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THE WEEKLY CONSTITUTION, OCTOBEK 11, 1881.
ntMr CVDACITinW nDtTNQ Mon of the grand stand tore once pretty badly outlay of treasure, thought and a labor was not
1 li L. LArUOl 1 IVJli Ul LltO ??? tinder the strain of the wind, and the crowd glanced financial device. It was not an effort to prop orag-
1 op allt, but Senator Voorbem, who was speaking.
good humor by saying superseded monarch. King Cotton. The purpose
AND THE NEW ERA DAWNS UPON
THE SOUTH
Tbe Decorations of the City???Out at the Grounds???
The Opening Exerciaee???The Speeches nnd Be-
sponaee???The Starting of the Machine
ry???TBe Crowds Preeent
restored peace and kept up gooa uumor oy saying superseueu monarch, lung Cotton. The purpose
pleasantly; ???-That's all right: I???ll May if you will." . animated the enterprise was far higher.
1 ??? nnlil??.r mras imnnrt???t while material objects
Ou the Platform.
Eight Kev Robert W B Hiiot, bishop of Texas,
arose and offered the following beautiful and im
pressive prayer:
nobler, more important.
and results have been wisely considered in this ex-
lKisition, for one, I feel sure that the noble and
beneficent impulse of this enterprise endeavor is to
draw the people of every section of this great eoun-
??? try nearer and more firmly together, and closer to
I each other's hearts. The idea that has run like a
At half past two o???clock on AVednct-day the
tcrnational cotton exposition was formally
ened, by imposing anil eialtorate ceremo-
c*. Barring the fact that the buildings
were not thoroughly completed and that ex
hibitors were behind hand in preparations
the day was a grand success.
There were enough incomplete exhibits in
the various halls to show that they
would be vastly more than had been hoped
for. w Idle there were enough exhibits com
pleted to interest the crowd for the few hours
of the day left after the ceremonies
were over. Of course matters in this re
gard will improve with great rapidity daily,
stnd in a week the whole exposition will be
fairly under way.
The ceremonies were imposing, compre
hensive and interesting. The orators were
well selected, and each bore his part with
special felicity. The noble prayer of Bishop
Elliott, the direct, meatf address of the direc
tor general, the eloquent invocation of Gov
ernor Colquitt, the brilliant, polished
and flashing speech of Senator Vance
nnd the grand patriotic and statesmanlike ad
dress of Senator Voorhece, were all appropriate
and fitting. The music was grand, the attend
ant pageant full of interest, colorand display,
the crowd all that could be desired or hoped
for. We cannot forbear mentioning thesu-
l>erb rendition of the Hallelujah Chorus,
sung by nearly one thousand voices, un
der the control and direction of Mr. C.
SI. Cady, who, by this contribution to
the day s exercises, won the gratitude of the
jMsiplc of Atlanta.
The receipts at the gates for the opening
day were merely nominal when the crowd
present was considered, it was understood
that most of the tickets for the first day were
complimentary. The citizens, military and
United States artillery companies, distin
guished citizens, the chorus, and attendants
nil being admitted without regular
tickets, it is doubtful if the first
day???s receipts will not . rank among
tin- smallest of the three months.
The exposition is now open to its career of
usefulness and progress and .as Governor Col-
quilt fitly said will challenge the admiration
of the world.
The details of the day on yesterday, the
scenes ou the streets and at the hotels, the
trip to the park, the procession, the gossip of
the crowd will all be found faithfully detailed
below by the reporters of Thk Constitu
tion :
The Drcomtfon*.
The decorations in the city and o.i the grounds
were not elaborate, but they were no general as to
ex press a universal appreciation of the importance
of the day.
All along thu line of Whitehall, Peachtree and
other street* there was a flutter of flags and exposi
tion mottoes. Tho most notable feature of
tilcac decorations was that nearly all of
them were composed of the national colors. United
Rates flags of all sizes, from the tiny mantel orna
ment to the sweeping banner, swaying ia the au
in mn breeze, were seen In every part of Atlanta,
and there wen: all qualities too, from the nickel
l??i|a'rflugon a toolh-plek stall'to the finest silk,
which fair fingers had fashioned to fit itsomament-
nl staff. Windows were festooned in the ted, white
mui bine. Street car tables jingled theirbclls 5mm
gaily under the rushing colors, and the summit of
nearly every large buildiug in the center of the city-
had out its fluttering flags.
At the grounds there were flags at the depot, flags
over the gates anil the orators used a big flag as a
covering to the desk from which they spoko.
While tho main building showed the citizen of
every nation his country???s colors floating free,
uImito them all wax the ???meteor flag" of America,
t???uniagesof the rich and the drays of the laboring
chutes, all bore the national colors,
The patriotism of the people was not more de
monstrative when they applauded the sen
timents of Senator Voorhees as he
pleaded for one common and indivisible
country, thau in their frequent use and evident re
siavt for the flag they love. A l-nitcd States regi
ment was cheered and when the strains of Yankee
Hoodie burst forth the rebel yell was raised to a
new tune.
Such good feeling has seldom been w itnessed any
where; everybody appeared to be happy. It was a
day of festivity, peaceful and bright, in which all
sections and classes seemed to gladly participate.
The trains had been running out to the grounds
from lialf past seven in the morning, and at nine
the ja-opie began to crowd on them very fast
The regular trains left the exposition depot of the
Western and Atlantic railroad so as to avoid the
dangers of Whitehall street crossing, and to prevent
it blocking of the general passenger depot.
At half past tea the special train
for tire use of invited guests of
the exposition left the <vntr.il depot. There were
ten couches, all filled with ladies ami gentlemen of
Atlanta nnd their visiting friends. The gentlemen
w ho were to appear in the programme were on this
train, anti one ear was nearly filled with represen
tatives of the press from all parts of the union.
Marshals in full dress uniform had charge
of each ear and managed everything
for the pleasure of the party. When
the train reached the grounds, it was about
time for the procession to form and there were al
ready several thousand people in and around the
grand stand
The proeetsion was quite imposing. It was head
ed by the Fifth Artillery band, which, under Profes
sor AVeigand'e skillful lead, discoursed u great
variety of notional airs.
Then followed the seven batteries
the Fifth artillery in full dress uniform
Their white helmets showed beautifully,
iiencral Jackson was in eommaud.
As the procession moved the light battery fired sa
lutes.
Following the military were the distinguished
gentlemen who were to appear in the programme,
quite a number of distinguished visitors, represen
tatives of the press, the maj
or find city council, citizens. exposition
committee, Fulton county commissioners,
vice-presidents and shareholders in the exposition.
When the procession reached the grand stand there
was complete one of the finest ami most representa
live assemblies ever seen in tire south.
The long rows of scats were filled with beautiful
women and elegant gentlemen. One end of tho
stand was filled with the chorus of MO voices, all
clail in white.
There were people from nearly every state and
territory in the union, and ia all the vast thron;
there, in ail jferts of the grounds, must have been as
litany as ten thousand souls.
There was never a crowd better behaved. The
programme was long, hut there were more people
present when it concluded than were there
when it began. Every speak- r had tho
must careful attention, and every feature
in the programme was carried out to the
satisfaction of the great crowd. Even the
Almighty and most high Father. Thou who hast thread of light through every measure and labor
promised to be where two or three are gathered to- i of this enterprise is that all sec-
gether in Thy name, receive, we beseech Thee ; lions or portions of this vast couutry
under Thy divine protection, tliisexjsjsition of the ; are truly, cssentiallv, virtually . . ..
an and ingenuity of mall, and of the fruits and
products of the earth Grant that this exhibition
of the industry of Thy creatures may incite many
to energetic work which will set forw ard the cause
of true progress in all countries. Extend Thy care
to the chief officer* and their assistants in every de
partment. Bless the exhibitors and visitors,
guard them from all evil and ac
cident, aud return them in safety to their re
spective homes. Bless the iieople of this city and
of this state and of all nations. Thou bust hum
bled us through the sufferings and death of our
chief magistrate, aud yet in Thy love Thou hast re
membered mercy, for it is seen that through the
shooting of the president the hearts of this whole
ieople nave, been knit together in sympathy and
ove, and while weiyield to Thy will in taking from
us our president who, having run his course, now
rests from his labors, we also praise Thy holy name
for the lesson it has in sorrow
taught us. that it is a joyful thing for
brethren to dwell together in unity. Bless the pre
sident of the United States and all Christian kings,
princes, governors, nations and rulers. Give the
spirit of wisdom to those who have charge of the
affairs of the nation. Imbue them with the true
justice, with the love of God and the love of their
people: all of which we ask through the merits of
the blessed Je-us, that shepherd of our souls, who
ith the Fattier and Holy .Spirit, we worship as one
od world without end.
The blessings of our Lord Jesus Christ aud tho
love of God Slid the fellowship of tile Holy Ghost,
be with us forever. Amen.
MR KIMBALL???S SPEECH.
At the close of the prayer Director-General Kim
ball arose and spoke as follows:
Mb Fkesipknt, Lames and gentlemen: The in
auguration of tiiis International cotton exposition
follows closely upon its original conception. The
first proposition of this enterprise was for an inter
national exhibition exclusively in the interest of
otton and the industries which connect themselves
with and are supported by that important product.
Bill it was not found advisable to thus confine the
scope of the exposition, and it expanded until its
invitation was published to every people and every
industry known'to human skill.
Jts history, up to this moment, has been a brief
but busy one. On the 2">th day of February of the
iresenl year, a few business men of this eity came
ogetber and effected a temporary organization un
der the name of the Interualioiiu! cotton exposition,
mid for the purpose of planning and inaugurating
the enterprise indicated by the name. Tuey be
lieved that the time was auspicious for amt that
the needs of the cotton industry demanded that
such an exposition should be held; aud they were
emboldened to believe that their own eity of
Atlanta, for many reasons that might
be given, presented the undoubted
locale for the enterprise. 1 had the honor on behalf
of the organization, of presenting the plan of the
exposition and the claims oi Atlanta to its location
to the people of the principal cities of the north and
west: and it gives me much pleasure at this appro
priate time to testify to the cordiality of my recep
tion, to the liberal aid aud hearty support, i'he evi
dences thus accumulated were of such a character
as to warrant the association iu procuring a charter
and effecting a permanent organization. This was
completed on the ball day of April. Uuderthetenns
of ilie incorporation the entire management of
the enterprise was delegated to an executive com
mittee of twenty-nine members; and pending lay
absence I was honored by being elected chairman
of that committee. Ou the 27th day of April 1 was
again honored by being elected director general
aud chief executive officer of the exposition. Im
mediately under advice of the committee adminis
trative departments were organized, plana were
projioscd and adopted and tin: machinery of prepa
ration for the inauguration of tUe.euterprise ou this
day was put iu motion.
The undertaking was deemed a bold and hazard
ous one even to the extent first marked out for the
exhibition; but those plans have been amended
ami enlarged until the exposition to-day is many
limes greater than the original conception; has be
come universal iu its scope and achieved the unex
pected and flattering approval of the entire country.
On the 30tb day of May the contract for the main
building, then four times the size of the original
flan, was awarded, aud on June 1st grouud was
:token for its erection. During the past ION days
the work necessary for the preparation o??. the
grounds and the erection of tile buildings has been
performed with the marvelous results that are to
day here visible. A number of important annexes
are not entirely complete, yet they are so nearly
flnished as to justify us in throwing open the doors
of the exposition at the promised hour.
It is not inappropriate to refer to the difficulties
nnd embarrassments attending the preparation aud
holding of au exposition of this character and ex
tent in u city of less than fifty thousand inhabitants.
The unfailing resources of the cities of London and
Paris, and New York aud Philadelphia make it
easy und lhargughly practicable to coucclvc aud
plan and bring rapidly to the highest perfection
ihat great International exposition. Yet we do not
hesitate to claim a triumph in that we have over
come the majority of adverse circumstances by
which we were surrounded, and we await with con
fidence the verdict of the people upon the success
that we have been enabled thus to achieve.
Not the least of the embarrassments wet in the
progress of the work was the rapidity with which
applications were mude for every inch of our avail
able space, and the great variety and extent of the
exhibits offered us. With all the resources that we
were able to command, and with the determina
tion to provide as far as possible for every applicant
ut our doors, we have been compelled to turn away
scores of applicants offering us important, costly
and extensive exhibits of the products of native in
dustry and skill.
The original purpose of the exposition has been
held steadily in view. In the magnitude and eoro-
f ileteness of the exhibition here made of the cotton
iidustrv. of textile machinery and of all the appli
ances and processes which have grown out of or at
tached to the great staple will be found to surpass
any effort ever made in times past to assemble such
au exposition. In the other departments into which
the exposition has been divided will be found a
great aud valuable collection of the products and
industries of the world, and the entire exposition
we believe, will give the liveliest gratification to ev
ery one who honors ns with his presence.
For the success of the undertaking, for the im
portauce of the exposition in itself, ui d for the ben
eficial character of the results to the southern two
pie und country as well as to the commerce and in
dustry of the world,I make here and now no de
cided claim, l'orvveare content to leave to the future
the estimate which is to be put upon the enterprise
in all its phases.
1 cannot, in this brief review of the enterprise,
omit to acknowledge the groat debt which the man
agement owes To the stockholders whose sympathy
and substantial aid has made possible the labors we
have performed and enabled us to bring before the
people of the couutry this congress of products, of
the arts and industries of human life.
And to another ail Ipovverful influence we hold
ourselves to be most grateful debtors???to the press
oi the entire country, without an exception, is
cheerfully accorded the liberal participation in
whatever success or glory may utteud me expos!
tion. Freely, liberally au??l with remarkable con
stancy has the newspaper press oi America sup
ported the undertaking nnd urged upon the people
the duty of co-operating thoroughly and liberally
in bringing it to that high representative condition
and success which all trust it has Anally achieved.
1 now have, Mr President, the honor aud the
pleasure of presenting to von and the officers of the
International cotton exposition, to the shareholders
and to the public, these buildings and grounds, T
ask their acceptance iu the name oi those who un
der the direction of the executive committee and
myself who have labored so unceasingly, so faith
fully and so intelligently to meet the desires of the
organization and to bring ujiou it the gratified ap
proval of every person for whose interest it was
conceived and prepared.
GOVERNOR COLQUITT'S SrEECH.
In response to the address of Director-General
Kimball, Governor Colquitt, president of the ex
position company, arose and accepted the build
ings and grouuds iu the following appropriate cd
dress:
The official formality which is now expected of
me. the acceptance in behalf of this association of
the astonishing results of your labors and enter
prise will but feebly express our appreciation of
hem. With the menus and appliances at com
mand, we doubt if the energy and courage which
have achieved the grand work for this inaugura
tion day were ever exceeded. To those familiar
with the spot, the contrast* which the present hour
present* with the past of only a few short months,
look more like the feat of the enchanter than the
sturdy and matter of fact triumph of hard work.
To say that we are simply satisfied with w hat you
and your association have accomplished would re
flect as severely upon our power of
discrimination as upon our sense of justice. A hun
dred monuments all around us attest yonr iutelli
gent enterprise and indomitable energy: and 'what
has been done, lias been well done. We cannot,
how-over, discharge our sense of obligation by com
pliments upon these preliminary successes and tri
nmphs which appear on every side.
If after all that lias been accomplished???if after the
courageous grappling with difficulties und the defi
ance of obstacles, theis enterprise lacked the under
King and sustaining idea (hat dignities it. we w ho
lire most deeply interested would feel that our
ehlefest pride in this grand undertaking was lost.
The purpose???the initial idea that with the waud
of enchantment has w aked to life the marvels of
skill and industry around us. is worthiest to receive
our praises and honors. As 1 understand that pnr-
1 pose, it was inspired by a broad, earnest
., ??? parts of it. You,
gentlemen, propose to encircle in the warm em
brace of your fraternal love our fellow-citizens of
every state, and to unify the suirit of our common
country. A sublimer work was never designed or
attempted bv mortal agency. For good or evil,
America with her coming millions will be the
angel of blessing to make glad the heart of the uni
verse or the demon of desolation to blight and
torture it. Schism, alienation and collision will
prove the existence of that malign agency, which
alone can defeat our grand mission us a people.
In ter* dependence and mutual help???the confidence
and fervor of that friendship which is bom of good
offices and enlightened self-interest???will tighten
and strengthen the bonds that should hold us to
gether for all time stronger than all
doctrine and theory of government??? a
potency a thousand fold mightier than parchment
guarantees, will the benignant spirii..JR commerce
prove, in joiningand keeping unit-
people who feel that they cannot al
gets and enemies. The nft-n who si
position and have nurtured it thus .
and the inspiring influence of this tl
plied the hope and energy that has
what we see before us.
Let the good work prosper and go
ministering spirit of peace and good \v?n With
strong pinion take the sweep of this va!st hen Jfe of
ours, and may every patriot feel that in the house
of our Father, we cherish one heart, one hade. one
destiny. - -
SENATOR VANCE'S ADDRESS.
The address of welcome was delivered by Hon
Zebulon B Vance, of North Carolina. Senator
Vance was introduced and spoke as follows:
Mb President: The Spanish soldier De Leon in
the early part of the lfith century anxiously sought
through the wilds of the Florida peninsula for the
fountain that would renew youth???and his no less
illustrious countryman Do Solo cut liis way tit rough
all this southern wilderness iu search of the fabled
hills of gold. Both died without finding the object
of their search. Nevertheless they trampled over it
every day: they beheld it with their eyes; thev
inhated it through their nostrils???it was the soil
and the atmosphere fitted to the production of that
wondrous plant in whose honor we have assembled
to-day. Better than the fountains of De Leon, it
renews the youth of nations???richer tliau the golden
hills of De Ho to, its wealth annually repeated is
inexhaustible.
Through its means the pplendors of modern com
merce are made to surpass the glories of Carthage, of
Tyre aud of Venice. The world is now interested
in its growth from the germ to its maturity, as tho
iiifaut heir oi the blood rovai to the empire of
"ade.
Tlie merchant in the distant city listens for tidings
of its coming up; the manufacturer utnid his brick
wulls and tall chimneys anxiously observes its
bloom; the restless speculator gazes upon its open
ing bolls: the mariner, with his broad sails flapping
idly against his masts, waits fur ill maturing???and
the poor everywhere pray for the gentle shower and
the soft sunlight ou which it feeds, aud rejoice at its
safe ingathering.
Its growth is the idyllic poem of our people???its
mature existence is a system of political economy.
It is the source of the bourse shout of the steam en
gine; it is the melody of the soft song of the spin
dle and the loom; it is the fairy of the waterfall: it
is warmth, it is comfort, it Is beauty. It is the pride
of our fields, the source of our wealth, the king of
our commerce.
This day we Jcelebrate with pageantry nnd rejoic
ings the beneficent glories oi our monarch; aud not
only cotton, but in his train we have brought every
other product of our goodly land to this "fair young
city. Our tobacco, our bread grains, rice, our tim
bers nnd forest products, sugar cane, tropical fruits
and flowers, coal, iron, copper, silver, gold, corun
dum and precious stones, marble, malachite, mica
from mines opened by the Toltics a thousand years
before the coining of Christ; and all useful and
precious things from the bosom of the earth or that
grow upon the surface thereof, the fruit of our or
chards and the eschot clusters from our vineyards,
specimens of our infant manufactures aud arts.
Tome lias been assigned the pleasing duty of
welcoming those who come from distant regions to
participate iu this grand parliament of industry.
We who live by seducing from mother earth
the fabric which clothes her children
welcome you, men of the west, who, following kin
dred pursuits, live by evolving bread from the
fertile bosom of uuture.
You, merchants aud shippers of the cast and
north, we welcome you to this exposition of a peo
ple, whose industry furnished the chief article of
your commerce, the municipal agent of your for
eign exchange.
You, manufacturers and artisans of the east, we
welcome you to this exhibition of the produetiims
of a people which assures you that they can live
and thrive with no other go vermeil tal abtahnn that
which is given by peace and respect forjfcggldk of
by the pen of the historian in the career of a gov- have made ho advancement, however, either iu the
eminent, but they all rest immediately aud direct- cultivation or the manufacture of this great vegeta-
ly upon the toil oi those who clear ble product. The light of more than 2,000 years of
away the forests, inclose the fields, aud history is thrown upon them, and by that light we
plow aud plant, and sow and reap. Other behold them standing still, fixed in the primitive
pursuits are more ostentatious, and make more methods of their ignorant ancestors, heedless of the
noise in the world than that of agriculture, but advautagesof soil, climate, und all the powerful
like the vain and richly dressed son of a plain elements of nature, making no progress themselves
father, they are all dependent upon more useful and contributing nothing to the .wants of other
virtues thau their own. Majestie cities with their countries. It is true that during the last hundred
proud display and their hum aud roar of trade, years, commencing about the year 1788, great efforts
have been the theme oi history and eloquence from have been made by English talent aud energy,
the earliest auuals of the human nice to the present through the agency of the East India company, to
hour, and yet they are but the perishable blossoms increase the production of cotton In India for
on that great tree of life whose roots are in the exportation to the looms and spindles of Great
ground. If the labor of the husbandmen should Britain, and a considerable measure of success hits
cease or the earth refuse its sustenance, the palaces attended these efforts. But this is the work of
of cities would become the habitation of the bats; modem thought and an enlightened self inter-
their mnrket places would he silent, and grass est on the part of England, and in which she has
would grow in their streets. The commerce of the been largely aided by the strife which raged be-
eivilized world is to-day floating on ocean, lake aud tween brethren in this country during the last
river, and crowding the sheltered bays and harbors twenty years. The conduct of the native popula-
of all the lour quarters of the globe. Its ships go tion ot India, however, ou this subject presents a
down to every sea amidst the applause and w onder singulai and instructive spectacle. A recent writer
of the world, and yet if the ami of industry should ??? of high authority gives the following description of
be paralyzed in the field and corn and cotton { their manufacturing processes:
should fail, they would drift tenantless on the | ???The implements used by the Indiana in the dif-
waters or rot in idleness alongside of rotting ! ferent processes of the cotton manufacture, from
and abandoned wharves- The traffic, the sup- | the cleaning of the wool to its conversion iutothc
port, the wfcalth, the progress o! the whole human
family, all begin with the furrow in the ground.
The merchant prince in the eity of New York w ho
rides behiud four blooded horses in Central park in
the evening, is a useless factor in human affairs
compared to the farmer of the northwest who pro
duces food for the world, or to the planter of the
south who supplies mankind with clothing. Nearly
100,000 miles of railroads have drawn their lines
across the face of this country, and in w ealth und
power many of the great railroad corporations do not
shrink from a trial of strength and influence with
the government itself. But every rail of iron and
of steel, and every locomotive and ear which speeds
over the track is paid for, sustained, and made
profitable by the productions of the farm. The mil-
roud president, in his sumptuous car entertainin;
finest muslin, may be purchased for the value oi a
few shillings, anil are of so rude and simple a con
struction as to be evidently the invention of a very
early period. * * ???> * * * * *
"The loom is composed of a few sticks or reeds,
which the Indian carries about with him and puts
up in the fields under the shade of a tree or at the
side of his cottage. He digs a hole large enough to
contain his legs and the lower part of the gear,
and fastens the balances to some convenient branch
overhead. Two loops underneath the gear, in
which he inserts his great toes, serve as treadles: and
he employs the shuttle, formed like a large netting
needle, but of a length somewhat exceeding the
breadth of the cloth, us button, using it alternately
to draw through the web and strike it tip. The reed
is the only part of the weaving apparatus which ap
his directors, is of far less imjiortance to the stock- j proaches, in the perfection of its construction, to the
holders of his corporation, and to his fellow beings j instruments we use. The loom has no beam, and
generally, than he who handles the corn planter, j the warp is laid out upon the ground the whole
acre,
the wheat-drill, or cotton cultivator. All this is in
accordance with the experience of ages as well us
with the teachings of Divine wisdom. It was decreed
in the beginning that man should have dominion
over the earth, and that this dominion should be
achieved and maintained by labor. But in this
estimate of the value of productive industry there
is au implied element without which it cannot ex
tort the gifts, tile wealth and the bounties of nature
nor assume that mastery in human affairs which it is
designed to hold. That element is knowledge in its
broadest sense. Ignorant industry is a sad specta
cle, but it has filled the world in past ages,
and iu certain portions of the earth it
continues to do so. AVe are accustomed to hear a
superiority claimed for some of the must prominent
nations of antiquity aver the civilization of mod
ern times. The claim is unfounded. Their labor
was not guided by the intelligence and tlie vast dis.-
coveries of the present. The physical sciences
were to them a sealed book. Asia is the pureut
land of the human race, and has made the longest
experiment in progress and civilization. It is the
largest of the four geographical quarters of the
globe, and contains more than one-half
the inhabitants of the earth. It possesses
every variety of climate beneath the suit, and
soils as luxuriant as the rains everdesceuded upon,
its mineral resources are boundless, and it is water
ed by rivers aud inland seas of almost illimitable
extent. With all this natural strength, however,
and unnumbered centuries in which to develop it,
what answer have the Asiatic populations, cither in
the remote past or in the present, made to the ques
tion of the world's udffaueement? In what field of
productive industry have they brought forward the
great staples of commerce and civilization? The
wealth oi nature is ull there iu teeming abundance,
and has been through myriad centuries, but labor
has wrought its task blindfolded by Ignorance, and
borne its heavy burdens withoutrelief from the hand
of science. The common plow, that universal fore
runner of all national greatness and of ull human
elevation, remains the same contemptible contriv
ance now throughout the east thutil was when
Joseph's brethren watered their camels at the Nile
on their journey to Egypt in quest of corn. The in
habitants of Persia, Arabia. Turkey, China and
Japan have known no aid from invention in the
tillage of the soil. The result is Unit though they
are the oldest offspring in the human family, they
arc still so far in the rear us to be not much con
sidered iu the active and practical thought of the
world. We are often cited to the ancient achieve
ment of Egypt as evidence of the superiority of an
tiquity over modem progress. It is very difficult
for me to believe iu the mental cultivation of a
people who worshiped crocodiles und who did not
know that the rains in the mountains caused the
Nile to overflow. The traveler who is always in
search of the curious, and not of the useful, points
in wonder and awe to the pyramids, but if in liis
zeal he could find on their base some hieroglyphic,
some device, design ordrawing as evidence that the
Egyptians, sometime in their history, had built a
com planter or a cotton gin, a reaper or a threshing
machine, or invented some simple thing like a re
volving rake or a cotton press, their claims to a high
civilization would have a reasonable and a strong
foundation on which to rest. In the absence, how
ever, of all proof of any such improvements in agri
culture, it is safest to assume that distance, and not
merit, lends enchantment to our view when we
dwell upon Egyptian history. And may we not ven
ture to inquire whether much, if any more, can
be truthfully claimed for the agricultural improve
ments of Greece or Home?
,s,??of course*!* sacred ground with the olfl an
tiquarian who sees nothing great that is not venera
ble, and also with the young who still remember
that Virgil aud Horace wrote pastoral poetry, and
that Xenophon and Cicero indited charming letters
to their friends on the beauties of rural life. But
after listening with delight to the eloquence of their
orators, and to the music of their poet*; after wit
nessing the mustering of their warlike legions and
their battles of conquest, rapine and plunder, as
well as of defense against final overthrow; after
wandering through stately ruins of their architecture
and sculpture, I challenge the fact of their vast and
far reaching histories in proof of the assertion that
the great foundation elements of real national
strength, prosperity and durability were wanting at
every stage of noth Grecian and Uoman civilization.
Descriptions of the farming implements of those
classic lauds have descended to us, and we have ex
amined them with u curious mixture of incredulity
and derision. The oxen, with a straight yoke at
tached to a main, primitive plow, merely seratchiiij
the surface of fields of unending fertility, marl
tho weakness of a people at the very
J ioint where they must be strongest
n order to achieve permanent power and
glory. Their historians have painted their marches
aud their battles in everlasting colors; their orators
have discussed, public affairs in lofty and immortal
tones; theirpoets und dramatists have delineated
the passions of the human heart in all its moods,
bnt where in the country of Themistocles or Ciesar
will be found the record of a world's fair, or an ex
position of the triumphs of productive labor, or a
display of mechanical improvements, the results of
inventive genius in uiduf husbandry? No response
comes to this question save the decline and fall of
governments which rested their claims to greatness
and power on the victories of war instead of upon
the more renowned victories of peace.
Sir. it is not in the distant past that we are to look
for examples of enlightened industry, nor shall we
find there, except in feeble degrees, those influences
upon which the nations of the earth depend for
their stability and progress. On such an occasion
as this, and surrounded as we are by the proofs, we
may rightly salute the present century as having
more perfectly combined knowledge with labor, and
more harmoniously wedded the sciences to all the
branches of useful toil, than all the centuries to
gether which have gone before. AVe stand upon an
elevation in the scale of human advancement never
trod by the feet of former generations, and we are
surrounded by a light such as never fell upon their
pathways. From this high point of observation let
us glance at the duties to which we are hound, the
achievements already accomplished, and our capa
bilities for the future.
You are met at this hour to celebrate the opening
day of an exposition of the fruits of agriculture.
labor and of the arts of mecliauieal invention, to
which the nations of the earth are invited, and to
which many of them have made theireontributious.
A world???s fair is here inaugurated for the interest
and encouragement of human industry in all sec
tions and countries. The fraternity of toil, of en
terprise and of inventive genius is here recognized
and proclaimed. The character of this auspicious
demonstration is international. It is an affair
among the nations, and in its great purposes they
are all vitally interested. The objects to be pro
moted by this exposition. its designs and its influ
ences, are as fur reaching as the abodes of civilized
man. All the industries here make their entry and
display, but, located as you are in this beautiful
zone of peculiar production, you have invited your
guests in the name of the great und majestic staple
of the south. This is the home of the cotton plant,
and some of us have corae from distant parts to pay
it honor. In doing so, may I not be pardoned for
dwelling briefly on its marvelous career of glorious
utility?
Sir, it is less than a hundred years since American
cotton made its modest, and indeed humble, en
trance into the markets of the world. There are
persons now living who were bom before merchants
aud traders had mentioned cotton as a production"
of this country likely to enter into commercial
transactions. In 1722 not more than 550 bales were
exported from the United State*. So little was
known of this gigantic production that "it js relat
ed that in 1761 William Kathbone, an extensive
Americ in merchant in Liverpool, received from one
of his corre*|??ondents i n the southern states a con
signment.of eight bags of cotton, .vhich, on 5Ls ar
rival in Liverpool, was seized by the custom
house officers, oil the allegation that it
could not have been grown in the Ameri
can colonies, and that it was liable to seizure trailer
loitered in the rear, aud been overtaken by calamity
and degradation. AA'berever the plowshare has
been allowed to rust and the pmninghook has been
Hie. there the historian has written of degeneracy,
decay and barbarism. The sword may lend itshe-
rhsaWnri. ' (???v. 11 mspio-i ui a uro??o. euruen roic gleam to a nation's history, but without the
usual bab> and the rude boj who disturb all ot..< r . (.pj-jt. which aims to perform the great work of the ; patient energies of productive labor it will have no
gatherings, were either absent or overawed by the | true patriot, as well as the homelier task of the ??? permanent strength or glory. A thousand element*
dignity of the occasion. The canvas over the exten- practical and useful citizen. The object in all this of natiomil greatness and powermay be pointed out
Farmer*, merchants, manufac tuVenv.
riers, laboring men and men of letters, the great
army of civilizers and mipporters of progress and
free government, the men of the press, strangers
aud looker* on. countrymen and countrywomen,
we welcome you all. To every one present,
or to come we extend a southern welcome, warm as
our sunshine, and bid him behold what can be done
by a land whose fields were but yesterday "knead
ed into bloody sod* by the muddeniug wheels of ar
tillery.??? whose beast* of burden were swept away
by devastating armies, whoto noblest sous were
slaughtered in battle, whose home* were burned
with fire, and whose government* have passed
through an era of corruption worse than anarchy.
AVe invite you wim pride to witness these conclu
sive tests of the genial nature of our climate, the
fertility of our soil, the energy of our people, the
conservative vitality of our political institutions;
in short, we invite you to see that we have renewed
our youth at the fountains of industry and found
the hills of gold iu the energies of an imperishable
race.
You will remember, too, that what we are in the
south is due to the almost unmixed blood
of the pre-revolutionary settlers in these sun-loved
wilds. The migration of races and nationalities
which has so largely sought the shores of the new
world within the t>ast hundred years, has scarcely
touched our borders; it has flowed across the Alle-
ghanies, pimpled the great valley, moved along to
thebaseof tlie Kooky mountains, and across their
snowy summits to the shores of the western sea.
markittg its progress everywhere by wealth and
prosperity.
The south, too, bv this exhibition of it* indus
tries, resources and capacities, desires to invite a
share of this wealth???giving inflow to her own bor
der*. and will receive gladly all who will come to
her iu tlie name of labor and law aud free govern
ment.
To every human soul from all the broad domains
of Christendom which may have one desire to pro
mote the happiness and stimulate the progress of
our race, which can add one voice iu praise of the
triumphs, of peace, we say welcome, iu God's name
to the hearts aud homes of this southern land.
To the hospitalities of this most active and public
spirited of our cities; whose vigorous youth and
rapid development show that American thrift and
enterprise, are confined to no section!
AVe invite you to learn what you can of us???
of otirhopes aud fears, our prejudices and methods
of thought, our systems oi action, our desires und
our devotion to a common country
Teach us, if you can, in all these things, a more
perfect v.ay. AVe will gladly learn oi those whose
success justifies them in teaching us.
AVe would gladly learn a lesson in industry from
the men of the great northwest, in thrift and the
art* from the melt of the east: in business sagacity
irorn the men of the great cities.
1 need not remiud you. my countrymen, that we
stand in the shadow of a great calamity. Hut verily
the wrath of mau is the praise of the Almighty.
The sufferings and death of the president of the
United states has touched all hearts in this great
land. Aud none with a more tender emotion than
those of the south. It has awakened every feeling
of pity and every sentiment of chivalry ia our
breasts. A common sorrow has made the Ameri
can people remember that they have a common
country, and the cold page of history will sav that
' this reunion of estranged hearts is his noblest
monument. In the language of the old Arabian
chroniclers, he has passed to the clemency of the
most High.
May we not permit the feeling of broth
erhood inspired by his death, ever
to perish. and may the intermingling
here bear fruit iu the time to cotue, with us and
with our children, worthy the citizenship of a free
Christian republic.
May every legitimate branch of human industry,
and every generous passion of the human soul be
stimulated and enlarged (by this exhibition???so
honorable to the great slat; whose people eouccived
and brought it about.
SENATOR VOORHEES\S ADDRESS.
The address of welcome was greatly enjoyed and
elicited hearty applause. It was responded to by
Hon Daniel AV 'A'oorbees, of Indiana, who upon
being introduced said:
RMn President: The progress ot civilization has
been measured at every stage by the production of
the earth. The history of the human race, for good
of for evil, has been written in the cultivation of the shipping???acts as not being imported in a vessel
the soil the stamp oi superiority is upon those belonging to the eountrv of its growth. AYhen after-
comimmtties and nations wherein agriculture has ward released it lay for many months unsold in
been pushed to its mght-st excellence, while those consequence oi the spinners donbting whether it
could be profitably worked up.??? The world was
unconscious of the mighty revolution in all its in
dustries just then impending. Until within the
present century the supply of cotton for the use of
mankind was derived mainly from the East Indies,
with minor quantities from China. Egypt, and a few-
other unreliable sources. In India its growth has
beer, from time immemorial, und for five centuries
at least before the Christian era it was
manufactured extensively by the inhabitants
1. The establishment and maintenance of the
manufacturing industries of the United Mates were
essential to the domestic prosperity and the real in
dependence of the American people.
2. The manufacturer claimed from his gov
ernment a protection against foreign competition
with which he was unable to contend, and which
if left free would close his mills aud drive him out
of the business.
3. The producer of cotton m the fields desired to
sell to the best bidders, and buy back the manu
factured cloth at the cheapest rates quoted in tho
markets of all countries. ...
The following tabic of statistics from the torth-
comingcensusreport for.1880 lias been kindly fur
nished to me in advance of it* publication, and is of
interest in this connection:
STATISTIC* OK THE COTTON MANUFACTURE OF THE
UNITED STATES.
* c ???A
a zr??S
g O (5 3
I|S? arcs
1 ' ???* pu AAV NX IS# It??? AtlpilL. t VAUtsiCilt.' I ll liltV liil/.tv
who have disdained the tillage of the fields or neg
ligently performed that great primary duty, have
. = tea:
length of the piece of cloth.
???The weavers live entirely in villages, as they
couid not, if shut up in towns, work in this manner.
It is probable that the whole of the implements
which have just been described existed as we now
find them before the people of India were divided
into castes. The transmission oi the same
employment from father to son, which is the in
variable practice in India, while it has the effect oi
conveying unimpaired the knowledge in any art.
tends to check it* further advancement." It is true
that great dexterity and slight of hand ha* been ac
quired by the East Indian manufacturer, from the
spinning of the yarn upon the distaff', until from his
ill-constructed loom he sometime- produces ???those
muslins which are said, when spread upon the grass
to appear like a gossamer web.??? But uotliiug could
be done in this way to meet the demand of the
world for cotton fabrics, and therefore we find that
the. first steam spinning and weaving mill was estab
lished in India ns recently us 1863 by the East India
company. It was located at Kurla, iu Bombay.
\)thers have followed, and it is estimated now
that there are 10,000 looms and over a
million and a quarter spindles in operation in the
presidencies of iSengul, Madras, Smut nnd other
parts of India. England has carried her manufac
turing machinery and skilled labor into the midst
of her eastern cotton fields, thus setting an example
callingloudly for imitation iu other countries. The
lesson taught by the history of cotton in the East In
dies is that the producer should not only be en
lightened a* to its cultivation, but that he should
also become its manufacturer at home, with all tlie
appliances of scientific invention. The production
and manufacture of cotton in China have even a
more peculiar history than in India. AVe have the
means of observing the industrial pursuits of
that vast and crowded hive of humanity a*
far back as neurly three ihousand years ago.
but the earliest mention mude of cotton in Chinese
history '???* only about 200 years hefore the Christian
era. And then, for a space of thirteen centuries
the plant was cultivated in the gardens of the
wealthy merely as a thing of beauty, and its
flowers appear to have been celebrated iu their po
ems and romances. As late as the sixth century the
fact that the emperor wore a robe of cotton ou his
coronation day is mentioned to show the rare and
precious characterof his royal raiment. It was only
after thousands of years of actual contact and expe
rience with cotton that the people of the celestial
empire began to discover that its utility was as uni
versal and almost as beneficent as light and air. By
f irimitivc methods, Htid painfully slow degrees,they
tave, however, finally advanced to a point, if not
of commanding importance to the world oh this sub
ject. at least illustrating some of it* peculiar feat-
tures. it is. iu fact, a wonderful thing to say that a
population of over 100,(W0,000, crowded together un
der any one government, and engaged
in homogeneous pursuits, feed and
clothe themselves by their own pro
ductions aud manufactories. This is more nearly
true of those almost counties* horde* who inhabit
China proper and her dependencies than of any
other quarter of the globe. The Chinese govern
ment has learned the greatest of all lessons in
strength and security at home and dignity abroad.
It is foremost among the nations of the earth in the
honors it pays to agricultural labor. It has made
the work of the tea and cotton planter, of the rice
and maize, and wheat and barley grower, a credit
to him and to his posterity. In houorof agriculture
there is a grand state ceremony performed ou each
New Year's day. One of their historians says, in
describing this ceremony: ??
' '???Fib?ihnpdror,' accompanied by his great officers
of state, repairs to the sacred meld, and, having
offered sacrifice on an albirof earth, he traces a fur
row with a plow, aud his example is followed by
I irincesand ministers. A like solemnity is oele-
imted by the governor of every urovinoe. who rep
resent* the emperor. The agricultural system of
the (Ttinese is rude, but effective; und every iurh
of arable land is carefully cultivated. Spade hus
bandry and irrigation are carried on to a great ex
tent.???
From this description the Chinese farmer appears
iu the highest repute at home, but with his great
calling undeveloped and unaided by moveru pro
gress. lie feeds himself and ha* not aspired to feed
tlie world. The example of the Chinese manufac
turer has been much the same. He has been Con
tent to clothe his own countrymen and has not in
vaded the channels of foreign commerce. The man
ufacture of cotton goods is now very extensive in
China, though still far behind the improved process
es of English and American invention, but their fab
rics are entirely for home consumption. Indeed, the
Chinese are importers from India and elsewhere of
the raw material for their looms in order to meet the
home demand for cotton cloth. But little of their
marvelous handicraft is seen in the markets of the
world. Now and then we catch a glimpse of ???their
silks and satins, light gauzes, beautiful embroidery,
elaborate engravings on wood and stone, delicate
filagree work in gold and silver, carvings on ivory,
flue lacquered ware, antique vessels ill bronze and
their brilliant coloring on the famous pith paper,???
but we behold them rather os beautiful ornaments
of luxury than as articles of use ami trade.
Sir. it is to the west and to modern intelligence,
nnd not to tlie east nnd the methods of antiquity,
that we. are to look for the solution of the mighty
problem of human advancement and human desti
ny. The scene has shifted from the valleys of the
Euphrates, the Nile and the Ganges to the valley of
the Mississippi: from the shores of the Mediterra
nean nnd the Indian ocean to the Atlantic and Pacific
seaboards of the American republic. Here is to be
wrought out what the ancient philosophers dream
ed, but never saw accomplished. Here human so
ciety and government are to reach their strong
est. highest and most rational development,
bottomed on the agricultural and mechanical
industries, inspired and guided by knowl
edge???knowledge that in itself is power. Those
great arts of labor over which the myriad
multitudes of the east have stumbled in a state of
bliud imbecility for countless centuries have here
found their full nnd splendid development in a sin
gle hour, as it were, in the reckoning of time???s du
ration. It seems but yesterday, in the count of the
days of all the ages, since this continent beoame
known to written history, and a still briefer space
since any of its inhabitants first became potential
factors in the useful concerns of the world. AA???e
have seen that but 117 years ago English custom
house officers disbelieved iu the existence
of American cotton and that it
lay for months in Liverpool scorned
by the buyers as worthless. Ninety years ago there
was not a cotton mill in tho United States. The
battle* of the revolution had been fought, Cornwal
lis had surrendered, the old articles of the confed
eration had been superseded by the constitution of
the union, when in 1791 the first cotton mill was
erected on American soil in the state of Rhode
Island. During the next six succeeding years elev
en additional mills were erected in the same state,
two in Massachusetts and one in Connecticut,
making in all fifteen mills, working about 8,000
spindles, and making about 300,000 pounds of yarn
per annum. (Substantially with this showing the
cotton interest of this country passed from the close
of the last century to the opening of the present.
The year 1800 made a feeble exhibit, aud gave but
faint promise of what has followed. The American
manufacture of cotton in that year amounted to but
500 bales: in 1S05,1.000 bales: in 1810, 10,000 bales;
and in 1815. 00,00) bales. It will be seen that the
American cotton factory was indeed, once an in
fant. but it was a robust child of American genius
and industry, and grew rapidly. Now it stands an
acknowledged giant of magnificent proportions.
Now more than seven hundred and fifty mills,
manufacturing annually over a million and a half
of bales, are in operation, not only In New England
aud New York, but in New Jersey, Penn
sylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio and Indiana
ns well a?? in Alabama, Georgia, the two Carolina*,
Mississippi, A'irgiuia and other southern states.
It was discovered more than half a century ago
that the cotton fields of the southern states were
capable, under proper cultivation, of supplying not
only all American industries, but all thccotton indus
tries of the civilized nations of the world. AA???ilh the
knowledge of this fact oil the part of the south on
one hand, and the activity and intelligent energy
of manufacturing capital in this country and
abroad on the other, arose those great and vital
questions of American statesmanship which are
still engaging the public thought. AA'iiat an inter
esting book of history has been written on this sub
ject. The greatest intellects in the conduct of hu
man affair* have contributed largely to its pages.
There were three natural and necessary propositions
to be considered in connection with the production
and manufacture of cotton, and they remain sub-
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of that country for their out. use. They appear to manually the same to the present hour.
To reconcile these great and laudable interests
into a harmonious national policy has been at every
stage of our history and still continue* to be, a task
worthy of the ablest tuiuds and of
the ??? purest and highest patriotism.
I cannot hope to add new light to a
theme on which so much wisdom has been expend
ed, but a few thoughts suggested by this exposition
may not be out of place. It is unfortunate thill
political partisanship ha* so often, for mere tempo
rary and personal success,dealt with the gravest anil
most vital question* of the world???s advancement.
The relations, between the productions of the earth
as thev leave tlie field and their condition when
manufactured l'orthe use of man rest upon principles
far above and beyond the expediency or the neces
sity of luirlies. That Hue of policy which comes
nearest the promotion of the prosperity and comfort
of the whole people of a commonwealth may safely
be accepted us the true one. No one will contend
that the absence of manufacturing pursuits would
promote the prosperity of the Amcricau people. It
is beyond doubt that the closer a market is brought
to the farmer for his agricultural productions, the
more ho will save in the matter ot transportation,
aud the better it will be for his neighborhood. It is-
on this account that Adam Smith has said:
???Whatever tends to dimiuish in any country the
number of artificer* and manufacturer* tend* to
diminish the home market, the most important of
all markets for the produce of the land, and thereby
still further to discourage agriculture.???
Diversity of employment among laborers, and
success in all the channels of human thought and
action, so indispensable to national strength and
renown, can only be secured by opening up al! the-
bmnohesnf mechanical as well usagrieultur 1 in
dustry. 4 The muat honored. fatbupAf.
have spoken In no uncertain tone on this pouit. It
arrested the attention of Washington???* great and
sagacious mind iu the earliest infancy of the gov
ernment. In his lust annual address iu lTPO he re
corded hi* views a* follow*:
"Cong.ewtes have repeatedly, and not without suc
cess, directed their attention to the encouragement,
of manufactures. The object is of too much con
sequence not to insure a continuance of their efforts
in every way which shall appear eligible.???
At a later period, in 1810, when the imjiortance of
the subject had vastly increased, Thomas Jefferson
whose mind illuminated everything it touched, and
shed light into the darkness ??f the whole world on
the science of government, gave utterance to the-
following strong expressions:
???AVe have experienced v.hat we did not then be
lieve???that there exists both profligacy and
power enough to exclude us from the field of ex
changes with other nations; that to be independent
for the comfort* of life we must fabricate them our
selves. We must now place our manufacturers by
the side of the agriculturalist. Tlie former
question is- now suppressed, or rather
assumes a. new form. The grand inquiry
now is, shall we make our own comforts or go-
without them at the will of a foreign inuioii? lie
therefore, who is now ugainst domestic manufac
tures must be for reducing us either ton depend
ence tipoll the nation, or to la: clothed in skins and
live like beasts in dens and caverns. I am proud to
say that 1 urn not one of these. Experience ha-:
taught me that manufacturers arc now as necessary
to our independence as to ourcomfort.???
In a speeial message to congress, in May, 1800,
James Madison, then president of the United States,
says:
???The revision of our commercial law*, proper to-
adapt them to the arrangement Which 1ms taken
place with Ureut Britain, will doubtless engage the
early attention of congress. It will be worthy at tht*
same time of their just and provident care to make
such further alterations ill tnc law* as will more es
pecially protect and foster the several branches of
manufacture wbrnh have been recently instituted,
or extended by the laudable exertion oi our citi
zens.???
In the first inaugural address of President Mon
roe, March 1817, the subject is thus presented:
???Our manufacturers will likewise require thc*ys
tematic and fostering care of the government. Pos
sessing, as we do, ail the raw materials, tlie fruit of
our own soil and industry, we ought not to depend,
in the degree we have done, on supplies from other
countries. While we are thus dependent, the sud
den event of war, unsought aud unexpected, can
not fail to plunge ns into the nlostseriousditlicully.
It is important, too, that the capital which nourishes
our manufactures should be domestic, as it* influ
ence In that ease, instead of exhausting, a* it must
do in in foreign hands, would tie felt advantageous
ly on agriculture and on every brunch of industry.
Equally important is it to provide ut home a market
for our raw materials: as, by extending the compe
tition, it will enhance the price, aud protect the-
ctiltlvator ugainst the cusualities incident to foreign,
markets.???
Coming down to a still later date and to a name
not less distinguished, we read the following letter
written by Andrew Jackson iu May, 182;:, to Robert
Patterson.of Philadelphia:
???A few days since l had the pleasure to receive-
the grass hat wiiich you had been pleased to present
und forward to Mrs Jackson as a token of the respect
and esteem entertained for my public services. Per
mit me, sir, to return to you my grateful acknowl
edgements for the honor conferred upon tis in this-
token. Mi* Jackson will wear with pride a hat
mude by American hands, und made
of American materials. Its workmanship,
reflecting the highest credit upon it* au
thors, will be regarded as an evidence of the per
fection which our domestic manufacturers may
hereafter acquire if properly fostered and protect
ed. Upon the success of our manufactures, ua the
hand-mairl of agriculture aud commerce, dependa-
iu a great measure the independence of our country
and 1 assure you that none <-an feel more sensibly
than I do the necessity of encouraging them."
I have cited these opinions of the men who
framed tlie government, and took part in its
early administration, In order to show the aus-
piees under which encouragement and protection
were first extended to American manufacturers.
Differences have existed, und been exhaustively
discussed, as to the methods by which these ends
were to be attained, but not us to the ends them
selves. Every school of statesmanship from the-
foundation of the government to the present time-
has admitted the duty of fosteriug. encouraging and
protecting the manufacturing industries, i am not
i here to discuss the different politics which have,
from time to time been advanced, but the grout fact,
of protection, whe.her as an incident to tlie raising
oi revenue or in a bolder and more direct form,
is a part of American history and American
progress. In justification of this fact, If it needs-
justification, the conduct and history' of other na
tions on this subject should not be overlooked. The
American republic was a late comer into the family
of nations, and the governments of the old world
had a far away and tremendous stnrt of us, in ev
erything except our blood-bought liberties, before
we moved at all in the race of national life. Euro-