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prospect, if iWkesshad not obstructiakour
vission. One of us, however, standing u
pou toe top, with the lights stationed at dif
ferent twirls of its base, obtained a novel
and interesting view of the cavern. TJtere
is an echo here that is very powerful, and
we improve it with a song, much to our
gratification. We started forward again,
travelling over a plain of two miles extent,
and aliout the same .distance over rocks
and hills, w hen we arrived at the sccon i
water fall. The water here dashes into
a pit below of immense depth. A cir
cumstance occurred here, that liked to
have proved fatal to one of us. The sides
es the pit are formed of loose rocks, and
we amused ourselves by roiling them
down, in order to hear them strike the
bottaun. Such is the depth of it, that a
minute elapsed before we could hear them
strike, and the sound of it but very faipt.
One of the party venturing too near for
the purpose of rolling a large stone, started
the foundation on which lie stood, and
was precipitated down about twenty feet,
with the tumbling stones, but. fortunately,
a projecting rock saved him from destruc
tion. This put an end to all onr amuse
ments, and being much fatigued with a
travel of twenty-four hours on foot, and
seeing no fairer prospects of finding the
end, than when we commenced, we con
eluded to return. We accordingly took
up our line of march, retunisg the same
way we came.
Al ter being forty two hours absent from
the light of day, we again found ourslves
at the mouth of the cavern, and.gave our
selves up to a refreshing sleep.
There are a number of pits of great
depth, in different parts of the cave, which
made it necessary to he very careful in ex
ploring it. There is danger, also, of ta
king some unexpected room, and becoin
so lost as not to be able to find the way
out. This is, however, obviated by the
precaution that has been taken as far as
has been explored, to place llie figure of
an unow at the entrance of every room,
pointing to the mouth of the cave. Care
should always be taken to preserve the
lights, as it would he impossible for any
one to find the wav back in darkness,
farther than the first “Hopper.” We
■found the names of ladies inscribed at the
farthest point we reached, and our guide
remarked that they were the most cour
ageous visitors lie had. For three miles
from the mouth, the sides and top of the
cavern arc covered with a remarkable
quantity of bats hanging down from the
top in form of fire hives, from two to three
feet thick. They are in a torpid state,
and seldom known to fly. There are a
bout twenty different rooms that have been
discovered, and but three of them that
have been explored to the end. This vast
cavern is appai ntly hollow beneath,
from the sound that is made by walking
through many of the rooms. It would
Drphablv take months to explore to the end
of all the *onms ttun imve been, ana
•which remain yet to he discovered. The
removing of some few obstructions, at a
trifling expense, and lighting the cavern,
would enable a stage coach to go with
safety to the second water fall, a distance
of fifteen miles.— N. E. Itev. *
The Gold Mines. These Lead
mines never attracted even in their most
flourishing days, such crowds of adven
turers as tlie Gold mines of Carolina and
Georgia. It is supposed that at least 20,-
1)00 ifieu are at work on them. One Com
pany alone, (the Messrs. Bissells,) has
GOO men in its employ. The chief part
of tiie miners is composed of foreigners:
no less than 13 different languages are
spoken at these lines. ’Tis said that a
more immoral community does not exist
than the greater body of these miners:
many of them will earn several dollars, by
working three days in the week, and then
spend the remaining four in dissipation.
The gold is found in leads and patch
es, both in the hills and bottoms. That
w-itich is found in leads, is in tlie state of
ore; that m patches is pure gold. The
patches are not more than three or 4 feet
leen, and are very profitable while they
?ast, hut they generally give oat soon.
Not long since, a couple of hands raised
one hundred pounds of gold, (worth up
wards of 25,000 dollars,) in one day from
a patch. It lav in deep red clay. Some
of the pieces weighed from sto 9 pounds.
The leads generally pitch about 45 de
grees. It - not known how deep they go
down, hut they are supposed to he inex
haustible. The-deepest hole which has
yet. been sunk, is about 120 feet. The
leads are often parallel to each other, at
unequal distances. They are very irreg
ular in their thickness: sometimes it will
tint he more than one foot through, and at
the distance of two or three yards ahead,
as much as six or eight feet up and down.
The in i nter of working the leads is, to
sink, and then drift. The ore is much
•mixed with white flint, and is of different
colours, red, blue, yellow, Ac. The best
is the yellow hollow ore.
After the ore is dug, if it is very hard
they burn it; then pound it with machine
ry then pass the dust and small stone
through a screen; it is then measured by
the bushel; then thrown into the tubs for
grinding; then put into the tubs for wash
ing. where they throw in quicksilver,
which collects all the gold at the bottom.
The gold and quicksilver are then taken
out, and squeezed though a piece of huck
«km. The quicksilver run® through it,
and tlie gold remains in. The gold is
then heated to drive oft’ the remaining
quicksilver, it isthmi melted, and is pure!
Mills for grinding ore, are erected in
vast nmnhers. The price of grinding is
20 cents a bushel. It requires a large
capital >n carry on digging on these leads,
Inn on the patches very little suffices.
The weekly product of the mines is csti-
mated to lie equal to 8 100,000 or more
than $5,000,000 annually. It is hardly
five years siuce they began to lie worked
extensively. Hundreds of land owners
A renters work the mines on their lands,
on a small scale, not being able to go to
the expense of much machinery. Great
'numbers are constantly flocking to these
mines, where they are sure of finding
ready employment.
The most celebrated diggers are in N.
Carolina and Georgia. There are how
ever, diggings in Virginia, South Caroli
na, the Cherokee country and Alabama.
Gold is found plenteously as far north as
the neighbourhood of Fredericksburgli' in
Virginia, and whence it abounds to the
borders of Florida.
Galena Miner's Journal.
FOREIGN.
From tlie N. Y. Courier Enquirer of Aug. lg
LATEST FROM EUROPE.
The editors of the Courier & Enquirer
received yesterday morning their differ
ent files of English papers by the Man
chester, Capt. Sketchley, the Liverpool
packet of the Ist July, and in the course
of the day those brought by the Sheffield,
Capt. ILtekstalf, the packet of the Bth.
The London dates reach to the’7th, and
the Liverpool to the Bth July.
Af'l'er a debate of tlnee days duration,
carried on with usual vehemence and a
great display of talent, the Reform Bill
passed the House of Commons on the Gth
July on its second reading, by a majority
Os 136, —there being 367 votes in its favor
and 231 against it. Tic Bill was to be
considered in Committee on the foil wing
Tuesday, the 12th. Some alterations lmd
been proposed by ministers in details of
the Bill, —the most inqnrtant of which
they retracted, public opinion and the
liberal part of the people having expres
sed decided disapprobation of them. The
amendment contemplated was, that per
sons who paid rent more frequently than
every half year should not lie allowed to
vote.
The Ordnance, Army and Navy estim
ates had been introduced in the House of
Commons, and it is worthy of remark,
that their amount does not exceed that of
the peace establishment. On the subject
of the squadron fitting out at Portsmouth
under Admiral Codrington, Sir James
Graham, one of the Lords of the Admi
ral, declared in the House that it had no
belligerent object in view, and in relation
to the hire of transports by the govern
ment, which had created so much specu
lation in London, it appears that they are
intended for sanitary purposes. The pros
pect of a joint interfere ce of Etiland and
Frame in the affairs of Poland, seems thus
to have entirely vanished, and judging
from the observations occasionally elicited
in debate from the members of tbe British
Cabinet, we shoild say that, however,
tlipy m:iy aim to iliiect the course of events
in Europe by negociation,there is a deter
mination on their part to avoid a recourse
to arms.
In regard to the stale of Poland and the
struggles of its sons for independence, our
wishes are not gratified by any advantages
gained by them, at least not by any which
may be considered aid be litic. Tbe cap
ture of Bohruysck, would certainly be
Highly important, but it does not come
from an official sourdc and no great re
liance scoins to have I been placed on it
in liOndon. It is paid till to observe that
disseutions to sonic extenriexist in M ar
saw and that the conduct of the gallant
Skryznecki is even impeached. Can it
be possible that a nation who has suffered
so severely as Poland, should at this try
ing crisis mar the noble cause in which it
is engaged by internal discord, against
which each page of its ow n history holds
out a warning so impressive 1
London Jbi.v 4.
We received, by express, at a late hour
last night, the Brussels paper* of yester
day. They contain tbe debates in the
National Congress upon Sunday, and to
a late hour oil motiday evening. The
question of the acceptance of the 18 pro
positions is stdl unsettled, but it was ex
pected that Tuseday discussion would Be
conclusive. The oposition are fighting
hard,and it looks now as if the majority
in favor of the Prince will he smaller than
at first calculated. We are still assured
however, that there will be a majority in
bis favor. The Belgian Ministers seem
to have been taken by surprise by the
strength and resources of their adv -rsarics.
Some of tbe speeches delivered upon the
occasion display considerable cleverness,
and the debate, upon the whole, is cred
itable to the talents of the Assembly.
1 lie people in the galleries were less up
rorious upon monday.
It will he seen by the letter of our pri
vate Correspondent, that the Regent is
suspected of not being indisposed to in
crease the obstacles to the immediate set
tlement of the Crown. M. Suriet Clio
kier appears to have found out all at once
that even the reflection pf sovereign pow
er is not quite so irksome as lie affected to
think but a short time Ago. The agita
tors appear to have been at work in Lou
vain and some other places ; and his Roy
al Highness may already see that in liis
new seat lie will be reposing on any thin<»
hiit a bed of roses.
Rrussei.i/s, July 4, 18 o’clock, in the
morning. ] have just learned that the ma
jority is likely to la* 25 or 30. A meeting
of the friends of the measure took place
last evening at Baron Coppvn. We have
no news yet from Liege or Ghent. The
greatest anxiety prevails.
(From the Independent of Tuesday )
Popular Movements in Louvain.
Hii Sunday a popular commotion broke
out in Louvain. I lit* people assembled
upon the Grand Place, and demanded.
with loud cries, the rejection of the 18
articles -of preliminaries of jwace. The
following proclamation was posted up,
mid deputation set out for the residence of
the Regent, by whom they were received
tiiis morning. It is said that, although
Illuming tlie unconstitutional couise tak
en by the inhabitant of Louvain, the Re
gent displayed, in presence of the depu
ties, as much respect for the national hon
or as be has always maintained. It is
much to be regretted that tbe people sliou’d
come to such extremities, hut the faults of
the Congress and of the Government are
the cause of this popular excitement.—
M e must, however, remind our fellow-cit
izens that the Congress constitutes the
legal power—that to resist its decrees
would be commencing anew revolution—
and that it would show discretion to wait
for its decisions with calmness, and par
ticularly those which we doubt not w ill be
contrary to the high mission which lias
been confided to it.
PROCLAMATION.
“Inhabitants of Louvain, —You assem
bled this evening in tlie Grand Place for
the purpose of demanding of the Govern
ment the rejection of the 18 articles which
inflicted a serious injury on our independ
ence, and was destroying our honor. You
liswe done very well, and I approve of your
plans, and I pledge myself to appear at
your head, the moment you reclaim by
force of arms, the integrity of the territo
ry which I have sworn to maintain. lam
going to beg the Regent to spare our peo
ple the horrors of civil war. I have every
reason to believe that our worthy Regent
will do every thing in his power to pre
vent the brave inhabitants of Luxemburg,
Veidoo, and Maestrich, from being mas
sacred.
“ Adolphe Roussel.
“Louvain, July 3, 1831.”
Warsaw, June 23.—Tbe head quar
ters are at Warsaw'. The Russians have
been at Plock, but they have again re
treated from thence, this morning a quan
tity of troops went through the W olski
llogatka.
It was yesterday decided that a levy en
masse should be raised in the country,
W arsaw excepted, to give the Russian ar
my in the kingdom a mortal blow.
According to letters from Lithuania,
General Gielgud has joined the insurgents,
and has 70,000 men under Ins orders; be
leaves there 40,000 and return with the
remainder. •
Tw o regiments of Russian light caval
ry have joined General Cldapowski’s
standard, and have already fought against
the Russians.
It is said that tlie insurgents have driven
6,000 Russians into Gullicia, where by
force they were obliged to lay down their
arms, and that in consequence, the Rus
sian Ambassador had left Vienna.—This,
however, 1 do not guarantee.
Courier Office, 8 o’clock, July 4.
We have just received the following im
portant news from Poland:
The fortress of Bobrysck, one of the
most important in Lithuania and contain
ing arms and ammunition beh-igiug to
the Russians, to great extent, has lieen
taken by the Poles. Stedlec anil Lublin,
have been evacuated by the Russians, and
General Roth has been obliged to fly into
Galicia.
W'arsaav, June 21. (private correspond
ence.) —The Polish army has Just execu
ted a movement which will jholndily de
cide the campaign one way or the other.
The enemy, maintaining their.position at
Ostralenka, drew all their provisions and
ammunition from Persia, and appeared to
have concentrated their pricipal force in
that direction, in default of other means
of subsistence. General Kreutz’s corps
protected Brezsc. and kept up a com
munication with the main army upon its
right, whilst its left was in relation with
General Rudiger, w ho on his part, directed
his attention to Zamosc The Polish Gen
eral in Chief determined on marching his
forces upon Brezsc, in order to unfold the
enemy’s plan. If that was his chief re
source, the enemy would be forced to re
treat beyond the Rug; and if they depar
ted upon their communication with Lith
uania, they must direct their movement
in order to cover Siedlec.
Berlin, June 30.—We have no farther
accounts from Poland, hut a letter from
Lyck, on the Polish frontier says that the
corps of General Gielgud was completely
surrounded, and that the Russians inten
ded to drive it, towards Prussia, or that
important events were expected shortly to
take place in that quarter.
Frontiers of Poland. June 17.—We
hear that the Polish main army has in
deed march against the corps of General
Rreutz, hut, as the Polish General-in-
Chief always contrives very skilfully to
conceal his manuevres, it is believed that
this movement is made merely to mislead
the enemy, and to cover another object.
“ Ordinances of the French King.
“To all w hom these presents, Ac.
“Oil the report of our Secretary of
State for the Interior, the President of the
Council of Ministers, we have ordained
and do ordain.
“Art. 1. The conditions of our ordi
nance of 31st May last, for the convoca
tion of the Chambers of Peers and Dep
uties on (he 9th of August, 1831, are here
by recalled.
2“ The Chamber of Peers and the
Chamber of Deputies are convoked for
the 23d of July next.
“3. Our Minister (above mentioned) is
charged with the execution of this present
ordinance.
“Given at Colmar, this 22d June 1831,
“LOUIS PIIILLIIPPE.
“CASIMIR PERIER.”
[Countersigned.]
London, July 4.—We have received by
express tlie Paris papers of the 2d inst.
The latest account from Lavendee leave 1
no doubt of the Royalist Party in that
and some of the adjoining parts of France
having of late become very formidable. —
They are ready to rise in favor of the
Boorlion cause, and assert the cause o
the Duke of Rordeaux to the Crow n, as
the legitimate King of France, in w hose
favor Charles tlie Tenth formally abdica
ted his Throne. The Dutchess de Berri,
accompanied by Marshal Bourmont and
his four sons, was at the date of the last
accounts at Mentz, on her way to Switz
erland. AVhetlier this Journey has any
connection with a projected rising of the
Royalists remains to he seen. We trust
this is not her object; the overthow of the
present usurpation should lie left to the
Republicans and the internal disseutions
arisingTrom the guilt of the Revolution.
Massacre at Xewtmvnbarry. —The jury
which was empannelled to inquire into
the circumstances of this dreadful affair,
in which a great number of lives were lost,
and which jury was composed of an
equal number of Protestants & Catholics,
has been discharged Iy the coroner, the
jurors not being able to agree on their ver
dict. So divided were the opinions of the
Protestants and the Catholics, on a matter
of fact! The business must not he suf
fered to rest here. The Dublin Evening
Post says.—“ At halt past ten o’clock on
Wednesday evening, the coroner visited
tlie jury, A there appearing no likelihood
of their agreeing,he left them for the night.
A police guard was placed round the
Court-house. The jury remained the en
tire night without any prospect of an
agreement, and at eleven o’clock on
Thursday morning, the fnreman(a captain
of yeomanry) complained of being ill when
Surgeon Hyde, another officer of yeoman
ry, gave his opinion, not on oath, that he
could not he confined any longer with
safety, and the coroner immediatly dis
charged the jury.”
TWK nwocie AT.
COL VMBUS. AUG UST 27. 183 L
PARTIES AND CANDIDATES.
This state has ever been divided into
two parties, and is ever likely to he.
And although the terms of darker and
Trouper, may answer well enough for
common use, inasmuch as they give a
notion of the relative position of an in
dividual; yet they do not con\ - ey any
exact or definite idea of the cause or rea
son of division. And many may assume
the title of darker or Trouper, without
knowing why or Avherelore; and con
sequently where the cause of division is
not sutliciently understood, an individu
al may accidentally take a position to
which he does not naturally belong.
Now setting names aside, the real di
vision in society is between the aristoc
racy of wealth, between those who live
at the expense of the public—and the
common people, those who support
themselves by the labor of the head or
the hand. On the one side, tlie wealthy
few by means of their money, have se
cured to themselves all the offices and
honors of the country; &, then through
the means of office, and the power
which it gives, they have gone on in
creasing their wealth, and digesting
their plans to abstract from the people
their substance, anil to divest them of
all means of resistance to their will.
Having placed themselves in the legis
lature, all laws are formed for their ex
be elusive accommodation. They create
useless offices,that they themselves may
foil at the public expense ; they create
hanks and divide the stock among them
selves; which banks manufacture mill
ions o£ money, anil loan it hut «o those
for whose benefit they were created.
Look at any of the hanks of the State,
are they not all held by the aristocracy,
and are not their favors granted exclu
sively to that class. Look at the other
institutions of the State, those upon
which the public revenue is expended,
and see if they are not all exclusively
for the benefit of the aristocracy. Look
at the College at Athens, upon which
halfa million, has been expended; what
interest have the common people in this
institution? AVas ever a poor man’s
son educated there, or is it possible for
tlie common people, the great mass of
the citizens, to send their children to
that institution? For w'hose benefit then
is it built up? Why for the exclusive
benefit of the aristocracy. The poor
people have been taxed thousands of
dollars for tlie purpose of educating their
rich neighbor’s children. If the influ
ence of the common people had been
felt in the legislature, is it possible that
the public treasury would have been
drained for the erection of colleges?
certainly not. until the system of free
schools had been so far perfected, as to
have carried tlie rudiments of science to
every man’s door, and enabled the
children of the poor as well as the rich,
to have participated in the blessings of
instruction. Then colleges would have
grown up as a matter of course; they
would have nourished on a soil propur*
ed for their subsistence; they would
have strengthened with the growth of
the country; and instead ofa sicklyex-j
itftence, only preserved by legislative
stimulants, we should have seen heal
thy institutions flourishing on their own
resources. But free sclio As were for
the benefit of the people, and the Col
lege for the rich; therefore thousands
have been expended on the College, and
not a cent for free schools.
The Central Bank is another favorite
institution of the aristocracy. They
have emptied the State’s Treasury into
the vaults of the Central Bank, appoin
ted their own friends to he its officers,
they pay them high salaries; and these
in return, loan all the money out to the
rich. Thus have the aristocracy ap
plied the whole treasury of the Btate
to their own purposes. Is this fair, is it
honest? The money ill the (State's trea
sury, having been co lected from the
people at large, belongs of right to tlie
w hole people. The poor man has as
much right to it as his wealthy neighbor.
What right then, have tlie aristocracy
to adopt such regulations as will always
confine tlie favors of that Bank exclu
sively to the rich? They have adopted
the rule of lending tlie money to him
ivho can make the strongest note. And
as tlie rich man can always make a
stronger note than the poor man, it will
follow that the rich man will always
get the money, though he needs it the
least. No poor man, however honest,
or however necessitous, w ill ever he a
ble to get a dollar. Whoever heard of
a poor man’s borrowing money from
the Central Bank. It can't he done; the
hunk won’t lend to a poor man. let his
distresses be ever so great; hut they
will lend it to the rich man at 8 per cent,
to enable him to loan it out again at 25,
50, or 10U per cent, to his poor neigh
bors; or buy up their property w ith it at
Sheriff's sales, at one tenth of its value.
Is this fair? Would this have been so.
had the influence of th.e common peo
ple prevailed in tile passage of the law
establishing the Bank? Does not the
money belong to the people at large?
And if it is to he loaned out, should not
every honest, industrious man, be al
lowed to borrow? Why should the
rich divide it among themselves? thus
increasing their ow n wealth, and ena
bling them more effectually to oppress,
and keep poor, those who are already
so?
Nullification is another mad heresy
introduced by tlie aristocracy. If they
could only divide tlie union, excite a
civil war, and destroy the constitution,
they might introduce just such a sort of
government as would answer their pur
poses. They might establish a heredi
tary nobility, introduce lords, and na
bobs, and kings among us, and deprive
the poor of all their rights, except the
right of paying taxes; this they would
drive to the utmost, and tax the people
as they are taxed in the old countries of
Europe.
Then there’s the Penitentiary; that’s
another precious instrument of the aris
tocracy. It just furnishes an excuse for
creating a few fat offices for their friends
and dependents, and then draws money
from the people to support them. Now
if the aristocracy shared the inside fa
vors oi the institution, as well as the
outside---that is to say, if tlie Central
Bank, and all its officers and directors
were shut up within its walls; if the A
thens College was sent there; together
with all the nullifiers, and a full moiety
of the aristocracy themselves,—then
we would say let it stand and prosper.
But there is nothing of this likely to
take place. Who ever heard of a rich
man being sent to the penitentiary? Let
one of the aristocracy be guilty of ever
so great crimes, and he has nothing to
do but go to the Central Bank and get
money and buy himself off. No, the ar
istocracy are too cunning to turn their
own engines of annoyance against
themselves. The Central Bank is for
the benefit of the rich, but the penitenti
ary is for the use ofthe people.
Thus then vve sec the true parties in
to which tlie state is divided—the aris
tocracy, and the people. On the one side
stand the nabobs, with their money,
their banks, their college, their peniten
tiary and their nullification,' and on the
other, stand the people. And what have
they to defend themselves with, against
the strong array against them? A’ billing
but the ballot box. But with this simple
weapon, wisely used, might they defeat
all their enemies. The troth is, so long
as the people have the control of the
ballot box, they have every thing.
But it is equally true that they are fre
quently bamboozled by their artful en
emies. Instead of using the ballot box
in their own defence, and for their own
protection, they only use it to confirm
the power of their adversaries. How
ever jealous the people may lie of the
aristocracy, yet on election days they
are wheedled into the inconsistency of
voting for those who are oppressing
them, and who are opposing their in
terests. It is because the people do not
sufficiently reflect upon the matter, and
are not sufficiently careful in ascertain
ing the true party to which candidates
belong. If when a candidate solicited
the suffrages of the people, lie should
avow that he belongs to the aristocr>
