cnrouirte & Sentinel.
WMimn —Mart, mmi* io.
Small Pox In the Treasury.
The State’s Treasurer gives us a special
report concerning the Governor’s Small
Pox warrants, in obedience to a resolution
of (lie House of Representatives. It ap
jiears that his Excellency issued his war
rant in favor of John P. Port, executor of
<}. W. Port, M. D., in the turn of two
thousand dollars for money advanced “for
the purchase of vaccine matter and forser
vices rendered as distributing agent of die
State of Georgia from July 1 5th, 1858, to
December 1863. This claim originated ten
years ago and has been disallowed by pre
vious Legislatures, and payment more
lately refused by Governor Jenkins. The
Executive’s warrant was issued lor two
thousand dollars and the money paid, but
only one thousand dollars reachgd the
claimant aoeording to the statement of the '
claimant. His Excellency also signed and
issued another Executive warrant for three
thousand dollars for another small pox
claim presented by one Dr. Boswell, of
Muscogee, for services rendered prior to
J 862. But this warrant was not honored,
thereby drawing down the rebuke that the
Treasurer “did not treat Executive war
rants with proper respect.” The people
of Atlanta have shown their city is not re
sponsible for the S3S,OCX) or Opera House
account and Washington City “informal
draft.” Who is to foot the small pox bill.
We are waiting patiently to see what the
“investigating Committee” are going to
do with these eases. The treatment ot
small pox eases, we believe, demands ex
clusion from light aud glycerine anoint
ments. How will the Committee treat the
cases ?
Railroads In Congress.
Our Congress seems to have Railroad
building on the brain. Financial questions ]
are fatiguing; and, besides. have been so
thoroughly discussed by the journals of the
country as to leave but little whereupon to
build reputation, or whereby to gain lucra
tive official positions. New I’ailroad enter
prises present a more inviting field, both |
for the display of loyal eloquence and as
furnishing mete reward for loyal labors.
Our Washington exchanges foreshadow
extensive operations in this line in the
shape of a forthcoming Omnibus Bnl,
and indicate that the Bouth is to
bo the recipient of some public
favors in this line. The proposed bill
includes the guaranteeing of bonds for
S4O,(XX) per mile to the Northern Pacific,
running from Humboldt river, by Klamath
Lakes and Cascade Mountains, to Port
land, Oregon, to which ten alternate sec'
tions of land on either side are to bo given,
and a similar provision for a southern
route. The bill includes the Atlantic and
Pacific Railroad, starting at Springfield,
Mo., going to Van Buren, Ark., where it
is to be joined by the Texas Pacific ro.*d,
starting at Marshall, Texas, and both pro
ceed westwardly by the Canadian river to
New Mexico, where the Union Pacific,
Eastern Division, is to be met, and the
three corporations form one, under the
title of the Southern Continental Railroad,
aud are to proceed to the Rio Colorado
and form a junction with the Southern
Pacific California. The four routes named
arc all asked to aid, by the guaranteeing
of bonds, the Union Pacific. Eastern Divis
ion, from its present stopping place and
others from their starting points. The
point of junction for the proposed South
ern Continental Road must be somewhere
between the 34th and 36th parallels.
Senator Pomeroy, it is said, is to “stand
up for Southern rights,” and Southern
Railroad grants in the absence of South,
urn representation. We thank the Sena
tor for his “chivalry” and benevolence.
We need a little “substantial aid” for de
velopment, and we care not from what
quarter it comes, from the general distri
bution which seems likely to be made.
“Internal improvement” is to be the Con
gressional foot-ball and wo thank Mr.
Senator Pomeroy for playiug catcher
tor us.
The Currency Question.
Wo copy the following article from the
Baltimore Gazette, as fortifying the posi
tion heretofore taken in the columns of the
Chronicle & Sentinel, on the question
ot gold and currency as circulating me
diums ;
The deliberations of the Chamber of
Commerce of New York, the propositions
of Mr. (>pdyko, and tho resolutions of Mr.
Hturges, although adopted, appear to at
tract little attention among capitalists in
New Y ork. It seems to be pretty well
understood that thj present Congress in*
tends to do nothing with the currency
question; and there is very considerable
doubt among intelligent and thinking men
as to what is tho best thing to be done.
Heretofore the capital of the country has
centred at New York aud New York had
really to legislate only for itself But the
large crop of cotton which lias linen grown
South, tho high prices which prevail and
the amount of currency which has been
withdrawn from the groat money centre,
have quite altered the condition of affairs,
and the dependent South, which lias here
tofore been virtually ignored, is at. last in a
condition which demands at least consider
ation.
A crop of two and a ha f million bales
of cotton, worth $250,000,000, is indeed a
significant fact. Significant because it
gives the South the power to command its
share of tho currency of the country, and
to force a more equal distribution than has
ever before been made ; significant because
the cotton crop is one which finds its
principal market abroad, and thus at least
prevents an unnecessary exportation of
coin; significant by reas in of its influence
cm capital and population, which it invites
to the South ; and significant because it
enables the customers in the South, who
wore last year unable to buy but very
sparingly from Baltimore and other mar
kets farther North, to purchase freely dat
ing the present and coming season.
Os the currency question wo have al
ready spoken Coin contracts and the re
sumption of specie payments are a differ
ent matter. Where there is an irredeem
able paper eurrcucy, gold is not subject to
the same laws as paper promises to-pay.
One portion of the country may be debtor
to auother portion and yet there may be
much gold hoarded there, by reason of the
want of confidence in the paper medium.
Another portion of the country may be
creditor and yet, having confidence in the
paper currency, may part with its gold
freely at a premium. This, in fact, appears
to have been the ease. There is very little
doubt that since the collapse of the Con
federate National Treasury there has been
a very great distrust in that section of all
Government notes, and that there has
been, and is, an amount of gold hoarded
the.ro to-day, of which few people have any
idea. Os course the amount is small
compared with that which has been and
will be drawn for against cotton. If one
half of that even were to go South, it
would put the South at once in a position
to resume specie payments.
It seems at first glance to be rather a
curious anomaly, but the truth is that the
South, impoverished and indebted as it
was two years ago, is to day in a sounder
financial condition than the North. And
it is in a better condition. Population is
less, trade is less, domestic exchanges are
less than they are at the North. The in
evitable National Bank note is not there,
as in the North, wound up with every
transaction of life. R would be compara
tively easy lor the South to resume specie
payments, and it Congress would only
legalize gold contracts and permit the es
tablishment of State banks with gold
issues, we should soou see the greenback
and the national note put on the stock list
or sold as commodities, as they are in
California and Texas. The lesson of the
past three months has taught this to the
Norih and the reason of the inaction of
Congress evidently arises from the fact
that it begins to understand that it must
force the South to accept and use the na
tional or Goverosaent currency until the
North win a position to dispense with it,
and that any aoi which would tegu j t la
being discarded by the Bomb, would only
delay the period of resumption in the
North.
The currency question is one which the
North may control for some time, but
capita! and population it cannot control,
and the profits on cotton are attracting
and will attract both to the South. North
ern men will take their families there and
their treasure. A class of men will go *
there very different from the carpet-bag
gers who now swarm over the country like
a plague of Egypt; and once settled they
will become Southerners and their interests
will be in and with the Bouth. The policy
of encouraging home manufactures will
gain ground, ootton milis will spring up,
exchange markets nearer home will be es
tablished and there will at no distant day
be a rivalry between the Southern and
the New England States much more for
midable than that which existed before the
war.
How the. People's Money Goes— Another
K port from the Treasurer.
In the House of Representatives, on
Monday, on motion of Mr. Scott, of Floyd,
the report of the Treasurer was read, iu
response to a resolution offered by himself
a few days since, to inquire into payment
of warrant for vaccine matter.
The following is the report :
Treasurer's Oftice, |
Atlanta, Ga., January 30, 1869. j
To the Honorable House of Representa
tives of the State of Georgia : In reply to
your resolution, “ Resolved , That the
Treasurer of the Slate be requested to
furnish this House, as early as practicable,
a statement of what amounts bave been
paid by him for vaccine matter, upon the
warrant of the Governor, and what war
rants drawn by the Governor for vaccine
matter have been paid ; when such ac
counts were created ; why the Treasurer
refu -ed to pay any such warrants; to
whom any money paid on such warrant
was paid, and when, and under what cir
cumstances payment of any such account
was refused,” I have the honor to report
that, on or about the 21st day of Novem
ber, 1868, 11. J. G. Williams, warrant
and recording clerk ot the Executive De
partment, accompanied by B. B. DeGraf
fenritd, Secretary of Executive Depart
ment, presented mean Executive warrant,
drawn in favor of John I’. Fort, executor
of G. W. Fort, M. D., for the sum of'two
thousand dollars, to pay for money ad
vahecd “for the purchase of vaccine mat
ter and services rendered, as distributing
agent of the State of Georgia, from July
15th, 1858, to December, 1563 ” Pay
ment was refused on account of the lapse
of such a long period from the time the
service was rendered, the party rendering
the service residing at the capital, afford
| iog him easy facilities for payment.
My suspicion was aroused by the great
anxiety manifested by the parties present
ing the warrant for payment, and their fre
quent voluntary avowal that they “knew
most positively that the claim had never
been presented nor paid, and that they had
no interest whatever in it.” Payment, how- i
ever, was promised, if they would present j
me the certificate of the executor, and the j
certificate of the then acting Governor, that S
the account had never been paid, and the j
services rendered at a reasonable price j
They came so near complying with my re- ;
quiremeots, I could not well longer refuse |
payment, and on the 3d day of December, j
1808, paid said warrant to H. J. G. Wil- J
lianas, aud shortly afterward learned that I
the claim had been presented to both Gov.
Jenkins and the General Assembly of 1860, j
and payment by Governor Jenkins and ap- i
propriations by the General Assembly re- 1
fused. I also learned that a party, who ;
must have been familiar with the Executive ;
Department bad, without solicitation, \ish
etl the executor (who had almost abandon- !
ed the attempt toeollect the same, although !
maintaining its justice), and stated that he 1
knew of this claim, and would attempt to
collect the same, giving the executor part
of the proceeds. The executor having
nearly given up the claim after the action
; of the Legislature of 1866, agreed to this
proposal, and was surprised a few days af
ter at receiving a certain amountof money,
1 which amount was only one half of the
| amount of the warrant.
In justice to Governor Bullock, I will
j give him the benefit of his own statement,
which was, that when the account was
: presented to him by Mr. DeGraffenried,
with assurances that it had never been
paid, he told him to take it and scale it
down to what he thought was just, and
after Mich sealing (the original amount
I being $2,200), he issued a warrant for two
I thousand dollars, Because I refused pay-
I moot of this warrant, it was reported to
me that complaint was made in the Ex
i eeutive Office that “the Treasurer had no
I di.-erction about paying a warrant, after it
i ha! been approved by the Comptroller
General, and that he did pot treat Execu
j tive warrants with proper respect.”
1 refused to pay a warrant based on an
account for services rendered in small-pox
j cases by one Dr. Boswell, in Muscogee
, county, for more than $3,000, on account
of no funds in the Treasury, and on the
ground that services were rendered before
1802, that being prior to the passage of
the act authorizing the Governor to pay
such claims, based on certain proofs. This
claim is still unpaid.
Respectfully submitted.
N. L. Anuieu, Treasurer.
It was referred to the Finance Com
mittee.
To the riinirman ol' im.l Gentlemen of the
Finance Committee of the ilouee of Kei>t-e
--««?iitat Itch.
Macon, Ga , Feb. 2, 1869.
Gentlemen -On my return to my home,
in this city, alter an absence on business of
a few days, I find published in the city
papers, a certain statement in regard to
the payment ot a certain two thousand
dollars to the executor of Dr. Fort’s estate,
and (hat the ciicumstances in regard to
the payment of the same was referred by
the Legislature to your committee As
the executor of my brother, Dr. George VV.
Fort, deceased, I beg leave to submit to
your committee the following statement,
in full, in regard to said claim :
Several years before the war, Dr. Geo.
W. Fort, thou a physician residing in
Milledgeville, acted in the capacity of vac
cine agent for the State of Georgia, under
special act of the Legislature, and by ap
pointment ot the Governor, his duties were
to procure vaccine matter, to be distributed
iu each county of the State, that it might
be considered necessary; and he was paid
for said services one hundred dollars a year,
and was repaid by the State all of the out
lay incurred by him iu procuring said
vaccine mat ter, which was procured through
anageney in Boston, Massachusetts. His
accounts, when presented, were duly paid
by the Executives, Governors Herscbel
V. Johnsou and Joseph E Brown, as will
fully appear by reference to the Comptroll
er General s books. Said accounts were
paid up to 1858, from which time up to the
time of his death, on May 2d, 1866, he
drew nothing from the Treasury. Said
account is before you, having beeu taken
from original entries, and is correct, nearly
all of which was for money advanced.
I am fully conversant with the correct
ness of this claim and have personal knowl
edge of most of the items shown, and by
frequent conversations with my brother
during the last days of his life, he always
considered that the claim would be paid,
and no active steps were taken for the col
lection of the same by reason of his feeble
h alth and the supposition that interest
was accruing on the same, and there had
been no funds in the State Treasury since
the close of the war. After the death of
Dr. George W. Fort, on May 2d, 1860, and
during the fall of the same year, I made
oat said claim properly certified to, and
seat the same to Governor Charles J.
Jt ii-ins, he then being in the Executive
chair; he replied to me that the Legis
ia.urc had made no provision for tho pay
ment of indebtedness incurred before the
war, aud he recommended me to present
the same to the Legislature. On the as
sembling of the Legislature. I presented
this claim through the joint Finance Com
mittee, Mr. Adams, of Clarke, being chair
man. A sub-committee was appointed to
ex inline said account. Said committee
wore composed of Messrs. G resham of Bibb,
McWhorter of Green, and Beil of Ran
! jlph. On their examining carefully the
I apers presented to them, among which
w - an official certificate from Comptroller
General J. T. Burns, that no warrant had
ever been drawn on the Treasury for said
e. y advance or services rendered or
i irt thereof, and also a certificate
ifom < iov. Brown that Dr. George \\ .
rort had acted in the capacity aforesaid
during ins administration, said sub-com
mtttee agreed to recommend the payment
ot most of said claim, but refused to rec
ommend the payment of claim incurred
daring the war. On their recommenda
tion coming before the Legislature, as a
body, they refused to pay any of the same
for what reason, lam ignorant, except
a general disposition to repudiate all in
debtedness contracted prior to the war. I
ieit the papers in the hands of Briscoe &
De Gratienreid, attorneys, at Milledgeville,
and have not seen them since. So the
matter rested, until some time during the
month of November of last year. Mr. B.
,Lh-Arrarenreid, being in my office in
this city on business, remarked to me that
he sttil had the papers in regard to said
claim, and that he would attempt to get a
bill passed to collect the same it I would
pay to him half the amount collected.
Having given up the attempt to oollect
said claim, I verbally agreed to his pro
posal. and he at once left my office. I ex
pected nothing to be accomplished until
the assembling of the Legislature. But I
suddenly, and without premonition of any
kind, received on December 2, 186s, a pack
***> by Express, containing one thousand
dollars, from B. B. De Graffenreid, who in
formed me that the claim had been com
promised by him on the payment, by the
State, of two thousand dollars, and that he
had kept ha sos the amount, as jier agree- I
tuent. 1 accepted the money without hesi
tation, knowing that the State of Georgia
was due the estate of George W. for
money advanced, and supposing that Gov.
Bullock had recognized the justice ol the
claim, and that he hatP authority to pay
the just indebtedness of the State, or he
would not have done so, as said amounts
were formerly drawn by Executive war
rants, as will be seen by ihe Comptroller
General’s books: and whether the amoum
received was not less than the amount ad
vanced, at a par value. Your committee
is respectfully referred to the papers before
you. But should you, on examination, con
sider that any part of the amount paid was
not due, or that it was paid, not in accord
ance with law, lam prepared, at once, to
replace the same in the State Treasury.
I have been very complete in my state
ment of this matter, knowing well the
character and correctness of the claim.—
Having no acquaintance whatever, either
personally or otherwise, with his Excellen
cy the Governor, or the State Treasurer, I
was fearful that it might be considered
that I had acted in this transaction contra
ry to that correct principle of right which
should govern a man and a citizen, and
which are as dear to me as my life.
\ ery respectfully. John P. Fort.
Cession of West Florida.
The Legislature of Florida have passed
a resolution authorizing the Guvernor to
appoint three commissioners to receive
such propositions as the authorities of
Alabama may see proper to make. The
following are the propositions approved by
the Governor of Florida, January 25th,
1869;
Whereas, The State of Alabama has
appointed a Commission' to visit the State
of Florida for the purpose of procuring
the annexation of all that portion of Flor
ids lying West of the Apalachicola river ;
And Whereas, it is the desire to promote
the best interests of all the peorle of our
State :
Therefore be it Resolved, That the Gov
ernor of the State be and he is hereby au
thorized and dir-cted to appoiut a Com
mittee of three to confer with the Commis
sion appointed by the State of Alabama,
and the said Commission arc authorized to
go to Montgomery and there confer with
the Commission ar.d authorities of the
State of Alabama, and the said Committee
are appointed the duly accredited agents
of the State to negotiate for the said trans
fer, and they shall report to the next
session of the Legislature by bill or other
wise.
Beit further Resolved, That between this
time and the time for the next meeting of
the Legislature, the Governor shall issue
his proclamation for an election in the
district proposed to be annexed, to be held
and conducted in the manner of a Bpecia!
election as prescribed by law, and at such
election the qualified electors in said dis
trict shall vote for annexation or against
annexation.
lie it further Resolved, That prior to
the aforesaid election, iho Commissions ap
pointed by the respective States shall agree
upon the terms and conditions of transfer,
and in the proclamation of election the
aforesaid terms and conditions shall be set
forth for the information of the elect
ors, and in making returns of the election
in the County of Holmes, the returns of
votes on the East and West side of the
Choetawatchie river shall be kept separate
and apart, in order to get a correct expres
sion of the people on the East and West
side of the river.
Be it further Resolved, That the afore
said eltotioD shall not be final or binding
until the Legislature or people of the State
of Florida, aud the Congress of the United
States, shall consent to the transler of said
territory.
Migration Homes.
The following article from the New York
Tribune, embraces some views which, while
we do not endorse, arc certainly worthy ot
consideration from the Southern peo
ple—as exhibiting Southern immigration
from a Northern standpoint:
MIGRATION—HOMES.
“Every human being ought to have a
home—not merely a shelter for the night,
but a habitation of his own in which he is
c mtent to live, and resigned to die. Crime
is the fruit of homelessness—of the thou
sands who crowd cur State prisons, not
even hundreds owned house or farm when
they sank into felony. If every family an
nually graduated through idleness and vice
into outright, flagrant villiany would be
rapidly and permanently diminished.
Wo urge no one who has steady, assur
ed employment, and is doing well, to seek
anew field of exertion. To such, we would
only say. Resolve to save a part of your
present income for the evil days that must
surely come. If you have no home and
cannot yet afford to buy one, put a part of
your current earnings into a savings bank,
or into Government bonds, or into some
form of security that may be converted into
the home that you are sure to need, and at
no distant day. Cling to the City, if you
will, while Trade prospers, and Work
abounds, but keep ever in mind the insta
bility of Fortune, and resolve to be soon
settled for life in your own chosen home !
But every city has its hundreds, every
great city its thousands, who are not truly
thriving - -who have some hundreds if not
thousands ahead, yetcanno longer increase
their hoard, because their families have
grown faster thau their imonies, or because
expenses have increased faster than their
earnings. Those have nothing to gain by
clinging desperately to pavements; in fact,
many of them grow old and infirm, and
cannot earn as they once did. Many an
artizan or small trader could take $5,000
out of the city, with his family next Spring
who, should he remain here, will not be
able to do it hereafter. I o all such, we
most earnestly say,, strike at once for the
opeu country ! Land is cheaper now than
almost anything else; it will be dearer ten
years hence, though wo meantime return
to specie payments. Go South—go West
—go East if you will—for there is much
arable land in Yermont or Maine that can
be bought for less than the cost of the
buildings and fences—go into the heart of
our own noble (State —go whithersoever
you will, so that the root over your head,
with some acres of adjacent "land, shall
thenceforth be yours—so that your wife
aud children may rejoice in the secure pos
session of a home.
j Right well do we know that the cit who
: migrates to the country braves many re
buffs and disappointments—that he will be
tempted to cripple himself at the outset
by buying more land than he should, so
| as to cripple him for years—that he will
be discouraged by the necessity of buying
! animals, implements, food, seed, &c., by
! blighted crops and sickness in his family.
!No man ever yet entered upon anew career
without making frequent miscalculations
and seeing many dark hour.-. But the pion
eer gleans wisdom from each discovered
mistake, each day’s rugged experience,
and is cheered by the contciousness that
he is on the high road to independence for
his children and their children. Os those
' who embark in Trade, a large majority
fail; while of those who really try to thrive
;by productive labor, by fur the larger
number succeed. Their gains may seem
meager, but they are sure; and each day’s
i resolute effort Sts them to achieve a better
result on the morrow.
We hear with satisfaction that many
from this quarter are buying lands in the
South, and that a much larger number are
considering and inquiring with intent to do
likewise if suited. Much is said of the
desirability of inducing a large emigration
from Europe, to which we make no objec
tion ; but there is better work nearer home.
If one million persons could this year be
drawn out of our cities and settled on the
new lands of the West or the dilapidated
plantations of the South, the consequent
enhancement of our National prosperity
would be incalculable- There * would be
people enough left in the cities to do all
tho needed work, while those who left us
would add immensely to our annua! pro
duct of material wealth. This country
would be vastly richer and more prosperous
if the surplus population of her cities could
be gradually diffused over her waste
places and her not yet half tilled farms.
Governments can do little to promote and
accelerate such diffusion, yet several States
have entered systematically upon the work
ot making known the fertility and cheap
ness of their yet unoccupied lands, the ex
cellence of their climate, timber, water
power, &c., respectively, with intent to
attract inmiigration.lf only as an earnest of
the welcome which immigrants are likelv
to meet, this action has decided value; and
the information that these State agencies
collect and disseminate must prove useful
to thousands.
Let it be clearly understood that, so far
at least as the South is concerned, there is
no present demand for unskilled labor. In
each of the Southern States, there is more
labor already than there is demand for—
or rather more than there are means to
pay. The South did well in 1868 ; bat
she is still poor, and her landholders are
generally in debt. Farming or planting to
profit involves the power to command
Labor when it is needed ; and he who
would command Labor must have cash to
pay for it A planter in debt to his hands
for half a year’s work is too much at their
mercy ; his help is likely to desert him
just when his need of it is greatest. The
South needs more capital before she can
give satisfactory employment to more
Labor. Let none, therefore, go thither
empty-handed in quest of employment, for
he is morally sure to be disappointed. It
is different in the West, where farm
labor is likely to be in eager demand
from the first hour in which a plow can be
run to advantage, and where it will com
mand high wages during the summer har
vest ; but the Sooth wants immigrants
with means, and does not invite others.
He who is prepared to pay oash for lands
can boy them in the South for less money
than the improvements cost —oftsD, for
less than the cash value of their timber at
this hour.
Again we urge every one who has means
to buy the spot which he may choose as his
luture home to select and buy it dow,
thougii he should not take possession for
years. Lands in the South are certain to
appreciate in valu e ; many farms will soil
for five tunes their present price within a
few years. Cbo<.se deliberately, but make
sure of a refuge from misfortune and a
harbor for old ag e and decreptitude.
(HR WASHINGTON CORRESPONDENCE.
er lO’AL COWffi&rOTDEXCX OF TH* CH*OXICL2 & aiXTIXU.
Washington, February 2, 1869.
Political matters are rather quiet ju3t at
present. On that topic, at least so far as
recoostraction is concerned, the extreme
Radicals are disposed to postpone all con
sideration until after the fourth of March.
The cause of this indisposition to make
any definite move, relative to the States
which bave not yrt been admitted to rep
resentation, including Georgia, which, not
withstanding her carpet-bag representa
tives, is practically as much without repre
sentation as Y irginia i-r Texas, is because
of the absolute impossibility to get a word,
either pro or con, from General Grant on
the situation. He will not speak and noth
ing may be expected until after inaugura
tion day. There ars certain circumstances,
nalpable to almost any close observer in
Washington, which indicate plainly that
the course of the next administration will
be shaped, so far as the political circum
stances of the present day admit, almost
directly after that, which popular opinion
respects, as having guided Jackson’s
terms. The Constitution will be pre
served, and Grant’s best efforts will be ex
tended toward making this a Union in fact
as welj as in name. I write, without the
possibility of contradiction from any source,
when I assert that there will be nothing
sectional about General Grant’s career as
President. His course will be entirely na
tional. That he will “break” with the
majority in Congress is not a question un
der consideration. The majority will
coincide with his views, and the best am
munition of extreme Radicalism will be ex
pended before the end of the present
session.
Questirns regarding the incoming
Cabinet are seldom asked now, and never
satisfactorily answered. Every now and
then anew slate is made up, and as often
ridiculed at by prominent parties, who admit
a’ the same time their own Suability to
name a “slate” which would be entitled to
more credence.
The President is making hardly any
nominations now whatever. The refusal
of the Senate to confirm anything, even
from an ambassador to a justice of the
peace, is certainly a very good reason why
no nominations are sent in.
One Charles R. Pate, of Georgia, .has
had presented a petition, praying that pro
tection may be extended to the Union men
of that State. It was referred to the
Judiciary Committee. J. C.
Letter from David Dickson.
Sparta, Ga., February 3,1869.
Editors Chronicle & Sentinel :—l re
turn my thanks to my patrons for the very
liberal orders for my select cotton seed.
My seed is about all sold. Send no more
money without first writing to see if seed
can be had this season. If I can get time
I will write for the Southern Cultivator a
short article how to cultivate cotton and
improve the seed. lam receiving so many
letters—each mail forty to fifty—and
visitors from mo9t of the cotton States
each day, that it is impossible for ms to
auswer any of them. See back numbers
of the Southern Cultivator for answers.
You will please place this under your
editorial one time, with request that each
paper publishing my seed advertisement
will give like notice once, and send bill to
Messrs. S. D. Heard & Cos., Augusta, Ga.,
for payment. Respectfully,
David Dickson.
[communicated. ]
Wooden Railroads Farmers’ Iron Rail
roads.
St. Charles, Mo., January 29.
Messrs. Editors . —Observing that many
of your readers are airing the subject of
Wooden Railways in your columns, I will
assume the privilege of an expert and give
them a little advice.
I have built many miles of these roads
in the anthracite regions of East Pennsyl
vania (where they have been common for
the last twenty years) aud can safely af
firm that it is hard to devise anything less
adapted to the wants of a Georgia rural
population
The ordinary plank road is excellent in
Canada, passable in Pennsylvania, an
abomination in Virginia, aud an entire
failure in Georgia—causes: difference in
lumber and climate. These apply also to
wooden railroads.
A wooden rail or tramway, to be a suc
cess mechanically aud financially, must be
located in a country where a maximum
grade of one hundred and eighty feot to
the mile will cut off any extra cost of grad
uation; where there is an abundance of
cheap lumber which will not laminate
under rolling pressure—such as hemlock
and maple, and where the climate is such
that the life of the material will average
ten years. Now as to a line via Lincoln
ton to Elberton, the graduation with the
above maximum grade (and this cannot be
exceeded) including the cost of bridges
over Broad River, Little River and Long
Creek, will be at ihe lowest figures thirty
two hundred dollars per mile if let to con
tfaetors, or if the planters do it, taking
their pay in stock, the money value would
be about twenty-four hundred dollars per
mile.
Next, therois no lumber obtainable that
will not lamiuato, except live oak and
gum. Both are scarce—the first is very ex
pensive and the last decays very fast. Fi
nally, the average life of a railroad cross-tie
in Middle Georgia is only four years—
equivalent to a loss ot one-third of the
capital invested in a wooden railway in that
legth of time.
To lay one of these roads down on the
Louisville Dlankßoad would be much more
feasible, as but little changing of the grades
would bo required, but even then it would
not give satisfaction anv longer than the
old Plank Road did.
My experience has been that the very
best wooden road in the county, best adapt
ed to it, requires an iron strap rail to be
laid on the stringers before it is three years
old.
The best aud cheapest system of railway
superstructure lor a county traffic consists
of a light T rail, twenty five pounds to the
yard, laid on cross ties with eight inches
face and twenty-one inches apart, guage of
track four feet and the rolling stock so con
structed that two and one half tons per
wheel is ail that eau come upon the rail
from either engine or loaded car. With a
road of this kind, using dummy engines en
tirely for the passenger traffic, and eight
wheel connected tank-engines for the freight
trade, very good tonnage facilities could be
given up to eighty or ninety miles of road,
and in the localities specified it would be a
paying investment.
The Augusta and Elberton road would
require two dummy engines and two freight
engines, together with twenty-five flat and
twenty box cars for the tonnage they would
be required to handle, while half the num
ber of cars, one freight and two dummy
engines would be required on the Louis
ville Road.
The road to Elberton would cost —
Grading. #224,000
I rack and laying 380,000
Rolling stock 54,000
T0ta1...... #658.000
4he Louisville road would cost about
#4,850 per mile, tor superstructure,
and #26,000 for roiling stock. I have
given your readers —my venerable Chroni
cle— these figures as an indication vs the
very least that serviceable roads can ba
constructed for, not wishing to see them
throw away their money on what I know is
worthless in your latitude.
What the non professional papers are
now agitating as the Halbert system of
wooden railways is new only in New York
and other nou-eoai producing States, and
is worthless in any State South o. Vir
ginia nr Kentucky.
1 would here add that I am thoroughly
acquainted with the topography of the
country through which the proposed roads
arc to run. Saints Rest.
[COSOnJNICATED. ]
At a meeting of a portion of the citizens
of Elbert County, held at the Court House
on Tuesday, 2d day of February, it was
unanimously
Resolved, Ist. That we, a portion of the
citizens of said County, interested in build
ing a Railroad from Augusta to Elberton,
do hereby pledge our credit and support to
the contemplated Road; and that we will
give the Company, when formed, and de
sired, the right of way through our land.
2nd. That we request our members of
the Legislature to ask State aid; and that
we will earnestly impress on our land
owners the importance of subscribing lib
erally to this enterprise, as it will be the
most effectual means of increasing the
value of our lands.
3rd. That we mil send delegates to meet
others at any place on the proposed route,
to take such initiator)' steps as may be ne
cessary in the premises.
4th. That these proceedings be published
in the Chronicle & Sentinel, Constitu
tionalist, Elberton Gazette, and other
papers friendly to the enterprise.
Adjourned to meet on the first Tuesday
in March next
M. P. Deaitwtler. C’hw.
E. P. Edwarp», Sec-
State Debts.
FROM TIIK RETORT OF HON. DAVID A. j
WELLS, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER OF THE :
REVENUE.
WATI. THAU. AiIJL-NT
*{«>» IN* SC9O 300 00
tW 86 656.6(0 00
; " f', : t**o SI.OOSX
>-* It* ******»« 'Six.. . r. OTA'S 00
; 12,06,8,671 28
l.hr.JeLUnd 1361 Non*
K ode l<nau i**> S.ISO 508 O 0
i jonecilrtit ... 1861.. jjone
• wuertlm i*K.8,100.060 Oil
y»* I*o 34.182 975 a
£••» 'nk I*o* . . 44 063,786 40
New.lerMy isi> " n>(,o 000
*"»’•' mS 2.019,687 30
Penney,Vania 1860 27 004 €0" 0"
Pennsylvania 1-6-.... 31,799.766 111
Delaware 1.-60... Vone
nelaware .IW-. (Vi AVI OO
Mary an i 19**7ic *'J Oy andt r ro'v) lOAuFOO 00
Oh o ISO* I* 25* 172 00
Omo :**W 10,729 906 57
Indiana IS6I 7 770.233 to
Indiana IS'S.... ’ 5.645 37 3 22
M «;>•*'» 861 2.383,842 79
ailchiean I**X 3651 073 49
h' l * 1863 6 938 463 53
Wtacottuo sol 100.00} 00
Wlsco Bin 1368.... 2 352 600 00
Minnesota IS*,.. "500 0 00
M:noeerta <v*6 " ’ ’ Si o.o OCO
Jo"* MO.”""'.' 2 0 900 00
low* ISO. .... 300 OCO CO
Mieaoun iB6O 7.4 781.000 01
Miwour: J 8 3 30,357.000 CO
Kentucky J4SI 4 729,2;* 0u
Kentucky 1868. 3 619,191 00
Kansas ISM 130,000 0}
Kan-as ltwa... 971.583 42
Nehresea N'.-.e isone
CsU’oreU left,.. 5,290M0 CO
. CUlf.waia '468 4 695,470 00
Ceorott I*l 2 070,710 (0
I o ores ISOS 6003(100 011
l/inisland 14*41 WOU99J 0}
L-uisiana 1 *».... 1D360.86 60
sMi-ms ij-pi iB6O None
MlMhulput 18 8.... to" COO (O
Ar»«,.»iu 1-0 3092C2100
Arkaus.s 1868 4 577,081 03
Ten .e-set- 18*0 56,613.6 0 CO
Tennessee 1.8*5* ... 16 000 0-0 00
Virginia 1*69 37 "4.8'4100
Vir.lt.i , .1867 45 119,741 00
Nor li *'srellu- 190*1 9 179505 UO
Nouh u-roliu Inc 11,33000 00
Sou'n Carolina 1800 .. . 3 *91,571 <0
N> oh Carulina 1*0: 8,373 255 (10
Hor en ',*6o 887,000 00
F.o-ida war. fDS.SSS 00
Alabama 1860 5 048,000 00
Aisttaina >B*7 0.804.972 00
Texas 1860 None
Texas IS 7 2,330,360 00
Dregan W6u 10.372 00
Oregon 18c? 3*lß 574 00
[ COMMUNICATED. 1
“The War of Guanos.”
Editors Chronicle k Sentinel: —The tables
of experiments made by Dr. Pendleton, of
Sparta, and Mr. Wilkins, of Jefferson, as
published iu the Southern Cultivator, are
full of instruction, practical, valuable and
decisive, as to the inauures tested, as far as
two years experiments are concerned, in
the one case, and one yeir in t’he other, can
be decisive. Let every intelligent farmer
study them and make his purchases ac
cordingly of reliable sellers, regardless of
ignorant and impudent agents who decry
all commercial manures except those which
are sold by themselves, and for selling
which, many of thrm are paid the most
extraordinary comaiasions, professedly by
owners and manipulators, but in reality by
the planter himself.
These two gentlemen deserve the thank?
of every Southern Farmer for the informa
tion their experiments afford us. It must
be remembered that they used, most
probably, the best manures of their kind,
and, as far they go, they demonstrate the
fact that Peruvian Guano, the Solublo
Pacific and the Phosphates are of the
greatest value. Dickson’s preparation
stands next to head in Dr. Pendleton’s
list in IS6S, and next in Mr. Wilkins’,
though in the latter there was a larger pro
portion of salt used and a different Phos
phate, iu name at least, than in Diokson’s
compound. We sincerely hope that these
gentlemen will continue their experiments
and give the results at the end of the year
again to the public. The Dr. ought also
tell us how to prepare the home Phosphate
if he does not intend to enter into its man
ufaeture. In that event, he will doubtless
(and ought to) keep his own secret.
From the table of 186S. when no manure
was applied, the home Phosphate goes to
the head of the list, and Dickson’s com
| pound ranks next, although other manures
excelled them in ISC7, the year of their
application (1867). Now, it is interesting
to know whether or not they would main
tain their relative value the third year and
so on, as long as they continue to produce
effects. Dickson’s compound iB now sold
in Augusta, as we are informed, at S6O
per ton of 2,000 lbs. Mr. Dickson has
demonstrated its great value for more than
twenty years, by his unfailing successes,
year after year. Another great fact is es
tablished. It is that Peruvian and dis
solved Raw Bone in combination make a
most valuable fertilizer. Let farmers pur
chase their manures of none but men whom
they know and lcnoio to be entirely reliable.
Certificates are readily obtained and easily
published. In most cases, they amount to
nothing more than an opinion or judgment
predicated on very insufficient facts. Be
ware of all Agents, who act like- maniacs,
in the sale of their manures. A good and
valuable manure needs no puffing by them
—a worthless one cannot be improved by
it. A Farmer.
REBEL MILITARY IiENIt’S.
LONGSTKF.ET, JOE JOHNSTON AND THE VA
CANT BRIGADIERS HIPS.
from Ihe tipring field Republican.
The New York Evening Mail takes of
fence at the casual remark of the Republi
can that “on many accounts it is to be re
gretted wc arc not yet far ooough advanced
to take advantage of the splendid military
taleut of the Bouth. ’ ’ The Mail expresses
the opinion that “the gallant regular offi
cers, graduates of West Point before the
war, who remained true to the flag,”
would not appreciate such magnanimity,
Now, if we may venture to assume to know
as much about the regular army as the
Mail, we would assert that, setting aside
thesingle selfish consideration that increas
ing the number of applicants would di
minish their own individual chances of
promotion, the officers of that service gen
erally would give a cordial welcome to a
fair proportion of appointments from
among the distinguished soldiers of the
South. That fact alone does not make it
right or desirable ; nor did we express our
selves finally or unreservedly as in favor of
such a course ; but only intended to give
expression to a proper and patriotic feeling
of regret, that the army of the United
States should, from any cause, be deprived
of at least one-half the highest military
talent of the lami.
Our difference with the Mail is on two
points. The Mail understands that the
regular army is maintained, if not chiefly,
at least among other things, to reward the
graduates of West Point who remained
true in the recent conflict. On the contra
ry, we regard it as the purpose of an army
to have the most perfect instrument attaina
ble, for attack ordefence against the public
enemy. There are seventeen general offi
cers in the army, besides departmental of
ficers holding that rank. Now we do not
suppose it possible for any sensible man to
assert that seventeen men can be taken
from the kte Union army, and not include
eight, at least (let us be that much patriot
ic), who are surpassed in every military
qualification by citizens of the United
States who followed the Confederate for
tunes iu the war. Nor does the Mail seri
ously believe that if Ewell, Lougstreet,
Mahone, or Dick Taylor were to accept
positions in the United States service, they
would, in any such reasonable contingency
as it becomes a statesman to consider, plot
against the country, refuse to obey the
orders of their superiors, or act any other
wise than as brave and faithful soldiers.
If this is so, the reason for excluding them
must be either to punish them, or to re
ward loyal officers. As to punishing any
time, for participation in the
rebellion, the views of the Republicans are
too well known to need statement here.
Nor do we believe that the country can
a ii • r ? even the most faithful and
well intentioned officer by promoting him to
a position in the military or civil service,
when there is a better man for the place.
• j l9 r i3 ht tove a preference, and a con
siderable preference, to Union officers; but
when ;t comes to a choioe between Joe
Johnston and S. P. Heintzelman, the coun
try sacrifices a good deal for the sake of
rewarding an indifferent sort of hero, if it
chooses the latter.
The second error of the Mail, as we oon
i oe * v ® is regarding the admission of late
! rebels to the military service, as something
peculiarly dangerous. But why ? Many
1 of*he Southern officers, it is true, went
with their States in the war; but did not
the Southern politicians also? Nay there
was this difference: that almost every
1 Southern officer threw his influence against
secession until was inevitable and accom
plished, while the politicians desired it,and
£‘°^ te and it, and forced it upon the people,
lake Ewell, for example, Lee’s ablest
lieutenantafter Jackson, whom he succeed
ed. If there was a man in the South who
honestly deprecated secession, remonstrated
against it, and strove against it to the last,
it was Richard S. Ewell- Now, as between
the soldier and the politician in this case,
we would trust the soldier, and admit him
first to favor. Take Longstreet: there is
not a more truly reconstructed man in the
South than this bold, vigilantand sagacious
soldier. His loyalty is unchallenged; his
political disabilities have been removed by
special grace of Congress; were he to en ter
Congress as a Senator from his native
State, he would receive a perfect ovation, j
But it seems to be regarded as something
little less than treason to express a regret
that the sword of so accomplished a soldier
cannot be at his country' B command.
Now, this seems to us sometimes very 1
like nonsense. A disloyal general to-dty
would not be half as much to be dreaded
as a disloyal Senator; yet you shall meet a
score of men who will advocate the removal
of all political disabilities, to one who dares
to speak above his breath of appointing
Ewell or Longstreet to commands in the
army. We are willing to admit that such
a step would be a serious one, and should
not be taken without ample deliberation;
we do not advocate it, in any sense as a
thing to be done at onoe or done anyhow,
but we shall take the liberty to repeat that
it is a pity the Umtod Bt*tcs cannot avail
itself of the splendid military talent of the '
bouth; and we believe that no long time
will pass before the sole test in the army or
in the State will be ability and present
loyalty. Does anybody suppose that, if
the United States were to be involved in a
general war, Massachusetts and New
York regiments would not fight side by
side with the troops of South Caroliua and
Alabama, and under commanders taken
indifferently from die Union and the Rebel
armies of five years ago ? If it would be
safe and proper then, why is it wrong or
dangerous now ?
From the Atlanta Intelligencer, Feb. 3.
Proceedings of Georgia State Agricul
tural Society.
Atlanta, February 2, IB6o.— The Con
vention met this morniug at the City Hall,
at 10 o’clock.
Col B. Y aneey, of Clarke, First Vice
President, in the ab enee of the President,
called the Convention to order in a very
appropriate and able address.
Col. Benj. Harriss, of Hancock, Second
Vice President, took the Chair temporarily
when the Convention proceeded to elect a
permanent President.
Col. Yancey, of Clarke, was elected
unanimously.
Col David C. Barrow, cf Clarke, was
unanimously elected First Vice President.
Reports were brought in from commit
tees that had been appointed, the reading
of them was postponed.
Col. C. W. Howard, of Bartow, Chair
man of the Committee to memorialize the
Legislature, made an interesting speech,
stating that the Committee hau discharged
their duty and a bill had been introduced
into the General Assembly.
Col. Howard made a very interesting
speech, stating that we needed men, money,
capital and labor; that we had thirty-six
million acres of land, and not six millions
in cultivation; that we had been inert,
but were now fully aroused, and were about
to confer a munificent blessing upou our
children by securing immigration.
Mr. Reese, of Bibb, at the invitation of
the Treasurer, then made a speech endors
ing the pertinent remarks of Col. Howard,
and stated that he was a native of Norway,
and left that country at the age of eigh*,
being now thirty-seven; that he knew the
difficulties of emigrants, which had to be
encountered, and urged the necessity of
appointing agents to meet them at our
ports, take them by the hand, and settle
them upon our lands.
The attendance of the Society is very
large, there being a full number present.
The Convention adjourned until 3 o’clock
this afternoon.
AFTERNOON SESSION AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
Three O'clock P. M.—The Society
was called to order by the President. The
President stated there were several special
committees who were not present, who bad
reports to make.
Mr. Howard, ofDeKaib, offered the fol
lowing:
Resolved, That in the opinion of this
Convention the subject"of cheap portable
manures, and the saving for the purpose
of our agriculture theamouut of fertilizing
matter going to waste in our cities is sec
ond in importance to the great question of
labor only, and it is the request of this
Convention that our President, appoint a
Committee of seven from this body whose
duty it shall be to inquire into the whole
subject of manure supply, the chances of
cheapening peruvian Guano, and if in
their judgment it is deemed best to me
morialize the Legislature invoking the aid
of the State in furtherance of these objects.
Mr Howard made some very sensible
remarks upon the presentation of his res
olution.
Mr. Logan, of Clayton county, sustained
the resolution in a most appropriate speech.
Mr. Howard, of Bartow, made a few re
marks sustaining the resolution.
The resolution was passed.
Mr. Noieross— Resolved, That a eomit
tee of three be appointed by the President
to report, at the next State Agricultural
Fair, on the culture of the grape, and the
best varieties for Georgia.
Mr. Norcross introduced his resolution
with some very interesting remarks on the
varieties and culture of grapes. Passed.
Dr. E. I). Newton, of Clarke— Resolved,
That this Convention, at its next session
(to-night), take for its special considera
tion the following subjects: Contracts
with freedmen, and management of freed
tnen’s labor ; also, improved plows, depth
of plowing, preparing land, implements
to be used in cultivating crops, and the
modes of cultivation. Passed.
Rev. C. W. Howard, of' Bart >w — Re
solved, That the Executive Committee be
reorganized ; that it be composed of three
members from each Congressional District,
to be appointed by the President.
Resolved, That if any member of'this
Committee fail to attend any o! its regular
meetings, without assignment of cause,
this failure shall be considered as assigna
tion, to be filled by the President. Passed.
Adjourned to meet at 7 o’clock p. m.
WIGHT SESSION.
Convention met at 7} o’clock.
_ Col. Thomas Howard moved to recon
sider the resolution for the organization of
the Executive Committee. Passed.
Upon the reconsideration, Executive
Committee as appointed in Macon remain
ed unchanged,
During the evening there was an inter
esting discussion on plows, and different
inodes of culture, &c., by Messrs. Maddox,
Alston, and Livingatou. The plows of
Dr- Marshall and Brinly, were both favor
ably noticed and eulogized.
Col. Butler, Chairman of the Commit
tee on Freedmen’s Labor, made an able
report, discussing the various ways of
settling with freedmen. The Committee
rather favored paying them in money.
This report elicited a lengthy debate, in
which Messrs. Maddox, Carmichael,
Livingston, Bagsdale and T. C. Howard
participated.
Resolved , That the Executive Commit
tee meet at the National Hotel at 7J
o’clock on Wednesday morning. Passed.
The Convention adjourned until 8 o’clock
on Wednesday.
From the Atlanta. Intelligencer of Feb, 4th.
Society met in morning session this
morning at 9i o’clock.
Convention upon meeting this morning
discussed the report of the Committee on
Freedmen’s Labor. Discussion by Messrs.
Walker, Butter, Robert Howard, Wallace,
True, Nighteugale, Harris, Hart, Howard,
of Fulton, Fleming and Alston.
The discussion was a lengthy and able
one. Gen. vValker, Cols. Butler and
Harris, were listened to with much interest.
The report of the committee was
adopted.
The P resident reported names of Com
mittee on grape culture, Messrs. Norcross,
Hopkins, and Harden.
Col. B. C. Yancy, President of Con
vention :
Resolved , That this Convention, repre
senting the great industrial interest of
Georgia, earnestly urge eaeh member of
the Legislature to vote the appropriation
of $2,500, provided by law to the Georgia
ntato Agricultural Society, and also vote
for the passage of the Immigration Bill
and for the sum of SIO,OOO to carry out its
provisions.
Resolved , That the Secretary will at
once communicate the above to the Presi
dent of the Senate and Speaker of the
House. Passed unanimously.
This resolution was eloquently advocated
by Col. B. F. Harris, of Hancock.
Col. Phillips. To secure the equaliza
tion of way and local freights on railroads.
Mr. Mansfield—To amend, making it
apply only to State Road. Referred to
committee to report at next annual meet
ing.
Mr.—, A resolution to memorial
ize the Legislature, requesting that body
to grant a charter to establish a Sulphuric j
Acid Manufacturing Company. Passed. I
Convention adjourned until 3 o’clock.
AFTEENOON SESSION.
Mr. Ely, of Dougherty, made some very
interesting remarks on the Peeler Cotton.
Mr. W. H. Stansel spoke for a short
time recommending the Moina Cotton
Mr. Stephens introduced a resolution of
inquiry as to the best and most econo i.ical
mode of preparing food for animals.
Adopted and referred to a special com
mittee.
Mr. Howard, A resolution of inquiry in
regard to the establishment of a manufac
tory of cotton seed oii. Referred to special
committee.
Dr. Marshall made some very arresting
remarks ondessicated potatoes.
Dr. Worth— Resolved , That we deny th?
truth of the reports circulated through tbe
North concerning the outrages perpetrated
on Northern men and freedmen, and
though these reports are intended for
political effect alone, yet they act disas
trously to the agricultural interests of the
State. Passed.
Mr. Mansfield made some remarks on
awbone manufacture.
Dr. Marshall— Resolved, That the thanks
of this body be tendered Mr. Pat. Fitzgib
bon, in charge ot City Hall, for his atten
tions during tbe Convention. Passed.
Judge D. A. Vason introduced a reso
lution relative to the establishment and
perfecting county agricultural societies in
the State. Passed.
Dr. Newton offered a resolution tender
ing the thanks of the body to the various
railroad superintendents in the State for
their very liberal arrangements for the
transportation of members to and from the
Convention. Passed.
General R. Y. Harris moved adjourn
ment to such time and place as the Execu
tive Committee may appoint. Passed.
Adjourned.
The Convention passed off very pleas
antly and profitably. There were a large
number of earnest, talented men present,
and all seemed anxious to advance the
agricultural interests of the State.
Colonel B. C. Yancey presided with great
ability and satisfactory to the body.
We regret the causes which operated to
prevent our giving a full report of the pro
ceedings of the •' ’onvention. We will, with
pleasure, furnish our readers with a full
report at our earliest convenience.
From the Columbus Sun.
The KuiloeS-Angier Correspondence.
If the fountains of indignation of the
people of Georgia have not been utterly
exhausted, they will be opened and drained
by the perusal of the correspondence be
tween Bullock and Angier, Governor and
Treasurer of Georgia, for cool, unblush
ing impudence, the letter of Bullock to
the Committee of the Legislature, stands
without a parallel, even in the history of
Carpet bag Legislation. The stupidity of
the creature, and his reckless depravity
and dishonesty, could not be better cxern
plified than by this document, which must
have been prepared and submitted with
full knowledge of the crushing rejoinder
that it would be certain to provoke.
His stout refusal to account for his
official malfeasance, and the corrupt and
unlawful disposal of the public funds, until
the Treasurer shall humble himself, is
significant of the thorough confidence he
feels in the desire and capacity of the
Radical Congress to sustain and defend
him in a course of conduct- for which no
punishment or disgrace too severe may be
devised. The correspondence itself does
not need comment or amplification. It
stands fori self, a picture of the most su
preme contempt for legal restraints and
common honesty. Joseph Brown never
made a truer prediction than when he
warned the mulattoe mob, who nomina--
ted this man, that he “would bankrupt
the State of Georgiain two years.” With
this prediction on record, and the well
known character of Bullock for dishonesty
by its side, the members of the Legislature
of Georgia may well Sod it perplexing to
explain to their constituents how it was
that they permitted this man to handle the
public purse and credit without check or
balance. No matter what Aagier’s ante
cedents may have been, or how much more
he nay aid and assist in the oppression and
degradation of the men and women of his
race and color, there is no disguising the
fact that the people of Georgia are indebt
ed to him for unmasking the designs of an
unscrupulous scoundrel, in such shape as
to make his guilt overwhelming and con
clusive.
This timely exposure makes work for
the Legislature, some of which should
be quickly done. Impeachment, the ter
ror of Bullock, can scarcely be ventured on,
with the present complexiou of the Senate
or temper of Congress; but his hands may
l»e tied at once, effectually and permanent
ly, and no time should be lost in doing this.
He should not be permitted to sell another
bond, or draw another check or warrant
without the immediate and persona) in
spection ol a committee of true and incor
ruptible men. The people will demand
that the little of property left to them
shall he protected from the band of plun
derers which Federal bayonets have turned
into the Temple of the State Government.
And not many suns should set before some
measure should be inaugurated
and passed, looking to the removal
of the seat of Government
back to the point from which it was driven
by a trick so contemptible as not even to merit
the respect of those who played it. 'Hie
pledge put forth to pacify just complaints
has already been violated. The money of
the State has been extravagantly applied
without law or license to the purposes of
speculators. The Opera House, a poor
apology for a State Capitol, with its titles
involved, and finished at an expense in
volving the most reckless extravagance, a
bad piece of property at best, is about to be
pushed off on Georgia, in order that Bul
lock and some Y aukee artizans may be pe
cuniarily benefitted. This is but the en
tering wedge, and there is no safety save is
flight, immediate, precipitate if it may be.
The credit of the State cannot come out of
this scrape unimpaired. Another year in
Atlanta, similar in management ana results
as the last, will leave Georgia with nothing
that can excite the cupidity of the most
impecunious carpet-bagger.
Prunt and Banks.
A PROBABLY TRUE VERSION OF THE
VICKSBURG STORY.
The recent revelation that an order was
issued from the War Department to Gen-
Banks, just, before the fall of Vicksburg,
directing him to repair to that point aDd
supersede Gen. Grant, has been made a
topic for comment in newspapers in all
parts of the country. It has been denied
by Secretary Stanton, arid the truth of the
statement has been called in question by-
Mr. Dana, who was Assistant Secretary of
War at the time; but notwithstanding
this, we have the assurance that the state
ment is strictly true.
The reader may ask, if this is so, how
has the fact leaked out now, and why was
it withheld from the public so long? In
answer to this it may be said that the ene
mies of General Grant have reported some
thing to this effect before, the matter hav
ing been brought to the notice of a lew
army officers at the time. This has been
denied at the War Department, and there
are no papers on file there to confirm the
truth of the report. General Grant never
heard of the story until about four weeks
ago, when one of his friends called his
attention to it. Genera! Badeau, of his
staff, and a Congressional friend ealic-d on
General Banks, arid not only learned that
the story was true, but obtained from him
all the correspondence between him and
the War Department on the subject, he
having retained his orders and guarded
them with the more care when he learned
that Secretary Stanton had disposed of
the duplicates. The contents oi these doc
uments were discussed at General Grant’s
headquarters, and a member of the staff
communicated the matter to the corre
spondent of the New York Times, who
first made it public.
It may be asked how Secretary Stanton
can deny these facts, but those who know
him best find little difficulty in answering
it. Perhaps the fact that they are in the
handwrjting of General Halleck, and sign
ed by him, will be urged as an excuse lor
bis denial, but their contents, when pub
lished —and we presume General Grant
will publish them some time—wiil show
that both Secretary Stanton and President
Lincoln knew of what was written, and
that all was done under their direction.
Officers of the Nineteenth army corps
knew of this correspondence at the time,
and General Banks was urged to obey the
order, but he ventured to disregard it, and
the fall of' Vicksburg, a lew days later,
vindicated General Grant, and the War
Department saw lit not to call General
Banks to account for his disobedience. He
kept his own counsel, knowing that the j
publication of the correspondence, or the i
fact of its existence prior to the recent elec- |
tion, would injure the Republican party, j
and it is only made public now by the '
friends of General Grant.
Some weeks since, while Secretary Stan
ton was talked of for a position in Grant’s
Cabinet, our Washington correspondent
expressed the opinion that he would not
be invited to such a positie*. and a few
days later—about the time General Grant
obtained this correspondence—his friends
announced tbat he proposed to remain in
private life. If it should turn out that he
took advantage of his position as Secretary
ot War to destroy important public docu
ments, and especially those which might
prevent his own political preferment, it
will be a cause for r< gret to the country
that this determination was not reached
some years ago. —Boston '1 ravelin'.
Important Resolution.
In the State Agricultural Convention,
Judge D. A. Vason offered a resolution
urging the formation of agricultural so
cieties in each county, and recommending
that they meet monthly, which was adopted.
Dr. R. C. Word, of Whitfield, intro
duced the following preamble and resolu
tions, which were adopted :
Whereas, the unsettled condition of po
litical affairs in the South, resulting from
the reports of evil, designing men, touch
ing the loyalty and patriotism of our peo
ple, have greatly re arded and crippled the
agricultural prosperity ot our country, by
creating distrust, demoralizing the labor
ing element, preventing immigration and
the influx of capital, and depreciating
property: therefore
j Resolved , By this Convention, composed
of representatives from ail sections of
I Georgia, that these reports constantly
j going up to the Northern press, and, in a
i vast majority of instances either sheer fab
-1 rications, or made up of exaggerated ac
counts of rare and exceptional cases; that
so far as Georgia is concerned, at least, we
can truthfully assure the whole world,
that our people are a law-abiding and
peaceable, humane to the negro, and true
to the principles of the Constitution ; and
that we earnestly protest against these
misrepresentations as cruel and harassing
to an unoffending people struggling to
recover their lost fortunes, and to build up
the waste places of the country.
Resolved , That the varied quality and
fertility of Georgia soil, the cheapness of
her lands, the mildness and salubrity of
her climate, tbe hospitality, intelligence
and patriotism of her people, ail combine to
constitute a land, perhaps, more inviting
and attractive to settlers than any other ;
portion of this favored country.
Important Decision.
John Doe, execstor, Edmund B. Tait et
al., vs. Richard Roe, cas., John Pollard,
teuant.—Ejectment from Harris.
MoCay, J.—An adverse possession of
real estate under written evidence of title
from the sth of November, 1859, until the
24th of September, 1867, gives a good
title agaiust all persons not under disabili
ty to sue.
2. Since the Ist of January, 1863, the
time when the Code went into operation,
there has not been any statute oflimitatiou
in this State as to suits for real property.
An actual adverse possession under writ
ten evidence of title for seven years gives a
good prescriptive right, as against all per
sons not under disability to sue.
3. The Ordinances of the Convention
of 1885, declaratory of the suspension of
the statutes ot limitation since the 19th of j
January, 1861, aud enacting that they j
should continue suspended until oivi) Gov
eminent should be fully restored, inas
much as it creates no disability to sue, does
not operate so as to prevent the ripening
of a prescriptive title undej tho Code, so
far as that title is dependent on a posses
sion since the Ist of January, 1863.
4 A party setting up a prescriptive
right under the Code, may tackto his pos
session since Ist January, 1863, a posses
sion good before that time, as part of a
defence under the Statute of Limitations,
if his possession has been continuous.
5. When anew les-or of the plaintiff is
introduced, by way of amendment to an
action of ejectment, the case, as to that de
mise, is to be tried as if the action had not
bten commenced until the date of the
amendment.
Judgment reversed.
Williams & Thornton, M. 11. Blandford
per Judge Clark for plantiff in error.
Peabody & Brannon for defendant in
error.
The Cotton Worm.
The Early History of the Worm lts
Natural Enemy — The, Causes of the
Destructiveness of the Worm—The Ef
fects of the Season and the Importance
of Early Crops—The Pith Theory—The
Worm on Salt and Rusty Lauds.
To the Editor of the Charleston News:
The annual recurrence of the cotton
worm is by no means a foregone conclu
sion.
' All results depend on exciting causes,
and this is manifestly so with the insect
creation. In one season we are annoyed
by swarms of flics, gouts and mosquitoes,
whilst in another we are almost exempt
from them. In one our orchards and
gardens are made almost valueless by the
presence of aphides and other insects. In
another we epjoy an entire respite. Some
times these swarms of insects are repeated
for several consecutive seasons, and then
suddenly they are gone, apparently with
out cause, yet undoubtedly from some con
trolling influence. It is thus with the
caterpillar as with all others. We may
as well count on the continuous recurrence
of extraordinary malarial seasons as expect
the constant recurrence of the cotton worm.
Now, it is known that caterpillars of all
kinds, at the North as well ns with us,
were unusually prevalent during the past
season. In 1867, the casina (Ilex casino)
was stripped of'its leaves entirely early in
the summer by its own peculiar caterpil
lar. This had not been(known tooccur before
in many years’observation of the plant,
which, on account of its use as a hedge
plant, was in a position to be closely
watched. Season alter season the plant
escaped, but in 1867 it was attacked and
overcome by its own peculiar destroyer.
And this summer the ramie plant was at
tacked and stripped of leaves by a worm
peculiar to it, and of very singular appear
ance.
About the period of the Revolutionary
war the wheat fields were infested by the
Hessian fly, and such were the ravages
committed thAt the raising of wheat was
almost despaired of, and the advent of the
fly feared even in Europe. So, too, occur
red the disease of the grape, which so
materially reduced the vintages of several
years. So, too, the well-known potato rot,
which had its thousands of victims, re
quiring the exportation of cargoes of grain
from America to Ireland.
The cotton worm is the insect peculiar
to the cotton plant, and will feed, as far as
known, on nothing else. It is easily dis
tinguished from other worms bv the ex
perienced eye. This worm is subject to be
developed or not, according to the charac
ter of the seasons and other circumstances,
as its hatching indicates. It is itself, how
ever, subject to be preyed on by some
other insects, as well as birds. My expe
rience teaches me, however, that it is Dot
readily _ devoured by our own wild birds,
and in this I think the most observant
planters will agree with me. VV hen crush
ed in the fingers, or even whilst eating in
a field, it emits a disagreeable and naus
eous odor. The insect which is supposed
to be the most destructive to the cotton
worm is the ichneumon fly. This fly is a
very active insect, and can be seen darting
about in search of its prey. It punctures
the living worm with apparent injury, and
deposits its own egg in the worm. The
worm, at its appointed time, goes into the
chrysalis state, from which chrysales is
hatched the cotton moth, which in time
deposits its eggs on or under the leaves ol
the plant. These minute eggs are hatch
ed into very small tfbrins, and at first
scarcely perceptible, the egg itself not be
ing larger than the ordinary period mark
(.) of a penman. These little insicts, a
thousand of which may be produced by one
moth, rapidly grows, so that in a very few
days they may be even heard eating iu the
fields. Now when the ichneumon fly pierces
a worm that worm goes into Lhe chrysa
lis state, and instead of hatching a cotton
moth an ichneumon fly is hatched, the em
bryo fly having fed upon and eaten up the
worm within its case. The presence of
this fly or its absence possibly has much to
do with the prevalence of the cotton worm.
Unfortunately for us, very wet seasons,
keeping the wings of our friendly fly clog
ged with moisture, destroy much of its ac
tivity, whilst the same weather adds great
ly to the growth of the minute cotton
worms, which live at first almost like ap
hides on the moist and succulent cotton
leaf.
When the worm is produced from ex
citing causes, whether of moisture, warm
and murky weather, or some other hidden
climatic condition, not known to us, we
have simply the beginning of the evil ; but
like young chickens or birds just, hatched,
the surrounding circumstances must be
favorable to tbeir development, or the
most if not all of them perish If the sea
son is too hot and dry, or the plant too
mature, the ichneumon fly abounds ; or if
the season is too cold the little insect per
ishes.
I am convinced that we have the worm
or chrysalis with us always, subject to be
produced by exciting causes. I saw the
unmistakable chrysalis turned from the
fresh plow furrough last Spring; took it
in my hand, examined it carefully, observed
its peculiar motion, and was entirely sat
isfied as to its being the chrysalis of the
genuine moth. Another gentleman in
my community observed an unmistakable
worm as early as April or the first of May.
He had a stake driven at the piace, and at
that very spot the caterpillars first made
their appearance when they earns in num
bers. I have been credibly informed by
another gentleman that the moth has been
seen and one taken about the 7th of the
present month. It seemed very feeble
and, though carefully handled and kept, it
soon perished. There can be no doubt of
this circumstance, as the gentleman who
took the moth was perfectly familiar
tl.erewith and could not have been mis
taken. This being the case, there is ground
to hope that our unusually cold winter
will destroy, to a great degree, the cotton
insects.
Let me also state that the prevalence of
these insects in one season seems to have
nothing to do with their prevalence in an
other They made their appearance earlier
in 1846 than ever before or since, and the
crops were utterly eaten, and weeks ear
lier than they were in the season just past.
But the crop of 1846 was much earlier in
its growth than those of 1867 or 1868, and
the season by no means so wet. The crop
was, therefore, far better than the crops
of 1867 and 1868.
I noticed last fall, before frost, the
weather being very warm at the time,
myriads of the cotton worms, many of
them full grown, perishing in the cotton
alleys. We had at the time an intermis
j sion of the rainy weather, and the surface
jof the earth was very dry and hot. I took
j many of them in my hand and found them
entirely dead.
It may thus happen, from one cause or
another, that when they come early and
strip the plant of its foilage and destroy
1 the supply of food, as well as shelter, these
worms die out in great numbers, both
; from want of food and on account of the
scorching rays of the sun. In 1846 the
same thing occurred. The worms then
filled up the wheel ruts in the roads and
also the ditch corners, and myriads died
in the hot sand. Be this as it may, the
fact is, there was not one seen in 1847, and j
we escaped them for many years afterward.
In theyear 1860, the worms made their |
appearance in my crop late in September
i and did me some injury. There was not
: one to be heard of in any other direotion
around me. My crop differed from those
around me in one material particular. It
’ was utterly destroyed by a very severe hail
storm on the 27th day of May; it had to
be planted al! over, and there was not one
! original plant in ten thousand that sur
vived. It was therefore extremely back
ward and suffered besides thi-t so much
after ooming up from the ‘deaf bug,”
that it was truly problematical, up to the
Bth of July, whether it could make any
thing at all. The season, however, was
good, and when the plant escaped it leaped
into growth and fruited beyond all expec
tatiun, producing a crop which I think my
factor’s books will show was very nearly a
bag to the hand. It was, however, far be
hind other crops iu maturity, and th? «up
of caterpillar.,, so to speak, thoqghgrowing
slowly from the season b,eisg unpropitious
had made at a late period sufficient
headway to do mo iujury. My crop alone
was found iD the condition to sustain or
grow them with facility. All ottk-rs were
far too mature. Now, had the season beau
such as to develop these Vorms early in
the growth of the plant, it could scarcely
have made ten pounds to the whole crop,
or. indeed a pod oi cotton. An important
reflection arises here, impressing us w ith
the fact that late crops, though not really
producing the worm, yet iu reality may
nurture hordes of the worms that would
have otherwise perished for waut of food.
It is ti ue that great exciting causes might
produce and develop them with tlio coin- I
cidence of a succulent crop to nourish them, !
but, being at first sow in numbers, they j
would come on slowly, and. perchance,with I
a hot and dry bummer the first brood would j
not appear iu the crops at all, and even
With a wet August it could soarely appear 1
before Oetober-too late to do serious in
jury.
Bear it in mind that these insects are
natched and grown. The hatchiug depends
on the season ; the growing on the crop as
well as the season. If the plant is very
mature when the worms are first hatched
in auy appreciable numbers, the brood of
caterpillars fails for want ot proper nourish
rnent. If, on tho contrary, the crop is i„
as lavorablc condition to feed the tender
young worms in their different broods the
hatching, whatever it maybe, is carried
through the worm state without apprecia
ble dimunition toward another brood whii *
under othercircumstances there would have
beeu a larger dimunition. Such a diwuni
tioo at the first produces a very appreciable
effect when the prouuciug moths at the
; most are few (but few having escaped th
: vicissituaes of the year). When they b -
j come exceedingly numerous, however, even
! though they should lose three-fourths of
each brood, enough are still accumulated
to destroy the crops.
W ith the two past years, w e have found
it impossible to make our cm..- grow off.
We have hud no Spring, an i just such
seasons as our past exptrie, « w.-uld have
warranted us in pronouncing beforehand as
best auapted to the production oft!. - worm
lhe statement about the eggs being fount!
in thepith o» toe dtaik is ridiculousaud im
possible, for the little moth that lays the
egg is too feeble, and has nothing where
with to pierce the «ood of the stalk.
On the whole, it seems to me that, with
varied seasons, timely planting, genial
Springs and well prepared fields, we might
reasonably expect a respite from the cotton
worm, or, speaking more strictly, have no
ground lor supposing otherwise.
Major John Jenkins, of i-ldisto, informs
me that his cotton planted on what is known
as salt or reclaimed marsh land, entire) v
esoaped the ravages of the worm, both in
67 and 68, the worms proving very de
structive on the high lands immediately
oontiguous.
This would seem to indicate the free use
of salt as a preventive, hut whatever good
may be effected by such use, it should be
remembered that we cannot reach by an
artificial supply of salt without destroying
vegetation, such a saliue condition of th>>
soil as that of the salt marsh land, and thus
without considering cost of a large appli
cation of salt, we must confess our inca
pacity to approximate to the properties iff
the salt marsh without rendering it unlit
forall vegetation.
I have observed myself the singular ex
emption from the ravages of the worm ex
perienced in 1866, 1867 audlS6S, in a cot
ton field disposed to rust. The soil of this
field has medium yellow sandy toaai, hay
ing nodules oi ferruginous sand scattered
over the surface, mixed with the soil.
In 1866 there was no appeaiancc of
caterpillar at all in the part of this planted
field. In 1867 one cocoon and one worm
was alone seen. In 186S, the whole field
being planted, the worms did some slight
damage, scarcely appreciable. This field
matures very early, and in ordinary sea
sons, without manure, would probably rust
badly.
In one instance, then, we have salt
marsh lands exempted from injury for two
years, when the fieldsaround were ravaged
by the worm. In another, the lands
having iron largely incorporated with it,
the same entire exemption is afforded in
two consecutive years, and very nearly tho
same ir. the third, whilst the other fields
were eaten np.
I think, however, I have known “salt
laud” cotton eaten, and so.also, thatgrown
on land disposed to rust, but never to the
sameextent as on other lands.
This article is a summary of the very
best information 1 can give upon the sub
ject. I would be happy to answer any in
quiry in connection with this matter, and
will thankfully receive infe .nation from
any one who wili communicate with me
through The News office, or otherwise. I
think itimpo-sible to destroy these insects.
There maybe wholesome results reached
by every effort toward promoting the
early growth of the plant. My advice is
not to plant too soon, but simply in time.
Cotton well put in, l'ro.-n the Ist to loth of
April, is abundant iu time. I have yet to
learn any advantage frem earlier planting.
John W. R. Pope.
From the New Jf York Journal of Commerce , January 2<*.
Resumption of Specie Payments -Action
of the New York Chamber of Com
merce.
An adjourned meeting of the Chamber
of Commerce was held at 1 P. M., yester
day to continue the discussion of the re
sumption of specie payment. A pamphlet
was read by Mr. Moringe in which the
following suggestions were made: First-
Pledge the credit of the Government for
the payment in gold of ail gold interest
bonds. Second—Legalize coin contracts.
Third—That each incumbent of an official
position should undergo an examination by
a suitable Board, granting certificates to
applicants on account of capability and
character, irrespective of political proclivi
ties.
Mr. Opdyke said that, at tho last meet
ing, Mr. Chittenden had referred to him
by name and to the Fourth National Bank
as catering to the spirit of speculation,
lie begged to explain to the gentleman
that the business of the bank was conduct
ed on safe-banking principles. He also
gave notice of a memorial to Congress
which he intended to introduce, recom
mending that the public debt shall be paid
in coin ; no further issue of paper money
be made by the Government or banks, and
that a contraction of the legal tenders be
made to the extent of ten millions tier
annum.
Mr. Chittenden reiterated Ids proposition
that the 1 10 National banks in the country
could not pay one-third of their capital, and
before specie payments were resumed one
third of them would fail. lie gave his un
conditional adherence to .Mr. Opdyke’s
propositions excepting that of contraction.
He did uot believe in contraction. During
his address he referred to the article in the
World yesterday morning, and to the desire
entertained, as he said, by the Democratic
leaders and the Southern people to repu
diate the debt entirely At the close of
his remarks the President rose and inform
ed him that the rules ol the Chamber
forbade any reference to polities or political
parties.
Col. T. B. Myers advocated gradual con
traction.
Mr. Jaffray was willing to withdraw his
resolution. He was in f.iv-or, however, of
the contraction of the currency at the rate
of from two to four millions a month. An
attempt to resume specie payments at once,
could not but prove disastrous.
Mr. Wat. J. Coleman thought a oor.trae
tion of twenty-five or fifty millions absolute
ly necessary, and that we must have in
creased exports and decreased imports.
II- believed we could resume specie pay
ments in five years with safety, and ad
vocated the legalizing o! specie contracts as
an important means.
j Mr. A. A. Low was disappointed at the
; course the discussion hud taken. He sup
i Posed the argument would be confined to
the preambles and resolutions offered by
himself ; but instead of that several plans
j had been offered. Mr. Low read <rom the
records of the Chamber, to show that
: resolutions had already been adopted in
favor of the early resumption of specie
i payments and the legalizing of gold con
j tracts. As to economy, it had been the
burden of every stump speech delivered
! during the campaign and before the
Chamber, lee speaker then said that
since tuc meeting lasi week two millions
in gold have been exported. -Specie is go
ing out so fast that in a short time reme
dial efforts of Congress wifi boos no effect.
He urged the Chamber tc, fix upon some
recommendation to Congress, to show
that the meichants of New York had some
definite and decided ideas m to the great
financial issues of the day.
Col. Conklin* said he hoped the Cham
ber would be allowed to vote on the various
propo-itions offered.
Mr. Low moved to lay the whole
I ject on the table The motion was Pjgr
: and amid some confusion it was decided
that the Chamber should proceed to vote
on the proposition offered. Mr. Ja«'rav
having withdrawn his resolutions, those
of Mr. Opdyke became the second am. n,i
--: ment, and therefore tbe first to be acted
I upon. They proposed that a committee of
nve should be appointed to report a
memorial at the next tm eting of the Cham
ber, including the lolloping recommenda
tions to Congress ;
First—The public debt shall be paid in
“* equivalent, tieoond—Thrre
h ,t‘ *1 nn , fu ;, tber 18808 of paper money
either by the Government or the
banks. Third-Therc shall be
of legal tenders to the amount ofter
lions per a D num until specie payrr
resumed. The lolmwit, - !•»««.. . lre
should be taken . ” ?
must be legalized.
E Sa M S 6 f ® OTern «‘»»Fold and fends'
Tnird—Make it a penal offence to loan
n ere or national bank
. ' Grant no more railroad or
o her subsid'd. Fifth-Secure an equita
ole distribution of the national taxes and
honesty and economy in their collection.
Sixth Apply $140,000,000 annually of the
gold received for customs to the payment
, interest and the reduction of the nation
al debt.
Mr. Opdyke’s resolution was lost by a
vote of 13 to 15. Tbo resolutions of Mr.
Sturges were then adopted, aud are as
follows:
Resolved, That the following plan be
; recommended to Congress: as a basis of
action for tbe permanent settlement of our
national finances: 1. Declare that when
the debt is paid it shall be paid in coin. 2.
Legalixe gold contracts. 3. Introduce the
strictest economy in every department of
the Government. 4. Refuse all subsidies
aud unnecessary appropriations. 5. See
tbat the revenues aro economically, cnor-v
getically and honestly collected. 6.
all tbe surplus revtuuo in reducing the
debt. 7. Take away all power Gam the
Secretary a, the Treasury to money
plentiful or scarce. 8. Let tfwt people un
derstand tbat while they need not fear
rapid contraction k will be dangerous to
