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OLD SERIES, VOL. LXXV.
Cfronirle k ieutind.
HENRY MOOHE,
A. R. WRIGHT,
Railroad Intersection-.
Wo hare taken occaeion to urge
upon our readers—both those who are citizens,
and those who trade in this market—for they
are reciprocally interested—the importance of
prompt action in the completion of onr rail
road’ connections, to the end that we keep
pace with rival interests, and develop the legi
timate advantages resulting from our position
and resource*. Scatcely a single Individual of
ordinary comprehension, can now be found who,
whatever his earlier prejudices to the contrary
may have been— bas not become sati.fisd that
railroad intersect.o .s form the nucltii, around
which cluster the influences which build up
and sustain towns and cities—thus controlling,
as well as aiding the commercial development
of the section penetrated by them. They add
to the importance of towns ul ready in exist
ence, and often almost annihilate those who
ignore their importance, or chance to be re
moved from tbe magic chain of railroad inter
course. The cities of Atlanta and Worcester
have qfton been cited as Illustrations of the
results of making a given point a great rail
road centre. Instances almost without num
ber may be cited to show the blighting effects
of Isolation from railroad influences. The
neighboring town of Louisville, in Jcllerson
county, once the capital of tbe State, and one
of the most thrifty towns of the interior, in the
midst of a most intelligent and thrifty popu.
lation, entertaining the idea—prevalent at the
time—that railroads were ruinous to the inter
ests of towns and cities, petitioned for the lo
cation of the Central itoad ten miles from tbe
town, a distance deemed sufficient to prevent
contamination. The petition was granted,
and Louisville subsides into au lnsolated vil -
lage, We may furtber illustrate the point in
hand, by referring tp Marietta, which before
tbe State Itoad was built was the chief town
North of the Chattahoocboe.
No sooner had the rude and sterile hills of
Martbasville, with but a single log cabin to
mark its existence, been selected as the focal
point for the great railroad system oi the State'
than Atlanta rose like magic into a thriving
city, and Marietta, though possessing more
natural attractions than any town in the State,
iinds that her delicious clime and varied at
tractions go for nought in tbe scale against the
practical advantages which cluster around the
railroad intersection* of Atlanta. All the towns
along the lines which centre there, have be
come tributaries to tbe growth of the railroad
city. Madison, Covington, Nswnan,” Lafclrange,
and other towns have contributed to swell its
importance. Few of them have been injured,
and most of them have been largely benefited
by their contiguity to the railroad connections
which swell tbe importance ot the intersecting
-point. Such is ever the effect of giving to in
terior towns a railroad outlet, while the inter
secting points have invariably become distribu
ting point*, and therefore centres of population
—centres of commerce—centres of political
importance.
We give these illustrations, not because
they are the best, but because they tiro offered
at home where all can appreciate their force.
The North, and especially the groat West, are
full of examples. A sagacious judge once told
the people of Cincinnati that their city, with
all the advantages of the Ohio river, and with
nil its fertile lands und the enterprise which
distinguished her people, would be nothing,
absolutely insiguitloant without railroads. This
was the deduction of a sagacious miud, trained
to abstractions; but it was at the same time the
utterance of profound commercial wisdom. I'bu
maxim is indisputable, attested by experience
and euforced by numberless examples that rail
road intersections creole commercial and manufac
turin'/ centres. The smallest huckster coniirms
this truth, and acts upon it. lie will toll you
that ho goes to this place or that “because be
has a belter chance,’' which moans thatfacilis
ties extend the held, and utlord him a better
opportunity for profits. The merchant of the
most enlarged views Is governed by the same
principle, and prefers those markets whoso
Urieriun arms stretch out to grasp all the ad
vantages of competing neighbors.
We havo been led into tuis train of thought
no less by the interest manliest in railroad
connections in other cities than by the apathy
of our citizens in reference to enterprises al
ready commenced and to the projecliou of
others of importance to the progress of our
city. Let Augusta wake up. Let her citizens
wake her a great Railroad centre for ali terri
tory within her reach.
The European Belligerents.
Probably no contlict that has shocked conti
nental Europe in this ceutury has arrayed more
formidable belligerent elements than those
which comprise the parties to the opouing Ger
manic embroglio. The magnitude of the con
test imparts a peculiar interest to all the parties
to it, and a glance at their military resources,
though repeating, perhaps, some facts wi’h
which our readers have been made familiar,
will, we think, be of general interest and value.
Prussia—whose wily Prime Minister may be
said to be the leading instigator of the strug
gle—is no larger than the States of Georgia and
Alabama, having an area of 108,212 square
miles. It has a population of 19,304,843 souls
a homogenius German people, in race, lan
guage and religion. Her finances are in a
healthy condition, and her army, which is 200,-
000 strong in time of peace, has been rais-. and t.i
700,000 men. besides the Landwher, or militia
reserve, which is composed of those who have
served in the army. The navy consists of So
war vessels. The Prussians are a military peo
ple, having retained the martial spirit which
shines out so conspicuously in the grand strug
gle of Frederick the Great. Iu the recent war
with Denmark they displayed high military
qualities. Their army is supplied with the
most approved arms, and under the very best
discipline.
Au ia contaius nineteen provinces and
twelve distinct nationalities, with an area of
236,311 square miles, and a population of 36,-
795,000 souls. Her army is about 675,000
strong, with a navy somewhat less than that
of Prussia, consisting of 39 steamers and 20
sailing vessels, mounting about 800 guns. The
Emperor Francis Joseph is 36 years of affe,
highly esteemed by his subjects, and won mili
tary reputation in the Crimean war. Her fi
nances are not in good condition: her debt be
ing already over *1,000,000,000 and her an.
nual expenditures more than her revenues.
The Austrians make good soldiers, and the
Hungarian cavalry have historic fame. Aus
tria has apportioned her forces as follows ;
Two hundred thousand In the Quadrilateral
and Venetia, one hundred thousand in Dalma
tia, Frieste and the fortresses, and three hun
dred thousand men in the field. This places
her apparently at disadvantage, but all depends
upon the style with which they are wielded.
Italy, which is rushing into the conflict with
the characteristic ardor of her people, has an
area of 98,784 square miles, and a population
of 21,705,910 Her army, on a war footing i
consists of 400,000 men, and her navy of 115
men-cf-war and 2,439 guns. Victor-Einanuel,
King of Italy, is 46 years of age, and is the
son of King Charles Albert, of Sardinia, and
Archduchess Theresa, of Austria.
The smaller States composing the German
Confederation contain a population of 19,000 -
000 and an army ol 300,000. They will all
doubtless become involved m tbe struggle, and
thus about one hundred millions of men will
contend for the mastery of Central Europe,
with a prospect that if either get the advantage,
France on tbe one side and Russia on the
other, will step in to preserve-that favorite
theory of monarchists, “the balance of power,”
and possibly become directly involved in the
adjustment thereof.
Editorial Correspondence,
San dersvi lle, Ga., June 2G, 186 G.
Chronicle & Sentinel:
An adjourned term of the Superior Court for
this county is now in sessfonhere—Judge Wm.
M. Reese, of the Northern Circuit, presiding.
This term is held especially for the trial of
causes in which Judge Hook was of counsel
previous to his elevation to the Bench. There
are quite a number of cases for trial, as Judge
Hook, whose residence is here, had a very large
practice. I notice, among the members of the
Bar, Gov. Johnson and Maj J. B. Camming,
from your city ; Capt. Mercer, of the Savannah’
liar ; Hon. D. W. Lewis, of Sparta ; E. Cam
ming, Esq., of Irvinton; Solicitor-General
Whitehead and Col W. W. Montgomery, of
OoTtirabia. The local Bar of this place is a full
and very alia one. Prominent aipong them is-
Col. B. D. Evans, E. 8. Langmade, Esq., Lee
Wortheu, Esq., John Gilmer, B. W. Flournoy,
W. Robson, present member of tbe State Legis
ature, and Benjamin Jones, who has recently
beep elected County Jadgo.
The case of the State vs. T. J. Alford, for
murder, will be takeu up to-day. Quite a num
ber of able oounsel have been retained on both
sides, and the case excite? considerable inter-'
est in the community. The defendant was
tried in 18G2, and a verdict of guilty returned
by the jury. Counsel for tbo defence took the
case up to tiro Supreme Court and obtained an
order for anew trial.
TUB COURT HOUSE
In this county was destroyed by order of
Gen. Sherman, it is said, when his army passed
through hero in the Fall of 1864, The build
ing occupied the centre of a large and hand
some square in the heart of the town, and was,
without doubt, the finest building of tho sort
in the State. Tho people here prided them
selves very much upon the architectural beauiy
and finish of this splendid Temple of Justice.
When Sherman rodo into tho town the splen
dor of Us appearance attracted his attention,
and caused him to give It a close examination.
Upon'coming ont of the building he was heard
to say, “ This is too fine a house to be left stand
ing j” and in a few minutes it was enveloped in
flame*.
TUB RECORDS
of the Superior aud Inferior Court were all de
stroyed in tho Court House, and great embar
rassment has been experienced here in getting
the cases then pending restored to the dock
ets, and the proper papers and documents re
established. The records of tho Court of Or
dinary were all saved, through the exertions
oi Maj. Haywood Brookins, tho experienced,
polite, and indefatigable Ordinary for the coun
ty. '1 ho complete success of Maj. Brookins in
saving his records, shows that many valuable,
records, involving the tit-leß to many thousand
dollars worth of property, which were de
stroyed by Sherman’s angels in tbis State,
might have been saved if the proper efforts had
been made for their preservation.
TUB TOWN OP SANDERS VILLE
is situated on a very pretty elevation, three
miles East of No. 13, on the Central Railroad,
and contains some twelve or fifteen hundred
inhabitants. The town is very handsomely
laid out, and contains many fine residences and
houses of business. The Masons have a fine
Hall, three stories high, built of brick, which
prosente a fine appearance. There are two
handsome churohes and a commodious academy
building. The trade of tbe town before the
war, was very considerable, a large quantity
of cotton and other produce sought a market
here, aud the merchants did # a large and
thriving busiuess. The citizens of the county,
by joint efforts, built at very considerable ex
pense, some few years since, a large and com
modious hotel, at which 1 am now stopping.
Tho house is well kept by Green Whidden,
Esq,, the polite and accommodating lessee.
the Antral Georgian,
a weekly paper, Edited by John H. Gilmore,
Esq., is published here. It is one of the oldest
and best of the country paper* published in
the State. The circulation ot the paper, wo
were pleased to learn, is large, and is daily in
creasing. We commend it to the patronage
of your city merchants.
general txllson,
The commander of the Military District of
Qeorgia, and Chief of the Freedmen’a Bureau,
reached here yeste-day, and wo learn that he
gives the freedmeu a “talk” to-day. The ac
oouutß from the farmers in this county repre
t *l>e negroes as generally laboring very
vs. 1 Their labor is not so efficacious as before
emancipation,,btit their personal deportment is
Vfcry good.
The back is at the door waiting for this let
ter, aud I must close. I will write again to
morrow.
Insanity Among Negroes.
Richmond papers declare that insanity Is be
coming fearfully prevalent among the freed
men. During the month ot May some fifteen or
sixteen such unfortunates were placed in con
finement In that city, while, in former times,
that number would hardly have been tound in
five years. •
Insanity among this class of our population
is almost a necessary consequence in view of
surrounding circumstances and their manner
of life. Heretofore they had nothing to tax
their minds. Their masters cared for them in
sickness and in health—and they were not even
called upon to anticipate trouble, or misfor
tuue in any possible shape. Os course, there
were exceptions to this general rule—only a
lew, however. Thus watched over, the negro
was never schooled to contend with the changes
Os fortune, c# to work out plans by which to
surmount difficulties. This is anew and bur
densome woik to them, and the majority are
ill at ease in accomplishing it. Nothing teDds
more p urely to the utter demoralization of men
tban hunger, and this combined with feeble
health and perplexing circumstances has a
very damaging effect upon itie brain cf the
stronger, much less the weaker. Debauchery
and other things too numerous to mention,
must work an inevitable result among the less
favored of the freedmen.
Botany Collegiate Institute.
‘ Messrs. Editors : I cannot revert to a day,
for a long time past, which was spent on my
part, with more unalloyed pleasure than that
maiked in the calander as Thursday, the 21st
of Jane. Availing myse’f of the Invitation ex
tended to the numerous friends and patrons of
Bethany Collegiate Institute and the commu
nity at large, by Mr. L. A. Murphy, the Prin
cipal, to attend the commencement exercises of.
that institution of learning, I .drove to the
village of Bethany at an early hour on the
morning of the day mentioned. Many citizens
had already assembled and were gtouped in
social conversation uuder the adjacent shady
oaks. The play grounds and the open space
around the College Building was thronged
with little girls and boys, and many youDg
gentlemen and ladies, most oi them with books
in their hands, tripping along with lightsonle
haste and joyous anxiety, passing or crossing
each others paths going to or from their resi
dences and the school- rooms. Everything in -
dicated a gala, day df unusual interest and im
portance to tbe little community whose usual,
monotonous routine of studies was seldom bro
ken save by the passing of some pleasure car
riage or market wagon. The day was a little
waim but beautiful and calm and bright, and
the scene was one ot rural beauty, entivenod
by the gay animation of civilization and refine
ment.
At nine o’clock the College bell called the
students and visitors to the school-rooms, and
the exercises commenced in the presence of
the largest audience that had ever assembled
there for a similar purpose, of the intelligence,
wealth and refinement of a populous district,
and ono continuing rapidly to increase in popu
lation.
The lower classes were first examined in
their studies, followed by those more advanced
aud progressing to _ the highest branches of
learning taught in the institution, consisting
of English Grammar, Mathematics, Historyi
Geography, Natural and Moral Philosophy and
the Latin and French languages. With scarce
ly an exception the scholars showed a thorough
knowledge of their studies as far as they had
advanced, and that what they were taught was
thoroughly taught. M.r. Murphy’s plan of
examining his classes was after the good old
timo mannor. No particular portions of their
studies had bean selected for the occasion, aud
carefully coursed, as is too often tho case, but
they were examined promiscuously throughout
their entire course, and yet very few questions
were incorrectly answered. Mr. Murphy ob
served that he should fear a charge of decep
tion wore his scholars, without exception, to
answer every question correctly in the presence
of such an assembly. Yet I bear cheerful tes
timony that in so large a school I have never
seen more promptness and accuracy in the an
swers.
Between tho dismissal and calling of classe 8
the audience was regaled with music on the
piano, performed successively by each of the
students of music. That Department, it may
be proper to remark, is, and has been, from the
first establishment of the Institute, under the
tuition of Mrs. Maey J. Daniel, a highly inT
teilectual, accomplished, and most amiable
lady—a daughter oi our old friend, the late
Rev. Russell Reuneau, for many years a pre
siding Elder of the Methodist Church, and at
one time editor of a Whig paper in Atlanta,
and memorable among many of his friends for
a singular intellectual contest with that “little
villain,” Raymond, of the New York Times,
in the National Convention which nominated
Gen. Scott for the Presidency. It was doubt
less, as gratifying to Mrß. S, as it was pleasant
and entertaining to the audienco, to see the
proficiency of many of her present and late pu
pils, greeted as they wore, with such marked
applause, for their performances. Without
detracting in the least manner from the merits
of any of the young lady performers, I cannot
pass on without noticing particularly those of
Mrs. Daniel's little daughter, Alice, Miss A. L.,
Miss C. W., and Miss J. S. The threo latter
very beautiful aud accomplished young ladies.
Miss W. was the admired and lovely Queen of
the recent May festival. The latter, Miss S.,
closes with this term her educational career.
May the future of tho present happy lives of
these Interesting youug ladies be as fortunate
to them, as indulgent nature has been to their
gifted minds and charming persons.
Tho exercises of the classes closed about half
an hour after noon, when the scholars and
visitors proceeded to the grove of oaks former
ly within the enclosure of the old Bethany
Camp Ground, where in Lang Syne the hymns
of praiso had often ascended amidst the gloom
of its dark green foliage. Here was presented
“tables that groaned with the weight of the
fea°t,” that gave evidence of anything but a'
starving population. And here also was dis
played in all its brilliancy, a sample of what
Bethany and its environs can do in the way of
“beautiful women and brave men”—for cer
tainly brave men were there, who had often
stood firm to the furious and deadly onset of.
the battle, and many a gallant fellow carried
the honorable marks of his indomitable cour
age. While the occasion, doubtless, called to
their minds, for a saddened moment, the ab
sence of some of their less fortunate, but no
less heroic comrades.
The vicinity ot Bethany has long been cele
brated for its handsome women ; fresh and
blooming as the green fields ajjd flower-gardens
of their country residences. Few cities can
produce a congregation of greater female love
liness, and no rural district can surpass it. I
do net think the society of this portion of
Jefferson county can ever be improved in the
chaste beauty of its women, or that a higher
refinement can make it more happy. It is, in
almost every respect, one of the most desirable
sections for a family residence I know of any
where. And, Messrs. Editors, >1 you have any
sorrowing bachelor friend, who will not be
comforted where he is, advise him to take a
tiight due South from your fair city, and alight
in this neighborhood, where, I think, he may
be cured of his old afflictions, or, perhaps, ex
change them for anew and more pleasant va
riety.
The off as all good dinners will
pass off. where every one is determined to en
joy themselves, and make others do the same,
if possible. It would be a curious and laughs
able medley, no doubt, if one could collect all
that was said by belles and beaux, dames and
demoiselles, at such a time, while contributing
to the general pleasure ot the occasion. There
would be some nonsense, likely enough ; but
that is not to be wondered at in gossiping and
love -making. Besides,
“A little nonsense now and then
Is relished by the wisest men.”
After a recess of an hour or two, we were
again assembled ia the school-rooms ; and the
afternoon was consumed in listening to ad
dresses and speeches bj the young gentlemen
and the reading of compositions by some ten or
a dozen young ladies. Some ot the composi
tions were very creditable to the hearts and
heads of their authors. Some fine vocal and
instrumental music interspersed the exercises ;
AUGUSTA, GA., WEDNESDAY MORNING. JULY 4, 1866.
at the close of which Winder Johnson,
Eeq., was introduced by the Principal, and
delivered a very chaste and impressive address
upon the subject of Education, which was high
ly applauded.
Thus closed the Examination; and after
again partaking of a light but elegant collation
of various sweetmeats, cakes, fruit, &c., pre
pared by the ladies, just before sunset, the
day’s labors and- pleasures were finished with
the acting, by the students of both sexes, of
several comic pieces, dialogues, songs, &c.—
Nor did the laughter and merriment cease>
till near the “weesma’ hours ayontthe twal,’’
when the large assemblage of tbe patrons and
friends of the Institution separated amid gen- 1
erai hilaruy and good humor, well pleased
with everything and everybody.
I will take the occasion to state, in conclu
sion, for the information of those interested in
education—and who is not ?—that there has
existed an excellent High School at -Bethany
for several years ; and its present advance
ment to the higher order of a Collegiate Insti
tute opens for it a wide field, and a high career
of usefulness. It has been under the general
supervision of the Masonic Fraternity, of which
there is a large and flourishing Lodge at Beth
any. The Institute is located in the Southern
part of Jefferson county, within one mile of
the 108th mile post on the Central Railroad,
where a Postoffice and Depot are about being
established. The location is one of unques
tioned health ; and I believe the only one be
tween that point and Savannah easy of access.
The society, for morals and all the social re-'
quisites for a good neighborhood, is unsur
passed. And at this time, when circumstances
beyond our control have changed so radically
one of our domestic systems, and which will
force upon us more imperatively the necessity
of educating the rising generation, parents and
guardians cannot be too strongly directed to
institutions of learning like this, which effer
such admirnbie means for educating their
children and wards. Mr. L. A. Murphy, the
Principal, is a graduate, I believe, of Midway
University, and combines with the erndition
of the scholar many of the highest attributes
of a good and successful teacher, as is mani
fested by the rapid and thorough advancement
of his pupils, and the universal satisfaction he
has given to the patrons of the Institution.
B.
[communicated j ,
Some of tbe Resonrces of Georgia.
As the great civilizer ot the age, the press
perhaps, ranks first, owing to its vast individ
ual and general influences. When abused it
becomes a hydra-headed tyrant, swaying'the
worst passions of men to its peculiar views,
but when used by the equity of calm reasoning,
human happiness, the great desideratum of life,
follows as a result of its agency. Being a ve
hicle of the selfish passions of men, which are
ordained by Providence to promote the welfare
of society, I propose, Mr. Editor, to nse it in
order to induce the enterprising and industri
ous to seek a theatre for personal aggrandize
ment, as well as to bring forth the resources of
our noble State.
The State of Georgia, by gave her
public lands to her citizens in that part of the
Stare known as Southwestern Georgia. They
wore laid off in large tracts, the lota of some
counties containing four hundred and ninety
acres. At that time these lands were thought
to be worthless, and many fortunate drawers
of these laud lotteries never granted them, that
is, paid tho sum of five dollars for the grant.
About 1830, speculators begaq to buy up
these lands, principally situated between the
Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. In a short
time they were populated with emigrants from
this and other States, and so rapid were theim
provements that in 1861, Savannah, Macon,Co
lumbus, Albany and Ft. Gaines were connected
by railroads. Also a road direct from Savannah
to Thomasviiie, and one from Macon to Bruns
wick projected and partially completed. An
other from Brunswick to Waresboro was fin
ished as far as Tebeauville, where it intersects
the Savannah. Albany and Gulf railroad. So
many of these great arteries of trade, so
recently made in anew country, prove con
clusively its great importance. I should have
mentioned that east of Flint river the country
is fast assuming the same air ot importance as
on the west. The great and little Satilla rivers
which flow in the harbor of Brunswick, offer a
speedy and cheap transportation to one of tho
best ports on the coast of the United States.—
The Federal Government purchased an island
in the harbor in 1856, for the purpose of
establishing a navy yard, which has deservedly
given it some prestige of value. With a men
tion of these outlets for the productions, I will
rehearse some of the very remarkable natural
advantages of some counties lying contiguous
to these roads and rivers. Appling, Wayne-
Pierce, Coffee, Telfair, Ware, Clinch, Lowndes
and Brooks, are yet sparsely settled, owing, in
a great measure, to the late war. The charac,
teristic timber growth of these counties is tho
yellow pine, which has proclaimed and main
tains its supremacy as a prince among vege -
tation, Its growth here is very abundant, as
much so as in any State South, and in size and
quality, unsurpassed. All are familiar with
the greatest source of wealth to North Caro
lina—“tar, pitch and turpentine”—but this
section of our State promises te ‘’filch” from
old Rip Van Winkle “his own good name.’’ In
a short time Brunswick will rival Wilmington,
if not win for itself the enviable reputation of
being the largest lumber mart in the world.
The convenience of its location to these vast
untouched pine forests, and the facilities for
transporting lumber to it or Savannah
present alone sufficient inducements to
tbe enterprising capitalist. But for the
Southerner, impoverished by the war, or
the emigrant, it was never surpassed by the
long favored land of “milk and honey,”—Ca
naan was not a circumstance. The only dis
advantage is to Doctors of Medicine, that is, if
they * depended on a sickly population for a
livelihood, for starvation would stare them in
the face ; in fact, no country was ever more
healthy.
The greatest and best advantages of these
counties are in the products of agriculture,
among the most stable of which are corn, oats,
rye and peas. Here are the bases of operation
for the farmer to make sweet potatoes enor
mous in size, and whose name is legion—for
him to make his sea island cotton, so much
greater in value than the shorter staple, (known
as inland.) for the soil is peculiarly adapted to
this variety, and produces it finely. The West
India sugar cane is grown by every planter, so
that 6ugar and eyrup are made sufficiently to
supply the wants of the country about. One
of the most surprising products of this conntry
Is the upland rice, which is planted in exhaust*
ed lands in checks or hills, and with two work
ings yield from thirty to fifty bushels per acre
and of a superior quality. So large a yield of
the world-important grain, and the recent con
firmation of Sherman’s order by Congress, re
taining the negroes in possession of the fines*
rice lands, and so little good being expected of
these people, another locality is presented for
the transfer of the producß
The pea-nut is planted among the corn, and
never gathered sard for seed, but left for the
hogs to Red on during the winter. The oil
from this nufe.-is almost equal to that of the
olive. TbiSi together with the sweet potatoes
in great abundance, are the corn-saving ele
ments in fattening pork. The mulberry of
Lombardy does’ not flourish in greater pro
fusion than here, and from its very prolific
yield.of fruit daring four months of the year,
the pigs and poultry enjoy an annual desert and
thrive in a manner suitable to the most epi
curism taste. This being suggestive of fruit,
I will say that the peach, grape and melon
are reared to great perfection.
The wire; grass is the only form of pastur
age presented, but it nutritive qualities is not
behind that of timothy or blue grass, and the
extensive forests are one great meadow, on
wWeb* tti» -native* cattle feed from May until
December. They are during this period as
fine beeves as produced in any country or sold
in any market, though smaller with respect to
size. They multiply rapidly and require no
more attention than do these of the Northern
praries. Sheep are the stock which make the
best return, doubling their numbers every two
years and continue in excellent condition for
tan months of the twelve.' They are never
housed or fed. No effort as yet has been made
to improve the native treed, but when it is
done the rearing of sheep # will provo the most
lucrative occupation in the country.
Thus, Mr. Editor, I present faithfully and
truthfully theyesun;s ot close observation and
inquiry, and I predict that 'this portion of
Georgia will noe the grandest legacy of her
citizens, *• * h,
J9TTII?«9 FROM THE CAPITAL.
[FROM our own correspondent.]
Washington, June 22.
More than a week ago it was foreshadowed
in this correspondence that trouble would in
evitably grow out of the insolent atti ide of
the Radical majorities in Congress mre .rd to
the Constitutional amendment recentlj Missed
by a two thirds vote in both Houses, ibe ro
sult has verified my prediction. The friends
of the Amendment, flushed with i.liei/ extraor
dinary success in carrying their pet measure
through Congress by a vote whic gathered
in, all tke recent stragglers
from the Republican camp, determined amongst
themselves, upon ft ,
A BOLD ATTEMPT TO EVADE THE rRESIDENT®pISAP
PROVAL. (
With this view, they mado arrangeßiM'ijby
which the Joint Resolution
proposed Article, was formally fimPrfjpiie
State Department, as a perfected a- ,
gress, without having been sent tcjjyfi-esi
dent at all. Their next step was juqidoph
concurrent resolution directing
to transmit the proposed • Amendm?^; t< -
Executives of the several States, iuSPv.'de
it might receivo the ratification oft, es >r
of the Legislatures, requisite to gi va •. i ’
as a part of the constitution.' I. **s« t ...
ning and carefully devised schem // , jtfS
examination, that, technically, tbsi posn
the Radicals was correct. Strictly speaking,
the joint resolution proposing a constitutional
amendment does not require the signature of
the President. Yet, in the past, it has always
been the custom, by courtesy, to submit
such joint resolutions, in common with other
Acts of Congress, to the Executive, on the
principle, perhaps, that if his approval does
not add to the’r force, it can certainly do
nothing to weaken it. This was the first in
stance in the legislative history of tho country,
in which there had existed any
DOUBTS AS TO THE PRESIDENT’S ACTION.
The Radicals were resolved to avoid the risk
of letting their amendment encounter the vig
orous and stubborn logic in which tho Presi
dent always clothes his obj -ctions to any meas
ure submitted to his judgment, and they there
fore carried out tho plan I have explained
above, regardless of iho glaring discourtesy
which it involved towards the Chief Magistrate
of the nation. Their object was to gag his
official utterance, and they were rather pleased
than otherwise at the slight that they were
thus inflicting upon him, in the effort to accom
plish their end.
Thus things stood until to-day, and the head
devils of the Radical organization were com
placently exchanging congratulations and lusti
ly crowing over the success of their scheme to
out wit the great Tennesseean. Theirs, how
ever, was
A SHORT-LIVED TRIUMPH.
They knew not the nerve and self-confidence
of Andrew Johnson. They had done their best
to ignore him ; out he would not be ignored.
They had strives to snub him; but he refused
to stay snubbed. They imagined that they
had gagged him; but to-day his voice, raised in
solemn tones of warning against the insidious
proposal of a Ramp Congress, reverberates
throughout the land, wherever the wires can
flash the patriotic eloquence of his message,
A SCENE ON THE FLOOR OF CONGRESS—RECEPTION
OF THE MESSAGE.
I chanced to te present in the galleries of the
House of Repiesentatives when the message
was received and read. It was a complete
surprise. Words can scarcely convey any ade
quate idea of the rage and dismay of the lead
ers of the House is sentence after sentence of
Executive rebuke came pealing upon them in
tbe sonorous tones of tho Reading Clerk, pierc
ing their sophistries, as round shot tears through
the ranks of an ill-disciplined battalion. It
was plain enougi to any observer that they
felt the crushing force of the President’s objec
tions, so tersely ana yet so courteously pre
sented. They kaew, as the last words of the
document, “Signed, Andrew Johnson,” rung
in their ears, hat they sounded the death
knell of the ameidment. If there ever was a
chance that so itiquitous an enactment could
receive the sanction of three fourths of the
States of this Union, that chance is now, I trust,
destroyed. It was exceedingly amusing to
hear the
MALI INAST UTTIBANCES
of the bitterest cf the enemies of the President,
in commenting amongst themselves upon the
style in which, unasked, he had entered into
their game aud delivered check-mate. Said
one, “It amounts to this, that Andy Johnson
is ; nt willing to recognize tho validity of any
act we may pass, until the rebel traitors are
admitted here amongst us to legislate for the
loyal people of this country !’ : Another opined
that “The next thing we shall see will be the
rebel representatives escorted to their ‘vacant
seats’ by Presidential bayonets !” These are
fair specimens of the familiar comments of the
Badicals upon the message. But most provok
ing of all to their ears was the cool, business
like style in which the President condescends
to “waive the question as to the constitutional
validity of the proceedings of Congress.” That,
they think, was the unkindest cut of all.
BIDDING FOR TLNNESsBE.
Although much disheartened by this terrible
and unexpected blow from the President, the
party-managers hero do not despair, as yet, of
being able to induce Tennessee to ratify the
proposed amendment. With this endorsement
at the hands of a Southern State these wily
tricksters hope to save their project before the
Northern Legislatures, where, otherwise, its
fate would be worso than doubtful. To win
Tennessee, nothing that desperate and unscru
pulous men c.-.n do will be left undone. The
aid of “Governor” Browalow and the Tennes
seo Rump Legislature is confidently counts
upon ; and the support of most of the Tennes
see Representatives, who remain here, waiting
to get ; nto the much coveted seats, has been
bought by liberal promises. Occupying a bad
eminence amongst these representatives, stands
Horace Maynard, who has lately become an
enthusiastic convert to extreme radicalism.
He will do all he can to barter his adopted
State (for he is, originally, a down-easter) for
a mess of Federal pottage ; but I trust that
Tennessee will yes have thd firmness to hear
ken to the warning of tho greatest ot her liv
ing sons-the honored occupant of the White
House.
Towering far above ail other financial and
commercial topics in interest to the Southern
people at this time stands
the uotton question.
The majority in the House of Representa
tives, I heer, are quite wroth at the action of
the Senate in cutting down the internal cotton
tax from five to two cunts per pound. The
differences of opinion of the two Houses on
this subject will eventually bo referred to a
Committee of Conference ; and the upshot of
tbe matter will probably be a compromise
upon a tax of three cents per pound.
And while ou this subject, I must not omit
to notice an adufirable letter on the profits of
cotton raising, under the new condition o
things, communicated to the National Intel
ligencer of to day by Milton Brown. Mr.
Brown, who ie President of (he Mobile & -Ohio
Railroad, which runs through Alabama, Ten
nessee, Mississippi and Kentucky and which
passes through more cotton fields, than any
other road, ia evidently au fait iu the matter
about which he writes. He sums up his con
clusion in the following propositions :
First. During the existence of slavery the
largest portion of tho income of planters was
from the increase and growth of slaves.
Second, The actual profits made on raising
cotton, when separated from the increase and
growth of negroes, was not greater than the
profits made on wheat, corn, mules, cattle, &c.,
in the free States.
Third, Slavery being abolished, the planter
must rely for his future income solely on the
products of the soil. The soil in the South is
being cultivated by free labor, and the pro
ducts of the soil produced by free labor can no
more bear taxation in the South than in the
North.
It was by reasoning of this character that the
Senate was induced to fix the cotton tax at
’ vo, instead of five cente. •
t
THE MEXICAN QUESTION.
{'«ve may believe what every body save, is a
•tion no longer. “The nephew of his un
. ' las re-iterated in the most solemn and
it mariner to the U. S. Minister his in
;• to withdraw bis French troops from
: and Vend no more to replace them.
W.eU be doeb this, the Maximilian Empire,—
so every body tells us—must tumble over as a
matter of course ; and then we shall have an
other joily anarchical republic on our conti
nent onca more ; and tho Mexicans will be re
mitted to the chronic misrule and disorder
which have been their inheritance of woe from
time immemorial. Wo shall see.
Butternut.
Washington, June 24.
Ths impatience of “the assembled wisdom of
the Nation” to get homo has been increasing,
of late in an exact ratio with the heat of the
weather an J the many other discomforts inci
dent to
SUMMER LIFE IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL.
The present temper of Congress on the sub
ject of adjournment renders it quite certain
that the present session will be brought to a
close by the middle of July, at the farthest;
and, indeed, there is a very respectable minor
ity, both in the Senate and in the House, who
are clamorous for such action as will enable
them to spend tho “glorious Fouth’’ with their
constituents. Probably the hard-working
members and the legislative drones will com
promise upon an adjournment about the tenth
or twelfth of July. When the flags which,
floating from either wing of the capital build
ing, announce the presence of the co-ordihate
branches of the National Legislature, shall
have been hauled down for the last time during
the First Session of tho Thirty-Ninth Congress,
there will be a sudden scattering of the thous
ands of strangers now gathered together with
in our city limits, and Washington will be left
to the dust and wonted dullness of the dog
days. The hordes of Congressional hangers-on
will disperse to their homes, if they have any
we shall miss tho smirks and smiles ol the gen
tlemen of the lobby, now all hard at work,
like so many leeches seeking to bleed the pub
lic treasury ; the great hotels which dot the
Avenue will shorten by half their huge dining
tables, and assume that air of dreariness and
desertion which they always wear during “the
recess,” the Executive and other fashionable
receptions will cease ; the Theatres will close
their doors, and those of the residents ot the
city who cannot afford to hie away to the
watering' places, must content themselves with
such diversion as they can find in the inter
change of social courtesies amongst themselves
and the enjoyment of the semi-weekly prome
nade concerts of the Marine Band, which, from
time immemorial, it has been the custom of
the Government to provide gratis for the
amusement of the denizens of Washington in
the summer time, Such is the dull prospect
before us. Meantime, Congress is evidently
determined to make the most of
THE LAET THREE WEEKS OF THE SESSION.
It has been determined to dispense with the
ridiculous fashion of devoting the sessions of
Saturdays exclusively to frothy political har
angues and radical buncombe ; and the remain
ing Saturdays, like the other week days, wil
be spent in the labor of Legislation. The re
marks appear to feel that the reign of taikj is
over and the time for work begun. The com
mittees are all busy closing up their reports’
and, in the House, measure after measure is
despatched with a celerity hitherto unkaowa
during the session. The last ten days previous
to the adjournment will probably include a
very heavy mass ot legislation, and during
that period there will be a corresponding in
crease of the interest which attaches to the
proceedings. During the pa3t week, the Sen
ate as wtil as the House of Representa
tives, besides disposing of a very large num
ber of private bills, have taken action upon
several measures ot a public character, some of
which possess features of interest to the South
ern reader. The Senate, in jiasing.
THE NEW FREEDMEN’S BCRBAC BILL
which originated in the House, has made a
very considerable reduction in tho various
items of appropriation which the bill includes
""cutting dowu the aggregate sum appropria-
NEW SERIES, VOL. XXV NO. 27.
ted for the Bureau, from eleven to nine mil
lions. But even this latter amount ia regard
ed by the mass of tho Northern tax-payers as
an enormous imposition upon the Government,
and, in tho approaching October elections, the
responsibility of continuing the existence of an
institution so burdensomelito the people at
large as this Bureau, will be one of the heav
iest weights that the Republican party candi
eates wtll have to carry ia the race.
POLITICAL CHANGE i EXPECTED.
From the indications, so tar, it is admitted
on all hands the Fall elections will increase
the numerical strength of the Democrats on the
floor pf the House of Representatives,) now
consisting of barely thirty-three members) to
at least eighty, and perhaps ninety members.
Besides theßo, it is expected that a
large of the [present „ Radical
Representatives will have 1 to yield their
seats to Republicans of more conservative
views. So that, unless some unexpected issues
should ariso to change the current of popular
sentiment, there is every probability that, in
tho next Congress, the present overwhelming
Radical majority, if not reduced to a minority,
will at least bo effectually neutralized and
stript of all its power sos mischief. The clauses
of the new bill for the re-organization of
THE UNITED STATES STANDING ARMY,
which declares the ineligibility of the late
rebels to army appointments of any grade are
exceedingly stringent, and bears the traces of
the malicious bitterness of that hoary fanatic,
who never loses an opportunity to inflict a
blow upon the South—l mean Tbaddeuß Ste
vens. The practical result of the bill, if it
should become a law, would be to make the
Northern people, as far as the army is con
cerned, a superior and privileged claes. But I
am glad to Bay that there is every reason to
bolieve that the Senate will summarily reject
the measure.
.MERE MENTION.
The House has passed a bill “to establish a
National Bureau of Education.” It is nothing
more nor lesß than a scheme to give fat offices
to half a dozen threadbaro and dilapidated
Yankee School masters, whoso nominal duty
will bo the collection of educational statistics.
Harris, the lion-hearted representative from
Maryland, whose recent speech in the Mouse
attracted eo much attention, has declined a re
election .
Tho Senate has passed a joint resolution to
provide for the publication of a “History of
the Rebellion,” to be compiled from the official
records.
Tho Assistant Commissionership of the Freed
men’s Bureau for Florida has been vested in
Gen Foster.
Secretary Staunton has been quite sick, but
is getting better.
Dead Duck Forney has annonneed himself as
a candidate for U. S. Senator from Pennsyl
vania. Butternut.
Decimal System of Weights and measures.
Congress having passed a bill legalizing a
decimal system of weights and measures simi
lar to that of France, the following tables,
comprising the French measures in inches,
feet, and grains, will be valuable, if tbe sys
tem shall, as some predict, supercede that now
ia use :
LONG MEASURE.
Inches.
10 millimetres make 1 centimetre 0.393809
10 centimetres make 1 decimetre 3.938091
10 decimetres make 1 metre 39.38091
10 metres make I deaimetre 308.80917
10 decimetres make 1 hecatometre 3938.0917
10 hecatomotres make 1 chiliometro 39380,917
SQUARE MEASURE.
Squere feet.
10 millares make 1 centare 10.7698
10 centares make 1 decimare 107.698
10 decimares make 1 are 1079.98
10 ares make 1 decare 10768 SO
10 decares make 1 hecatare 107698.00
SOLID MEASURE. ,
Cubic feet.
10 millisteres make 1 centistere 0.35374
10 centisteres make 1 decistere 3 5375
10 decisteres make 1 stero 35.375
10 steres make 1 decastere 353.75
10 decasteres make 1 hecatostere 3537.50
10 hectatosteres make 1 chilistere 35375.0
LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE.
Cubic inches.
10 millilitres make 1 centlllitre 0.6707
10 centillitres make 1 decilitre 6.7074
10 decilitres make 1 litre 97 074
10 litres make 1 decalitre 670.74
10 decalitres make 1 hecatolitre 6707.40
10 hecatolitres make 1 chiliolitre 67074.00
WEIGHTS.
Trey grains.
10 milligrammes make 1 centigramme 0.15433
10 contigrammes make 1 decigramme 1.54332
10 decigrammes make 1 gramme 15.48315
10 grammes make 1 decagramme 154 8315
10 decagrammes make 1 becatogramme 1543.315
10 hecatogrammes make 1 chilio
gramme 15433 15
Bishop Qulutard and the Negro.
The Bishop of Tennessee, who served
through the late war as Confederate Chaplain,
has inaugurated a movement in regard to the
freedmen, which ought to convince even the
most prejudiced and purblind Radical that the
South intends to do justice to the black race,
and that it is no idle boast when our people
declare themshlves the “best friends” of their
former slaves.
Bishop Quintard, in his annual address to
his Diocesean Convention, recommends tbe
amplest provision to be made for the education
of the blacks. He goes even farther than
this. He recommends that, after a while,
when tho fruits of education begin to develops
themselves, a number of the more intelligent
young freedmen shall be selected and pre
qmred for the ministry. The idea, dovbtlesa, is
to give the colored people a fair chance to
organize and establish, as a branch of “the
Catholic Apostolic Church” and auxiliary to
it, a Church of their own, with their own
teachers and preachers.
State Items.
The revival in the Baptist and Methodist
Churches in Macon still continues. Last Bun
day ten persons were baptized in the Baptist
Church. About thirty persons have joined the
Mulberry street Methodist Church recently,
and one nundred during the year.
The young men of Macon held a meeting on
Monday evening for the purpose of organizing
a debating society.
“There never haa been as poor a prospect
in Heard for a cotton crop. What little came
up from the old seed and did not die, locks
badly, and numbers of the farmers have plow
ed up and planted com. The corn crop looks
tolerably well, considering the great quantity
of rain. The wheat crop is only tolerable,
though better than it was supposed it would
be.” '
An advertisement lately appeared headed
“iron bedsteads and bedding.” We suppose
the linen must be sheet-iron.
AdmirarLennock, just dead in England, at
the age of nioety-one, entered the British Navy
as Captain’s servant, on board the frigate
Blanche.
At Trenton, N. J., a few days ago, the Grand
Jury indicted two membeis of the last btate
Legislature, and three lobbyists, for corrup
tion.
TBE WAR Vi EUROPE.
Three Pays Later Sen's.
Oar space forbids more than a few items from
the deeply interesting foreign news, which
reached us late on yesterday :
Protest of Austria.
Count Mensdorff has sent a note to Count
Karolyi, protesting against the entry of the
Prussians into Holstein, declaring this step to
be a violation of the Gasten Convention, which
treaty existed in right until a definitive settles
ment of the question of the Duchies was
arrived at. It denies also that Austria has
violated existing treaties by her declarations
at the Federal Diet. This declaration is not
contrary to the Treaty of Gastein, since that
treaty contains nothing respecting a definite
settlement ot the question. Austria throws
the responsibility for the consequences upon
Prussia, and reserves to herself her liberty of
action tor the future.
The Prussians Advancing.
Vienna dispatches of the 9th, 10th, 11th and
12th, allude to the advance of the Prussians,
through Bramstedt, Horst, Itzehoe, ani Al
tona.
Hanover gave permission for the Austrian
Kalik brigade to pass through her territory,
and to make use of the Hanoverian railway.
A dispatch of the 12th states that all the
Austrian troops have evacuated Holstein, and
have marched toward Harburg. The Duke of
Augustenburg left yesterday oveniag, and Gen.
Von Gablenz early this morning.
Vienna, June 12—Evening.—Gen. Von Gab
lenz had originally received orders to main
tain his position in Altona, but under all cir
cumstances to avoid firing tho first shot. The
General declared, in reply, that the Prussian
troops being six times superior in number to
his own, the order was impracticable; and that
either the Austrian brigade must be sacrificed
or withdrawn. It was thou that Gen. Gablenz
was instructed to retire.
Twenty-six members of the Holstein Estates
have entered a protest against the arrest by
the Prussians of Herr Lesser, tho Holstein
Government Commissioner.
Gen. Von Gablenz, having by order of the
Vienna Cabinet declined the summons of Gen.
Von Manteuifei to reestablish ajeommon ad
ministration in the Duchies and to withdraw
the one-sided convocation of the Holstein
Estates, Gen. Von Manteuffel has appointed
Baron VonScheel-Plessen as chief President of
anew Government for the two Duchies. Bar
on Von Scheel Plessen has issued a proclaraat
tion stating that Gen. Von Manateuffel will
proceed against any acts which the Prussian
Government may regard as illegal either on
the part of the former Government of Holstein
or of the Estates about to meet.
Regdiburg, June 10.—Geo. Von Manteuffel
has issued a proclamation to the Iloisteinera
to-day.
He says that he recognizes the orderly con
duct of the Holsteiners upon the entry of the
Prussian troops. He orders that all political
societies are to be dissolved, and suspends tho
publication of ail political newspapers unpro
vided with legal authorization until such au
thorization be gi anted. The General proceods
to announce that the Holstein Government,
which had been appointed by the Austrian au
thorities, is dissolved. Baron Scheei-Plessen
assumes the civil administration as Chief Pres
ident of both Duchies, under the authority of
the highest military power, with residence at
Kiel.
The proclamation states, in conclusion, that
it is the intention of the King of Prussia, ip
conformity with the principle of the unity of
Duchies, to convoke the estates of Schleswig
and Holstein in order to prepare this unity.
The necessary preparations for the convocation
have already been made.
The Prussian Representative in the Federal
Diet repudiates - the charge that Prussia de
signs to annex the Duchies by force, and de
clares that Austria has, by her declaration «f
the Ist of J une, violated the engagement made
between the two powers.
The Austrian Representative denied that
Austria had violated the foregone treaties.
Appeal of Austria to the lliet.
The entrance of Prussian troops into Holstein
was announced in the Diet, and the Austrian
Representative declared that the Diet was
bound to prevent Prussia, as a member of the
Bund, from acts of aggression or self-redress.
He moved that the whole of the Federal army,
except the Prussian contingent, be mobilized.
Reply of Prussia.
Prussia has officially declared that if the mo
tion for mobolization prevails, she will consider
the Germanic Confedertdion dissolved, and be
guided only by motives of military expe
diency.
Austria, on the other hand, now proposes
the convention of a national Parliament, and
the establishment ot a Directory, to consist of
three members. A minister of Hesse Darm
stadt had stated in the Legislature that the
Federal Diet would soon recognize the Prince
of Augustenburg as Duke of Holstein.
An Interesting Case.— The following inter
esting case, unavoidably crowded out of our
issue of yesterday, was decided on Monday by
R. J. Morgan, special judge, who was appoint
ed to decide the case owing to a legal disabili
ty of the presiding Chancellor respecting the
case. The facts are as follows : Sarah Green,
by George Fleece, her next friend, vs. Robert
L. Smith and others. Sarah DeGraffenreid
married Solmon Green. At the date of the
marriage, her father by parol, gave to her
several negroes, which her husband took into
possession, and held for more than three years.
Afterwards her father made a written gift of
the same slaves to her sole and separate
use, free from the control and liabili
ties of her husband. Her husband’s
creditors obtained judgment against him
to the amount of $4,800, and had their
execution levied on the negroes. She filed a
bill claiming the negroes, and seeking to en
join their sale under the execution. C. C.
Gleaves became her surety on the injunction
bond. In November, 1860, the Chancery
Court gave a final decree, declaring the slaves
subject to the execution and ordering the cierk
and master to sell them to satisfy the credi
tor’s claims, and if the negroes were not de
livered to him on demand, then declaring the
complainant and her surety on the injunction
bond liable. The complainant appealed to
the Supreme Court; that court at the April
term, 1861, affirmed the decree of the Chancel
lor, and remanded the cause to the Chancery
Court for further proceedings. The procedendo
from the Supreme Court was filled July Ist,
1861. Cleaves then took -possession of
the slaves, and tendered them to the clerk
and master repeatedly during tha fali and win
ter, but be declined to receive them. The
Chancery Court held its regular session in No
vember, 1861, and continued open to April,
1862. The negroes were freed by the Consti
tution of Tennessee in 1865, and Cleaves insist
ed he was no longer bound, as the performance
of his bond was rendered impossible by law.
The court held that the obtaining of the in
junction was wrongful, and the complainant
and surety liable as wrong doers, aud though
the property was destroyed by enactment,
of the law, yet they were liable, ami that the
principle, that if an act is lawful at the time of
the contract, and becomes impossible subse
quently by act of law, tbeobliger is discharged,
did not apply to this caso. —Memphis Avalanclte,
June 21.
The Prussian Tfusket.
A foreign letter, speaking of matters connect
ed with the impending war. says : *
These Prussian guns arc well known in
America, that is, as well known as anything can
be which is kept so profound a secret. The ex
plosive ma'crialavhirh is used in manufacturing
the cartridge is a compound of ingredients
known only to one man—the inventor—and so
determined is the Government that the secret
shall not escape, that that man is guarded night
and day by a squad of twelve soldiers ; every
letter which he writes is inspected, and he is not
allowed to communicate orally with any person,
except in the presence ot his guard. The same
man has applied his invention to a different pur
pose than that ot a cartridge, inflammable at
the touch of a needle. He makes a kind of
shell, not much larger than a bullet, which ex
plodes after it enters the body of a man, tearing
the limbs to pieces with resistless force. These
two secrets are supposed to make the Prussian
army invincible.
Madame Ilurbide has left London for the
United biatee.