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CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
A FLOWER THAT HAS
ALL THE RAGE IN AMERICA.
Its Possibilities and Endless Varie
ties-Methods of Its Cultivation
and Propagation—Antiq¬
uity of Its Culture.
The culture of the chrysanticmum
•ays fixer, the has New York Commercial Adeer'
reached a point in this country
from which it seems as if it could not
recede, as it has done in the past Ei"ht
years ago, says an authority on the sub
iect, there were sold in this country not
more than 5000 plants. ' This year it is
estimated that not less than 1,000 005
plants have been grown by florists and
6tdd -
The general impression was that this
flower was a pretty object for borders in
tne fall of the year, that it needed but
little care and attention and would pro
duee an abundant bloom of pleasing
color when nature was about to don its
more severe and melancholy look. Lit
t|e sibilities they could have dreamed of its pos
tainly as we see them to-day. Cer
no flower has yet been found
which produces at once such a profuse,
delicate and vari-formed bloom. The
possibilities it has shown in the divec
tioa of color alone should win for it an
esteem which no other flower can share.
From the deepest of crimsons it may be
followed through cverv known shade of
reds, yellows and browns to the purest
ana snowiest ot white. In shape it gives
suggestions of form anti line quite un
approached by anything else in floricul
tural art. Granted that its growth is
often irregular, there is in most of the
finer specimens the evidence of a design
embodying Nothing elements of singular beauty.
certainly could surpass the sym
metry of some of these gorgeous Chi
nese varieties with their conically dis
posed petals, while for gracefulness of
line some of the Japanese varieties with
their multiplicity of radiatmg petals
waving rounding from large golden centers and
at their tips in graceful curves
towards their centres again, there exists
nothing The more artistic or beautiful.
varieties of the chrysanthemum,
too, are endless. One flower sends out a
multitude of quilled petals of varying
length ing thatlooks like rays of light spread
from a common centie; others, con
trary to ail laws of symmetry, form a
tumbling mass of feathery down; others
•gain show bails of incurved petals that
seem to bo guarding the blush of deli
cate colors that hide below the surface ■
while others still spread out in bold and
certain curves, in spiral twirls, or hu<* a
central disk with close tenacity °
It can be readily imanined what amass
of varieties there may be to speak of
what shades, and half shades of color,
■what changes of form, when it is known
that there are in existence more than
GOO) distinct varieties of the flower,
which have sprung from three modest
and original field species that resemble our
common differs from its daisy. Each of the (>000
fellow in color or in form,
Tbe only characteristic they all have in
common is that they have not a sweet
odor, though what they “ have is not an
unpleasant one.
In the original form of the flower there
is a yellow centre and radial petals
about it in a single row. It grows wild
in this way m three Asiatic countries, in
Japan, in China and in India. In China
the specie* is divided again into flowers
of three different colors—yellow, white
and lilac. The Japancte flower is the
same, but withoncor two other shades
of coiors added, while the Indian pos
sesses the deep crimsons and bronzes,
From these few plants assiduous care and
attention have developed the thousands
of varieties we know, by peculiarities of
inter-breeding Some the and exhibition propagation. plants
of now
measure three feet in circumference.
When the planet was first introduced
into this country it was propagated for
its medicinal qualities, as a febrifuge.
It had a bitter taste and a slightly dis¬
agreeable varieties odor. As early as 1820 some
Chinese were first introduced
and cultivated as ornamental plants. For
centuries it has been so regarded in China
and Japan, the cultivation of the flower
in Japan being so old and so extended
I hat it has become a national emblem in
the nation, and has a festival day set
apart in its honor. On some ancient
Japanese?embroideries the flower of the prominently. fourteenth
century It until the figures end of the
was uot lust cen¬
tury that it found its way to England.
In 1820 there were only twelve sorts
known in that country. In 1834 new
varieties had been
made at the time mentions as many as
sixty kinds. In this country it was not
until 1800 or thereabouts that John
Beach and llobert Fortune gave an im¬
pulse thirty to their cultivation. In less than
years the fondness for them has
grown almost to a craze.
Varieties,ns we have said, are brought
about by crosses of various kinds. Many
flowers aro difficult to cross with others
of their own species, but the chrysan¬
themum is not. The pollen of one kind
wil1 fer!i,ize another as readily as it will
°“ e of its own kind. Starting with the
V? re ®, ° n fc lnal .varieties, and these each
divlded again into different colors, it is
easy t0 see tbat their cultivation is sim
P ly end le8 f- 11 » a mere matter of
arithmetical . .
progression,
climate Though the originally from a temperate
lant chrysanthemum, is a hardy
P - It will stand several degrees of
frost without injury, though a sharp
frost will often wilt the bloom. On this
accoua t florists generally protect the
P lant int h ;s country. In warm weather,
however, it thrives in the open air. The
cutting oflect on practised it which seems inter-breeding to have the has same
on
an ' ma * 8 - ft renders it delicate, not so
ra,icb to the air as to its mode of life,
To S row the best varieties chrysanthe
munis need a rich soil,and just the right
quantity °f water. Too much surfeits
vi hcm; too little starves them. There
growth ' oro they need watching. Again, their
must be carefully attended to.
At c ? rtail1 tim es they must be pinched
S’ ve them strength; at others the
laterals must be cut out, the buds
carefully thinned down or manures of
different kinds given. The first pinch
in S is generally done soon after the
plant the gets well under way in the spring,
lf growth is strong then it may be
, to take its Those plants
course.
which are least interfered with will give
* bc best bloom in the fall. The first
Pjnchings P‘ al] t bushy. have Sometimes a tendency the to plant make is a
g ,owa as a standard—that is, one stalk
a 'cne is allowed to grow to a certain
when it is pinched, and all
laterals below the top removed. The
snoots thrown out at the top are then
ben ^ down and woven about a circular
°°P' and tne blossoms disposed at will
in . due season, as the}'appear.
The finest flowers of all, the large ones
which are displayed with such taste in
tne exhibitions, ure not grown with very
much more care than the others. They
generally in pots and short, though
t l<: nature °‘ 'no chrysanthemum is to
long and lanky. Ihe reason is
thls: That these P lants arc grown almost
entirely from cuttings made in July and
Au S ust - At Hud time the tops of plants
are cut and planted at once. They strike
root within a few da y s > and from then
until they bloom at the end of October
lllcy are wc!1 nourished, all lateral
branches cut off, and only one or two
bl,da at most al ’ owed to appear. The
resu ^ i® a grand flower like the Mrs.
Carnegie—a bouquet iu itself, rich or
del,CHte 111 color, as the ca3e may be.
and a P 0lfect mass of lar g« spreading
P°* a S
To obtain new varieties we must oper
ate with the seed. Cultivation hasgrad
ually made this more and more difficult,
f° r the iris which appears iu the original
flower is often almost lost in highly cul
tivated varieties. This iris, composed.
of stamens and pistils, gradually through throws constant
encouragment petals now the out
in place of Having yellow selected mass of
generative parts. the pollen "is transferred two
line specimens
with a brush from one plant to the other,
and thus an artificial fertilization is
made. It i3 a curious fact, however,
that out of 11)0 seedlings propagated
one-third at least will revert to one of
the original type< and be worthless, a
second ;j;i per cent, will show marks of
progress, and of the remaining 33 there
are not likely to be more than two or
three new varieties of any value. For
this reason it is always best to grow the
chrysanthemums from cuttings. It is a
waste of money for any but fanciers to
buy seed. Good cuttings will not revert,
though they will often show inferior
qualities during the cutting first year ot' give their
growth. flower, A and weak will cutting a
poor even a strong
will show poor results if its food supply
is neglected, or it is subjected to too
great heat or cold.
The chrvsanthemum will thrive—even
the finest" variet es-out of doors, but
they should be carefully protected from
frost as the time for blooming branches ap
proaches. In winter the are
cut down after flowering, and the under plants
placed in a cellar, cold frame,or a
heavy bed of leaves. When growing
there is no plant easier to is propagate, by
For this reason great care taken
florists to obtain new varieties which
they dantly will not sell until they have abun
plants supplied for the themselves with young
market. These plants
bring everywhere from fifty cents each
to $1. A single plant started in the
half spring will soon grow and put out a
dozen, leaves. Each leaf and an eye
of the stalk can then be planted and
xvill soon produce another plant, which
will grow and soon furnish material for
another half-dozen. By forcing the
plant through the winter a large de¬
mand can be supplied at rates which
certainly look remunerative. Once the
plant is out of the hands of the sole
owner, however, he can no longer pro¬
tect himself against competition. For
this reason the greatest circumspection
must be employed to guard against the
loss or straying of a single plant.
The Nile and the Egyptian Famine.
Egypt is made fruitful not by the rain
fall, for there is none, but by the annual
floods of the Nile, caused by excessive
rains m the equatorial regions,
It is known that the river Nile h now
unusually low, and has been so during
the summer, so that a serious drought
its prevails valley. throughout the greater part of
Sir Samuel Baker, the emi
nent African explorer, has expressed the
opinion that this is the result of the ob
struction and deflection of the flow of
water from the Atbara branch, a large
tributary which rises in the mountains
of Abyssinia and comes into the main
river from the east, 200 miles below
Khartoum. This gentleman says that
there are places where the Atbara runs
through dammed sterile plains, that it eould be
up and the waters turned into
the desert to be swallowed up in the
sands and thirsty earth, until in the
course of time it could dig for itself a
new passage to its former bed, where it
flows between hills,
Mr. Baker thinks this diversion of the
river might be occasioned by enormous
rafts and accumulations of drift wood,
or itcould be done by the warlike tribes
of that region to cut the waters offfrotn
Egypt. These waters could not, how
ever, be turned out of the Kile basin,
and in the course of time would find
their way back into the lower basin. In
just such a manner lie conceives that the
seven years of famine in Egypt during
the time of the Pharaohs, as described
in the book of Genesis, were produced,
The river had been cut off by design or
through the operation of natural causes
and seven find years their were required through for des¬ the
waters to way the
ert flack to the river channel lower
down. The subject is an interesting
one, and may explain the sagacity of
Joseph, the Grand Vizier of Pharaoh.—
Picayune.
The Butch Law of Itegal Succession.
As the Dutch Legislature has fixed
the law of succession to the throne on
the death of the present King in the per¬
son of his only daughter, there will not
probably be any serious political dis¬
turbance iu ease of the demise of the
aged monarch, but the question of her
marriage will form one of the great
problems of the next decade, at the ex
piration of which period the young
Princess will be freed from the regency.
Of course the German Chaucellor has
already settled his plans that she should
marry a German prince, looking gradu
ally to the absorption of the rich and
thrifty kingdom to the ranks of the
German Empire. The fact is that Am¬
sterdam forms one of the natural outlets
for Germany’s foreign commerce, and
the few rich and prosperous colonies
that Hollaud possesses would prove to be
of inestimable value, both in a com¬
mercial and maritime point of view,
to the great German Empire. But Kng
'and is not likely acquiesce in any such
a solution to the question, as it is to her
interests that Belgium and
should remain intact under a
system of neutrality. it is
rumored in Dutch court circles that the
young princess might find a congenial
mate in Prince George, the second son of
the Prince of Wales, but that selection is
likely to find but scant favor Within the
councils of the German Fatherland.—
San Francisco Chronicle.
-----—* -
Wild Dogs in Georgia
It -will be news to many that wild
d ogs are still to be fduud iu Wilkes
County. While some farmers
burning off brush the other and day a litter
of puppies, long-haired collie breed, closely re
found sembling in the Scotch They were
a hollow log. were ex¬
ccedingly fierce, and tradition has it
that their the parents locality. have The been old frequently dogs
seen in are
said to be very wild and ugly-looking
customers to come in contact with.—
Alla /(a Constitution.
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