol'H-HAKIKU INVEN
TION*.
„„,l >ii<l th- t* Kailnr-p.n.
AppllMOlon irt Klrr.fr!,.
I urcr-HaTolatlunUOi of *,■
travel br HU.
, u ry'* Debt to (Nflrr-Darnla'a
nrlpln of Pta Fnrnlahrd thr
.rlnuon to tho ftlddt— of (traniit*
H((.rMlnr and tho Potroro of
ll,.liTlolorr-Hlr thr Now
Bor*rr—Tho l"l* Maohla* of
l lltir Howr—Daiarrrr'a IlUrov-ry
~, Phofo*rph—Tho Opralua Ip
of %frt.’o hr l,lTt*atone.
„v:t|rr*t*<i. 1900. by C. II tvy.
v * York. L>eo. M.—lf the ntn-t—nth
i.tary ha* been mark.-4 by proirrw In
*tngl dlraotlon It U rmpluiliwjly
I„t of acirnce. Htandln* no*’ at It* very
a glanco at the penowUlttra who
!i.. ii,oat toward* the ahaptmc of this ten
,vr and the mouldtnn of (non 1 * mtorte la
i There have been gr<ot men In
departments of hunum endeavor.
r Jt writers. groat statreenen, nrtlate and
ana, but It Is by It* sclentlfio
i, vements that the century will be
, , >d out from ell prenedlntt renturles.
" ices a man than Alfred Russell Wal
);• •+ ha pointed out that the e ten title
n htevewienta of the last hundred years
bean greater In extent and number
t ,<n th.§e of alt prfvloua ctDiurlM com
t ed. And 1t has been not only In theo
al. hut In practical aoienco a well
11 mot has been a< omplUhed. in the
1 r *r t* of the burden of labor by machine
i the speedy transit of men and gooda,
r i the Alleviation of human suffering
> m heen the oeniury of centurle*.
' * ha* heen the age of steam One
dt" pathfinder* In this direction s ta
■ f n - Watt <I7M-1*19). The delicate boy
> could not play the rough games of
MU>ws was to startle the world by
b, li*overy that water. so lona consid
er! one of the elementary substances,
* r* rtlly fn uP- up of two *n*e, oxy Ren
a 1 v<trogen. But he <Md r.ot stop here.
)■ vented the condenser of the steam
and the closed cylinder which hue
i * the locomotive possible. opening
way to all the progress which the !
a • v hes brought with it. In 17J9 he ,
* ir a*fed the first steam engine that ,
* work satisfactorily. It was he who
'cd the im*trlo eyatem which has |
* — 7j mTchl Fah9>p^JT^
* c-n adopted ovfr Europe
''ext lo tteam It la electricity that ha*
•lone moat (or the advancement of the race
•l -ring this century, and foremoat among
<■ e original ini tela that solved the prelim
inary problems making advancement p°'
* l! >lwas Michael Karadav (1791-1*67) Me
•:h*s well te called the tlrat electrician,
for ma discovery o( the .principle* of
voltaic end nMgnellc Induction laid the
hai of iha rotence of applied electricity.
’ More hi* time scientists knew that
t! '> rc wa „ f or ,.„ which they ogteeU to
'•'II elctrlc|ty, but what could be done
with It remained to he proved by Kara
de\'s *\t>erimente That electricity wee
1-os.essed of a chemical quality hod not
e\en been suspected until hia experlmenta
b what haa since been known as elec
trolysis.
John tli k 'son (ISO*-IM>9) was a compesl
tor of Stephenson In the trial of locomo
*'• in lihis, but his work waa to be con
do* l! more with the develo|ment of lo
comotion by water than on land. By the
time he waa ten years old hla Inventive
genii* nal commenced to work, but It
"ah only after hla coining lo the United
i* l te in lgj* that hla moat tamoua work
was done, lie had prevloualy Invented
the hoi-alr engine, which haa been *o well
utilised in o U r modern gas machines, but
lo WIU live longest In the memory of
men ah the Inventor of the screw 1 propel
ler tor ehlps. The first vessel to which
be applied this original device was the
Princeton. In 1843 His (dace In hlsloijr
will be always connected also with his
cttceptlon of the Monitor, which played
-<* great a par: In ihe naval engagement
m Hampton Hoads. The type of vessel
•node'ed after tide first example Is railed
“ monitor, even now. In the later years
hi- ||ie Ericsson devoted his Invcntlvo
tenlue to the perfecting of torpedoes and
lorpedo boats.
Natural science haa progressed marvel
' isly tn these hundred years, and It Is
the mind of George Cuvier (1769-1832)
' at much of it Is due. What Linnaeus
* id done In the previous century toward
clMlttyMtlOn of animals was now put
’iron a aclentlllc basis. Cuvier ealab
-1,1 '"d the history of the animal kingdom
In the light of comparative anatomy, and
* >•1 the (oundatlona at the study of pre
* iHlnrlo animal life by hla wonderful res
* orailon* of extinct specie* from tingle
I'agmenta. ft la a commonplace now to
I‘l’ealt of Ihe age of tho mammoth of the
idesloatittroß. Cuvier waa the first to
tiaip the fact that our age Is only the
; 'lent in a long eerie* of geologic ages
The natural successor of Curler, profit
ing by hla researches and at Ihe tame
rims in liming to hear anew theory by
•hiUt he explained the relationahlp fco
| kingdom wIT7-h" , r ilTn7rw , |n th ('4 n 1 1^* 1
Ik.'TZ
Illation .?•' •‘ncs the puh
! Hhloh th, nrln-imi ° f ,n
W’l down eß|irttiv foe°tw**° u **®"
llt ha* tr,„ „ * , 0 T ,b * flr *< time, for
'■ * femider ain.o.i p,wl ~“t “ t '*
h.d andm * , r ‘ “ '? ur A •
I this universal law* i r? ” K “' l,u, ‘S of
"‘-r. enu furJ.M, , m * *
problem© of *b mxnx
work crowned Cuvu* ‘ Mlf
I It'* | pf*in nc# h ,
Phay of be ,*ri 7*v'TT’, ./V"**
:' th- century and . , , , ,lur
;;X w f Up *—*•' "*!?
"Olvltitr in,.r tha* ,|irn K,l ' ,T * lrd l‘>
in ch-miMiA V ~roW m
T H * method Vt
iwat 1,?. r **',*' " nU " h ‘* the
|\; '* J *H I* upon Mid emi
lint. |*T )n> ;p ©* 11 i *4 utrk K.,
I th*. iKibli ;,ow i*v# r , h * ' ,O
tha virus i wM *h r .ei I " v * ‘ u!
, > * m n n*bi. Im pr.vcnied
r.'/J.. ,
% . * ' r y - 1 * *’ Jt *i rr ' h-* advanced
lb, loop* and trid. Much of tnl* Im
been made hv th. dlwovcrv nr
eilaesthi’..-e olid on!l*.. |„ lt
by the 1..." •
neer woik In tin- direction a* Htr Jn-.-vh
IJrtcr, t>rn In i*.’7. v* early a* |t,i he
he.l .uaiceated the valuable method of
.guarding ,g,.inn dinger fo.m the of
. chlorof.,.m in operations by noting the
brrath tu- of ihe petleru lip ,tudv or ml
|cro-orgoninn* l.d him to present , , m e
startling conclusions In iv: when lie sue
g*Med that wound fvrr was caus©d t.j
j little germs In the air, and that If opera
tion© wera performed umler proper con
litlons there r*etd be fever Garbed!
, nc4d wa# first used for tl.ls purpoae. and
later other drugs were foural useful. Th©
tirgeon# of Germany accepted th© new
Mea Iratnedlateiy. but It was only after
j years of demonstration that the con<*©rv
, aiive Hi it DK pt a-*tit loner* were oonvlnc
| of a fact now a- *q>ted by every stu
j Jei! in the worll who knows anything
I at all about the subject.
Th© man who did most to all©\U*te the
woes of a certain class of workers was
Ellas Howe (lalk-1667) the Inventor of lh©
.-tewing machine. It may seem that he
liaa only substituted rae< hard* tl slavery
| for manual, but the possibilMv of cheap
I clothing aroae with his Invention, nd If
the machine has been abueed it i- not
th© fault of this most useful Invention.
It l# only forty-eight years since th* llrst
machine factory was opened 1n Hrtdge
poct. but whar a change It ha# ma-to In
I the Industrial ard commercial world!
A discovery which has dot,* much for
science a# well as art during the century j
Is that of photography due t> Louis
Jacques Mnnde Daguerre (17R7-1&1). It
. that It w.ia an n . iJant by hlrh
| n<“, found the combination of rh-mb',.l
- >i would fix *U!i-plcluraa permanent
! jy oil a plate, but tie had bean worlctnK
I io tlnil till* agent for many p>-r
--feetlng Ihe cwmera obaeiira. ate! li"—'”*
with might and main t .ward Ihla end
The a rldem only haaf*nl ad I. covery
ipon w hich Daguerre wa bent and whl 'h
1 bn* proved Invalu ible with all of the im
provement, which have follow- I upon hta
primary labor*.
in geography the rentur> a adtam-e haa
, turn egtraordlnary. The greatea* of the
leader# In this work was Davkl Wvlnf-
I alone (im-lfW). who began as a medical
, missionary to Africa and e nded hy .nl-lirg
wide ©reus of tin Dark Continent to th
|.i | t ] —e-r*
i ==r f .n. r w< rid In IS 19 he found the
tv^rUfl o, Hnuih Africa from <*+* n i0
h dl*rov<*rt-d Ny
nLake Kor thirty long years he had
wsy through th * ~rriers. but
n>,fhty mich* of int tho **n-
SJS S2 .n" When all o.herm.an.
| f *M ha- been a m-rvelou. -n'ury. wUh
zs’jsrzz'jzMX *
| tific achiev.ro.ut. Hafbz L^y,.
THE MOKNING NEWS: SI'NDAY. DECEMBER no. jooo.
1800 1900.
rur. rr.Nrt Kv or *unvn. in *cu
DI!I(X)VimY, NKTNAN
IC9, AHT.
9 Rt'vlrn of On* Hundred Wr nf
Pr*Hirp..->tHr (Nr Uliult (.!%•
llrloii*. in tk<* Wkite Maa
The .row lit of Tkta Aallnn WHk
lla Meet I poo b* Old World la
• lie Karrmoit Politico I Eramt.
CeatralUotlo* In Kmropa-Nntnber.
Ira* Hove Mttnmur
pboatnl I'oudiUona of l.lfe and
raeea Wonderful i raturjr-\nan
tla•* 1 1 • and Antlaepflc
• ln%r Hour Murr to F.llnilnatf !*af
frrlna Than %• Uthrr \|pnntr>
thr World Hrgaa-Tk* Hip.
°fT **f Kvolatlot* Mnrka nn
Mara •• I• of tkr liillnltrl) l.lttle.
(‘^opytight, 19h0, by Q. Torn
Nd% York. Dec. 7* Whatever the fu
ture may bring th© Nineteenth century
•nu*t be )ok*-i] tjjon e a turning point
in the hitor>‘ of the world In material
achlevament it im* etirpaiked every cen
tury that pre ceded It, It haa t>een an age
of icntlftc Invrr*tlga!Tcm and discover).
, followed at once by practical apoLeatlon
t y the uaea of mar., an age of meneioua
mechanical invention**, which have ootn-
I pietely change the habits as they tiave
| -iddcd Immensely to the poorer# of man
kind, an ago of i>nparallh-d expansion in
territory and Increase 1n numbm foi
the wh:to races which have l>sn lice
bearers of civilisation. Th© tetnpvrau
ri-gtons of the globe, on th© American
•ontinent. In Austral!* and New Zealand,
in Southern Africa, In Northern Asia,
gave only in th© extreme East, are all
m the whit© mans hands, and all. too
| In bis sole possession, far the sparse rm
tt\e p©f>uU*(ion haa everywher# -lied away
nl hi- ttpprtiu 4i. H- alone lias th© land
*-n which to multiply and develop, and
m antes may vet give hmi th© power to
muster the climate of lh© tropical r©glon*
he has #©lx©d upon
In this.new conquest of the world ihe
ftrM and most marked factor ha# been
th© growth and development of lh© Unit
*-d States of America, th© ©pread of its
free Imilttutton# and their reaction on the
political rvtrm of Western Europe Hi©
i young confederacy, wl!h it© i> orw),fl00 In
habitants. t*©iwre©n the All©ghanies
the ©ea. shut off from th© Gulf of Mex
ico. an-! with the MlssitKlppl for its west
ern boundary, has become in .1 hundred
years a compact nation of souls,
stretching from ocean to ocean, ©qual In
strength and resource# to any European
Power, with every prospect of becoming
within measurable lime e|iial 10 oil Eu
rope combined. The grow in ha* been
rapid, steady and unchecked. In the half
century of bondage to absolute govern
ments In which the greater part of Eu
rope was held for half the century. *h©
prosperous existence of th© American re
public. Ihe sol© example of peaceful gov
ernment by a free people, served to keep
alive the hope of liberty In lh© Old World,
tirsmth and Inllneac© of ihe I nlted
stale* In lh© Century.*
The frame of government, devised to
! hold together weak and disjointed col
on ice, proved adequate for all the need.
lof a great nation It became Impossible
j grep out the liberties demonstrated to
!>c beneficial, and now all Went cm Eu
rope enjoys In substance representative
government, freedom of speech, freedom
it mallty before tlie law. free
dom to migrate, public education, reli
gious toleration, popular suffrage and the
right for every one to pursue any suitable
calling, regardless of class or sex None
of Its hereditary ruler* can regard his
.*>wer seriously as derived from divine
i right, but must has* U aa the will cl
the people and the observance of a cotietl*
tut lon.
The century began ahh ttea rieHructton
b\ Ihe I’nlted .ttates navy of one his
toric sham, the power of the Harbiry
plrwtca, whoee moleetatlona K>in>(e was
content to pitt up with long aft r their
power for barm was gone. It nxl* with
Ihe crushing by the same navy of another
decrepit historic survival, thr remnant of
Hpain n colonial power. In the Interval
the political event# of <attr.g onsoquen i*
are few The purchase of .si.ma In
lih3 through the foresight of Thomas
JefTerson double i th.* aria of ti ••
United Btsifi. tore tlown the western
bounds to p.ttlrmcns and left the p.th
open so ue Pacific oooon The Mitt
have* and cessions from Hpoin and Mex
ico remov'd the barrl rs to the tJulf and
made sure the exteoaton to the Pacific,
tile control of which l now secured by
•he possession of ll.iwal! ant > I*ht|-
ipplnes. When Hpahi'e oppress'd colo
nies shook off ihe yoae and removed from
the hemisphere the second power that
might prove dangerous, Pres lent Mon
roe's declaration, that the An • and on con
tinent* the > cforth were T‘t to be con
sidered subjects for future coioi tsatton
by any Hump, an power stifh* ed lo secure
non-lnterfeten*e with the affairs f the
* , —S'.’" !S
■x ' . '-4* I
'/■ • ■ • *'■*s**£' ;
‘ JL
,
Uuli Pasteur.
United Rta©s and to save South America
from th© fate of Africa. Th- war of IM2
with KngUi and mad© clear the necessity of
home manufacture* -'*d haa ened the in
dustrial development of the country. The
great Civil War put an end to the causes
of dissension of half a century by decid
ing that th© Union of th© state* is In
dissoluble, find abolishing black slavery.
President Lincoln’s Emancipation proc
lamation. followed soon by Cxar Alex
ander IPs liberation of th*‘ Russian serfs,
marks ths end of slaveholding by white
men. ,
%nllonnl i enlrnlisation in Europe.
Europe saw* the rapid extension and
nun© rapid fad of Napoleon's empir© The
terror Inopired by him aid hy th# Revo
lution from whtoh h© sprang 1 it. t
general repression of fr©d*-in by Hi# gov
ernments of the *on4tn©nl from wnldt
Fr.inc© managed to escap© In 1830 bul
Central Europe, not till well In th© latter
half of the century. In spit© of fh© mo
rn* nt*iry outbreak of I*4* Anew theory
of nationality, thal th*>ee speaking th©
'r ' >b *u <;;■ . / ‘>; -
‘ ' ** * f -'. 4
... , V •.. • , ■ • ■ .•
r *Jy , ■' ' T
*'• '* *" - ‘ *.V*
.n • v' ' *•* -•?•** J x i
K?'
p w:, ; • v *.y
.vjc.
•• 1 yrsai*F j#fi*
im&Lw Jmmz SC2E
t / .-. ‘C, a
. v'..’ **. ' ‘
IBLadBWSiOA.'. ©. • -* -1 t • r > .j
• o*e;n Lister.
same language ghouM be Joined In one
country, sprang up aiul waa carried Into
efleet by ihe union of Italy Into new na
tion In ltd) The same Idea led to the ab
sorption of the smaller stales of Germany
Into the new German empire under Prus
sia's hegemony, founded ofter the defeat
at Prance In I*7l The Idea Is at work In
the Slavic land*, and has taken anew
turn In ihe endeavor for tonwnon action
among the roeonlee of Great Britain, and
In Oermat-y'a desire to hold together her
former subjects who have emigrated. The
formation of the new German empire and,
Its rise to a power of the first rank has
been accompanied by an astonishing com
met-rlsl and Industrial development: it
has ltd, too, to the etna idiahmgut of coos
pubury tmhur n-\dce f.r all by tho na- I
tbms on th •’onllncM. rlermany 4 * twisted !
.treed for foreign c*l one*, like thal of
France, could !*c grttflel only In iroplcaii j
l .n#bi tireat Hr It win had already taken j
the pick of the earth.
The pre-eminence in commerce and
the start In manufacture* which (Ireat I
itrt’nln had at the t turning of the Na
iHn>int war* it has> retained through
• •ut the century The change from wooden
I sailing \ ce-eis to lr>n st unvships came
when the United Htales, her chief com
P*tltor. was busy with the nvl! War
and neither the Hrltlsh Iron %*es*els ran
I lie at eel vessel* that hate token their
place have been caught up with. With
her manufa - lure© she h* continued the
market# of the world but at th. end f
the centurx rhe ha* cag.r rival- who are
fast overhauling her. I>iiHtig the cera- !
lury *h hi not only strengthened her
hold *n her rich empire in India, but
her eons have succeeded In wettling and
tlevraipiug the grew * a nodi, in and A*-
trsi an rolonh** Hem. inhering the lesson
. **f in**, she ha* com eded to them autsi uv
• ial Independein'e
lliimls the I'ollflcnl Hldrflo of Ike
( ewlury.
Russia, tha rildia of the !©gtnnlng. Is
' still the riddll© of th© ©nd of th© r©o-
I lory Europe Is no? yet all Cossack, but
j the dancer *©ems a* great a* It did to
Napoleon. In the last fifty years Hus
i sis’# pro*t©*©* In Asia has been iinmt
Ing. She has overrun Cantral Asia to th©
rhltwvt boundary aiul to th© edge of
India and ths ralinwtd has follow©*! close
•n lhe he©ls of her Cossack# Kti© has
built a railroad across Hlhrrta and la aet-
Hing th© country rapidly, and ©h© has
eaten into the northern rim of tli© Chi
nes© emplr* Hh# haa ©siabliabed mama
fact urea and Is developing ©xasuatl©#*
natural raaourcea. Il**r Immense territory
is all wtthin the temperat© gone. It l
onttatuoua. mivl th©r© Mtntf no reason
why thla <—hlury ahouk! nut aea a Bui
,Uii growlh to thw riiwtwapl aa r<-m*rk
able a* that of he rnttl Slata* lo lb,
wait.
On* rai-* that I, not whit*, and raw
only, ha* tok*n fair- lh tho <**ntury'a
]>ro*f—. Th* wiili-m tran-formallori of
th* Ja|>.in**.’ within on— ,*n*ra
ilon 1* a ■ urtoatty of hlptory. Th* Jai>
ancse have shown thomeelve# cape the of
taking up soil using whatever the white
civilisation has develop**;- The pari which
this nation trill play tn Ihe twentieth cen
tury Is an Intereotlng problem,
larrnllona That l|sr 1 banged the
Phase of Existence,
To enumerate even the moss Important
inventions of the century such aa hare
changed the conditions of mankind Is a
hopeless task They enter into every de
tail of -lolly life, doing everything that
, human hand* coukl do with Immeosura
biy greater speed ami strength and ac
curacy. The sewing machine, the shoe
machine, the Jacquard loom, the blast
k furiutug, th. itaper, bgnrtMMr, tinder grui
thresher, the Ho* pre w s. the t>pcwrrlter
tie- friitton match, lllumitwitliig gas. nl
-1 tvgl)crrtnc, celluloid, the cowl tur pro
ducts. Indiu rubber, aiumiman, the tele
graph. iho telephone, the cl. trie light,
tin electric furnace, tire atuthoscope, tin
ipeotrofloope, the coni|minl
the list could run on for |Mge* The hero
of the century la the tsitn engine, ready
to au|*tly wimoai limitless power, and to
its wet in the iut ttdrd of thr •-utur>
tame the d)t>anu>, which nuv some da\
supplant It. Whatever eir> trr liy nwsy .•
compiish h*r.rt*r llic work of tho Nine '
t feist h century has been done ly at twin )
atalUtb iaiis have computed (hat the j
worWI is n<w using !•■*.• hors** pow .
cr. the equivalent of th* laiHr of the |
whole of its population (hat is * aimhi**
of work Hy the aide of th*-
(lie kKSMiM>tivc and the fact*tr> eng in* -
the atrasn hammer, thr dte*ig *
the steam drill, the at cam pump am) the j
steam plow are at work Fulton little j
Clermont has grown into t i* big Deuis* h
iatKl with iu ii.vM) pwer quadruple <
rxi*atu>ion engmes driving it* in*-* of in.
<*' nms. at knots an ti.wir in live ta>
acrxiee th Atlantic, and Into the \ l|**r •
with its turbine u* I tie*, making ita forty
miles an hour In tha seventy hv* ywai**
sliw e iftevenson s kHOtnotlve staitetl on
the ilret railroad Journey, 4ouU ruliw of
track have forme,! n network round tli.
*arth. an*i giants have been constructed
that can drsg hauls of nearly A.QOD t**n*
at a g*.*el of ten mils’* an hour, while
other* maintain sf****-*! of a> mile* an
itour hv hundred* of miles, and at a
pinch make Ik* or hX) iiile an hour The
idea of dt*:an<* has besn well nigh oblit
erated. a* that of lime ha* been hy the
telegraph It la but li years sine*- the
first Atlantic cable si* laid, and the
earth has lieeo girdled hy cables and
wires, save for the width of tiie Pacific
ocean
Vfl nr e I • of U. mi a eer I n*.
Unex*mple<l feats of engineering have
been performed Tb- ship .anal through
the Isthmus of Hue# hs* shortened the
no***! to India and restore*! the old tra*l
route through the Mediterranean Tin-
Haiti- ami the North sea leave been join
ed ai*l ocean vessel j* can now rta*'b tha
Oraat lek*'* Th* great cantilever bridge
arrow the Firth of Forth and the sue
l*enaion bridge over the Kaat river * -w
what the nlfiefeenth centuri frii**- t t
era ooukl do. Tuttne.* have been dug
through the Alps, at Mont Cenle an I
the 8t <k>thard, the latter winding over
Itself within the mountain Tuonel.n have
been driven, to**, under the ftt t*lalr river,
the Mangy and the Thame* Anew at hi .
torture In steel has been devised which
erects bidding* twenty and thirty etorles
high and towers that rise a thousand feet
In the air.
The output of minerals has been enor
mou* Musa t tie Mi gvafi Mya l
Ifembx and Au*tf la'ih*- woii.i • •• •. ■ k -i
the pret-tous metal ha* teen trebled, and
allver has almosl ceased to he r*
garded as a prrctoua metal, hut this
production la exceede*! In value by
the coal, the iron, the copper, that
have been mined In th* same period.
Improved ( ondiflon* of l.lfe for Hleb
and Poor Alike.
A remarkabh- result of the flood of In
venttons on social life has l*een the es
tablishment of practical equality among
men. It was Inevitable that their prod
ucts or il* Ir effect© should become com
nw>u Hnd within the rea.-h of all. The
average of welfare an I of c mfort
throughout the clvlhted world 1 Incom
parably hlgrter than In any earlier cen
tury, and tha improvement cor.alat* main
ly In wlial haa been added to the power of
ea< h Individual Idttie distinction be
tween p r*>ns I* prieslble in the use of
rapid transportation, of abundant and
cheap clothing or fuel, or food, of public
and private sanitary arrangements, of
book*, of the discoveries of medical sci
ence. and so on. It I- an equality thal
has been made by raising the weaker,
not by lowering the stronger An
equally noticeable result l the extraord
inary development of organisation nm*ng
l.trgr tvtte* of men. and the spirit of dis
cipline. without which It would be im
pr*s*lbla to carry on any large Industrial
undertaking The working of w railroad
depend# a* much on every employ© doing
bis allotted task at the right moment na
It doe# on the action of every piece In the
mechanism of the tocom*t!ve Men work
together for a common purpose as thry
never did before.
W lint Modern Sclenee llan Hone.
Greatest of all blessings In the saving
of suffering to mankind was the discov
ery of anaesthetic# In 1*44. and at the
end of the century, Inatead of the total
tinconnrlouaneaa produced by ether or
chloroform, method* have been found to
render sena*a|ess to pain only th*se part#
of the body on which th** surgeon’# knlf**
must get. The finding of minute animal
an-! vegetable orgsobrns In the tasty
brought forth Paateur’s solution of th©
ftrocoo© of fermentation; the examination
of mlero-organrtms and of their action on
the body establlahed the science of bar
terlnlogy with It* two-fold result* the dls
<*overy of the microbe# of apertf! • disease*
with the process of tncrulation aa n
nsans of cure, and Idster's ©Umltiat .on
of gar grene from surgical operation* by
the uwe of antiseptics, an Improvement
that h# thrown open to Invaallgatfon
©very part of (he living body.
The microscope ho* removed the Iswind
arv between animal anl vegetable life
It haa been devnov;itrated that all organic
tissue is built Up of cell© -that Is, of
’’hits of protoplasm supplied wltlt w nu
cleus and it Is Generally acc#ptod among
biologist# that the ppgoplnsm Is for all
pursue* Identical in plants and animtls.
that It Is the physical Ixisls of life, and
that ev©ry cell #prtt*ga from another cell.
Tha synthesis of organic products from
chemical elements In the laboratory de
molished th© theory of a ’ vital for- '* and
proved that only natuntl element# enter
Into the composition of animal matter.
( hingn of Belief %% rough! by Ike
Ksolutlwnnry Tbeart.
Th© boundary la set ##tde. too. Jr. he
• entury'a answer to ihe problem of life
-m th© globe. The theory of evolution,
the transmutation of one specie# from
another by added chargeUMtaftc#. and the
i .-uniwm origin In one original form, ad
vanced by loahlkrack. htts satisfied men's
minds sine# Charles Darwin In HK. in his
' Origin of ttportes by Natural Mactloß,**
demonstrated th© variation* In specie#
and pointed out their causes It lots la
- to believe In a special
; creation of man, a belief against which
the geologists aa well have accumulate*!
evidence. Th© theory of rstarlytmtsl
changes In the earth's wurfar© has been
abandoned In the past, aa In the pie*-
**nt. changes were gradual and must have
i gone on through eon# of time, the fossil
; animal* whose remain* are found In the
j rocks died out a# specie# die nowaday#.
There was a time wDrrt Ihei© was no
| life, as the lc© cover**! the earth, then
1 low organism# were born that In age*
1 became the great mammals of the latest
I strata.
I studying the Infinitesimal Thing#
of Ustar*-.
Perhaps the most marked characteris
tic of sclenlillo research in th© nlnet*** nth
century hi been Us study of th© infinite
ly little. It ha# been an age of (neon
<dvabiy minute and measure
ment© Each branch of science baa tum
*d. mlcroacop© or spectnwaope. to seek
for aom© primal cauae. the atom, th©
molecule, th© cell, th© microbe, the num
ber of line© In the spectrum, th© number
of vibrations of light or of heat. Th© mi
crometer has plait'd the part that th©
mariner's compass did in the age of dls
• overtes. Th© parallax of a star haa been
measured and the speed In which It
moves, and th© all© and velocity of a
rnoieculs of gaa have been computed.
The first years of the century w©r© ex
traordinarily fruitful. Toting- by mean*
of the spectrum, gave th© ft rat convinc
ing proof of the uadulatory theory of
lights and cone©lvfd th© Idea of "lumi
nous ether" In which the vibration* oc
< ur. Mnce then bat. ©ieotrlcity. magnet
!m. chemical affinity, have all been
übown w ba Uk©wiaa merely
form* of vibrating motion In tha
ether, whose existence aa an elastic,
rigid, liu.*>mpres©Jbie. frl tfc*l**©a solid
Ailing all m|aic*- Is now generally accept
- I by physt Ists, Dalton's theory of un*
Uatsgeildc .iioms and his first table of
it log) to weights provided that lasl© of
exAot9ieaa on wnich modern chemiatry haa
been built, arul the propertlea of th©
.itoma were rspl lly defined, thus opening
tho path lor experiment in countless cotn
ulimilon#. Yolta s pll© appeared in tk©
lst v r of the eighteenth century, and
with t Davy reduced nernb-ai ©ubstanctMl
• * thoroughly that ttoaa of th© ©lemanta
h*‘ obtained have been derompoaed since,
Hoo®
after o*-rs;e| illeoovered elect-magnet
* b’MS of lh©
• legrni-h and the motor, while F react ©I
*tlscverr*l the polarisation of light, and
th* first i ter otde wet a detected by aa-
Ironomara.
Mrsee's firraf IMareverlts of As
tiirnl lost
The rnxblh f the mniry waa marked
1 ■ ■ gr* it iii . them.i'lcal feat, the 41a
• v rv of tl,- planet Neptune by Crouch
Ad.mi - m l 1.- verrlrr Independently Th©
invndlo- of pho ognsphy, later employed
n in astr*nomy, mad© It poa-
S|M- to leu t ( N -tial objtcli to© fatflt
f r human e\. in -e. while KlrchofT and
Hot.sei #!>••• troscop© and the methods
of spe rum pnalya!©, besblea th© -arvioea
they have rendered to chemistry and
I yak*#, r* ahie-l (lie • htmlcal * nipnsltlon
f the -u-lrstlal bodies to be defer
tied and pt I th# Identity In sub
st4iio© *.f it,#- ©arth with the aun and
‘ **r By their all, too, the dlstenc© of
the sar* can b© determined, and tha
l*r- *en * tin! . -*urse of Invtstbl© ar&ra haa
* middle of the esm
iry belongs the enun lailon of the moat
Important law of matter since Newton's
•tw of gravitation, the law of Tha con
servation of **nof\ h* doctrine namely.
• bat to cr*-.v(** or annihilate energy la ©a
Impossible a to create or annihilate mat
ter; and that ill th© phenomena of the
material universe coneist Ir trstveforma
tlona of energy alone Almost discovered
more than once earlier In the century. It
wa* irrtv *••! at In tep*H*Vntly by several
experimenter*, chief among whom were
Joule, who hi*l previously *l©mofvatrated
th law of the me* hantcai equlvaitot of
h**t and Julius llayer. th© crtgtnaAar of
the "meteoric bypotheals "
Eater have rone Clerk-MaxwtH't kin
etic theory of gs*# th© llquefa'tkm of
all g.ee© by Intense cold and th© approach
to Ih© absoluic xero. Herts's interrupted
electri wove*, which hav© y|e|*l©d wtr©-
l©ss telegraphy; Roentgen*# discovery of
The cathode rays, which have rendered the
Interior of opaque object© visible and the
wholly "Periodic law" in chemistry.
A curious trait In all th© aclencaa haa
been ihe expectation or hope of the dfte
overy of some flraf reuse. Ilka the Idea
m 11.© element© msv yet
lie drcomp**sed and ©om© one element at
the root of all be found, or in biology th©
©•©rub for the hrat common element of
life.
To the I ttermoat Part© ©f Ike Earth,
The achievement© In geographical ©x
ptor&Hor.a wre-id a|of>© hav** given glory
to a century less w<md©rful. The on©
n©ulb '.*l problem that (’apt Uook did
not live to solve, th© Northwesd ptsnffS,
was • -’ompHshed by McClure, and de~
mot strat©*i to i*e as Impracticable • Cook
mtpißsu ,i it to le Th© Northeaa* laaoage.
too, ha* I*©et* ma*le by Nordenskjoeid, who
in (b© "V.*ga" i Ircumnavlgsted th© ICu
ropr-Allan txvtinent The search for Rlr
John FrankHn l©*l to the ex|doration of
th© fr*'jaeti ar’ht| lugo north of Am©rl*M)
siwl the discovery of th* North Magnetic
Pule. Blue© then th© pole Itself haa been
th* k*al f \r tk* explorers; Nansen haa
traversed (Ireeidaod. Peary haa found
out that It h at Island, whll© Nansen and
Cagnt have com** wlihln kss than four
degreea of the |**>!e itself. Beyond tli©
dn.- to which Cook's circumnavigation
restricted the pootdbi© Antarctic euntinent
©everal hav** penetrated, and for the ftrst
time, men hav© laud©*! siml winiared on
th© Antarctic h.4#t lit Amerl* a dlomv
ry h*ii t*een followed so soon by settle
ment that th© memory haa quickly dis
appear***!. ami even the r©markable Jour
ney of 1> wta and Clarke up the Mleanurl
Into Oregon Is almost forgotten. The
same is true of Australia, who©© Interior
d©twrt have been cr rowed by daring ©i
plortv*# under terrible Hardships, and of a
good pan of A4a. The opening up of
Afrb a however, I© hardly second la Im
pntan* to the circumnavigation of f b#
Cape of Good If o|w. Fifty yeara *go
barely lh© rtn of the dark continent was
known. Now, thank© to Burton and Bpoka
and IdvlngMone and Ht mley. svery wa
of It© great rlddtos haa !>en solved, tha
sources of the Nile, the water ar#i©m of
the Congo aiwl the Niger and th© Zam
besi; tli** dwarf#, and lla# Mountain# of
tho Moon. It haa been cross©*! from south
lo north, end from west to ©a#t. across Its
greatest br*aHh. while th© errusdng from
the Congo to th© Z*noslbar coast has be
come a ummonplac© journey. The powers
of Europe have divided the terrttory
am-nig themsclve© a>d art pushing In with
r.itfroad and ielegraph Thera are ho!
more great geographical dlsroverlta pos
sible on land; but ©*l©tioe ban turntHS Ira
mi tent ton to th© tmttom of tha aa. amt
th© sounding lead Is charting th© ocean
beds.
Caplalslng Ik© Him Fast f History,
New method# sttd potvHs of view nave
**nter©l Into ©very branch of learning.
Th© discovery of Banikrtt led to the com
parison of language© w|th ©tch other,
thr* establishment of their r©latlonahlp.
I‘is* principle of cxgnparlson was extended
to 4he |>J#t a© w©II. and the historical
method of Ifiveatig.ition has spread a
science .iD-> In collecting and establish
ing fact# th© aid of experimental sc I ©sag
haa Imh called In. The akl of Ihe phya -
ologUt. for instance, has been needed by]
th© pf)iiolo)%t to tirirav©! th© problem of]
human speech, while the phitosoph©r bad]
- all©*! upon him to explain th© workings,
of th© human bruin. Humbler ©lda hav©!
not been acorncri With pick #nd shovafl
th© archaeologist has brought to lig id
ihe ancient cl villas tlon of Egypt and thal
implement* of primitive man; he ha# dug]
out the Ilium and Priam and laid bam]
the Romn forum and read from the city]
tablets th© forgotten languaga of the A*4
Syrians. In no age has the pursuit off
learning been so general; in no age hav#
the means for its a Haiti meat, books, ••
brarles, museum#,, leaching fcistUutloiify
been so plentiful.
The I'estury In Literature, Umli
and Art.
In th© domain# of letters the nineteenth
century ha* wll held it© own with litof
predr c©#©ors. It may not show any MM
of the very first rank, for Goethe, thw
pool, can hardly he invalided in it. but n-v
{wst century In any literature can raatct4
tho list tliar ranges from Scott to Tenn.v-J
son. from Victor Hugo to R©nait. froriJ
Helna to M-mnisen. Ita i*hiloo|ilky
tend© from Hegel to Herbert Kpencer. Tn(
music it had the greatest of all mas torsi
Beethoven. Men*!- .seohft, (*hopln. aai
Wagner In art alone, creditable a# It j
productions have been, haa ft felled to ap3
preach th** great works of the past.
It has been a century of #uch aatniuMjl
!ng ahievfmmt that H ia perhgpa net a
ural to lieliev© that there will be no othadj
equal to It, am* in mors than on© brancM;
of or*fence men hold the opinion that tbJ
fundamental problems have been aolvoJ.
uml that th© future can daveiop onM
along th© lines marked out In tha nina]
teenth century history, however!
shows no limit# to the capacltlaa for
velopoient of th© human me© and tha h|a|
torlan of 4h© twentieth Arttiury may hgvJ
fully a© wonderful a tale to tall.
•jjox ektoef) ‘ a
angered gft Yrars.
"Graybeard ©wed me of catarrh fron
which I bad angered thirty-five yeas*
Nothing on aartd so far aa I waa *hfe
to obtain gave m© relief. Sine© tk|g
Gray beard I am s well a# ever. I ha<
retarrh of the head. Mrs. Rhoda Drag
Ballinger. Tex. *
O ray beard Is mode only by Reaped
Drug < 'omptny. sole owners, and tg golcj
ai drugs tore# for |1 a bottle--dicL
21