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THECONSTITUTIONALI ST.
JAM ES G A HOMER, JR.
TEKMS.
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per in the reacii of new subscribers at
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.
who will pay up arrearages, and
send four new subscribers, with the money, can get
the paper at $2 00.
[pTAII new subscriptions must be paid in ad- !
ranee.
ff~r*Postage must he paid on all communications
and letters of business.
Tims’s Changes.
i saw her once—so freshly fair,
That like a blossom just unfolding,
She open'd to Life's cloudless air.
And Nature joy'd to view its moulding ;
Her smile, it haunts my memory yet—
Her cheek’s fine hue divinely glowing —
Her rosebud mouth—her eyes of jet—
Around on all her light bestowing.
Ohl who could look on such a form,
So nobly free, so solftlv tender.
And darkly dream that earthly storm
Should dim such sweet, delicious splendor?
For in her mien, and in her face.
And in her young steps' fairy lightness,
Nought could the raptur'd gazer trace
But Beauty's glow and Pleasure's brightness
I saw her twice—an altered charm—
But still of magic richest, rarest,
Than girlhood's talisman less warm,
Though yet of earthly sights the fairest;
Upon her breast she held a child,
The very image of its mother;
Which ever to her smiling smiled,
They seemed to live within each other*,
But matron cares, or lurking woe,
Her thoughtless, sinless look, had banish’d.
And from her cheek the roseate glow
Os girlhood’s balmy morn had vanish’d j
Within her eyes, upon her brow,
Lay something softer, fonder, deeper.
As if in dreams some vision’d woe
Had broke the Elysium of the sleeper.
I saw her thrice—Fate's dark decree
In widow's garment had arrayed her;
Yet beautiful she seem'd to be.
As e’en my reveries portray'd her;
The glow, the glance hud pass’d away,
The sunshine, and the sparkling glitter;
Still, though I noted pule decay,
The retrospect was scarcely bitter;
For in their place a calmness dwelt,
Serene, subduing, soothing, holy;
In feeling which, the bosom felt
That every louder mirth is folly—
A pensiveness—which is not grief—
A stillness—as of sunset streaming—
A fairy glow on flower and leaf,
Till earth looks like a landscape dreaming.
A last time—-and unmoved she lay,
Beyond life’s dim, uncertain river,
A glorious mould of fading clay,
From whence the spark had fled forever.
I gazed—my breast was like to burst—
And as I thought of years departed.
The years wherein I saw her fxr^t,
When she, a girl, was lightsome-hearted ;
And when I mus'd on later days.
As moved she in her matron duty,
A happy mother, in the blaze
Os ripen'd hope, and sunny beaut}
I felt the chill—l turned aside—
Bleak Desolation’s cloud came o'er me—
And Being seem’d a troubled tide.
Whose wrecks in darkness swam before me !
[From the Cudeakm Courier of the Mthinst.]
Bv our E«celusive Express.
18 HOURS IX ADVANCE OF THE MAIL
LATER FROM MEXICO.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE RE
LATIVE TO A TREATY WITH MEXICO.
Through the nimbleaess of our ponies, we
yesterday received intelligence from New
Orleans to Monday last, being (on account of
the failure of the mail) forty-eight' hours later
than has reached us in regular course.
The failure of the mail was doubtless caused
by the recent freshets that have prevailed at
the West. An endorsement on one of our pa
pers mailed at Montgomery on the 11th inst.
says: “The Express Rider reports the roads
flooded. The mail due this morning cannot
get in, as he passed it 20 males out.” On the
outer envelope of the Express package, it is
stated that “the Alabama River is rising rapid
ly.” We have great fears that the recent
heavy rains will prove very destructive to the
crops, bridges, &c. at the West, and look with
much anxiety for further advices.
Our express letter brings ns the New Orleans
Commercial Times of Monday, and a slip from
the office of the Picayune up to 10 o’clock, A.
M. of that day.
The news from Mexico will be found interest
ing, inasmuch as the heads of a correspondence
that has taken place between Mr. Buchanan,
Secretary of State, and the Mexican Minister
of Foreign Affairs are published. Mr. Trist, it
wiil be seen, is invested with full powers to
concluded a treaty of Peace, but we find little
indication that the Mexican government are
disposed at the present time to enter into ne
gotiations.
[Freni the N. O. Picayune Ectra, July 1 1 —10 A. M. J
Arrival of the Steamship M’Kim.
LATSI2 FJZ33S VESA GiJUZ.
The steamship M’Kim arrived at this port
on Sunday afternoon in charge of her first olK
cer, Capt. Pilsbury having died on the passage
of yellow fever.
The M’Kim left Vera Cruz on the 3d inst.
There had been nothing later received* from
the city of Mexico than was brought down the
night of the Ist inst., but fuller accounts had
transpired at Vera Cruz than were received
by the Alabama.
We have no further information of the march
of Gen. Pillow. II id any disaster occurred to
him, the news of it could scarcely have failed
to reach Vera Cruz promptly. Our letters
make no mention whatever of him or his com
mand.
By this arrival we have files of papers from
the city of Mexico to the 29th ult. inclusive.
In the Dlario del Gobierno of the 26th of Juna,
appeared an important diplomatic correspond
ence. The first note is from the Mexican Min
ister of Foreign Affairs to the Secretaries of
Congress, referring to that body a communi
cation from Mr, Buchanan, which announces
Mr. Trist’s appointment. We learn that this
letter was communicated to Santa Anna by or
through the British Minister at Mexico, Mr.
Bankhead, who has exerted himself to bring
about a negotiation for peace between the two
nations.
Mr. Buchanan’s letter is dated April 15th.
It acknowledges the receipt of the Mexican
Minister’s letter of the 22 I February, declin
ing to accede to our proposition to send com
missioners to Jalapa, Havana, or other point
before the blockade of the Mexican ports should
be raised ami the Mexican territory evacuated
by our troops.
* Mr. Buchanan writes that the President
holds such a condition" absolutely inadmissi
ble—neither demanded by national honor nor
sanctioned by the practice of nations. He
urges that such a preliminary condition would
render wars interminable, especially between
contiguous nations, unless by the complete
submission of one of the belligerents.
He shows how peurile a course it would be
fur a nation which had sacrificed men and me-
ney to gain a foothold in an enemy s country,
to abandon all the advantages it had won and
withdraw its forces in order to induce negotia
tions, without any certainty or security that
peace would ensue from such negotiations.
He then cites the case of our last war with
Great Britain, to show that we never consid- j
ered for a moment that our nation re juired us 1
to insist upon the withdrawal of British troops }
before consenting to treat for peace. We sent i
commissioners to Ghent when portions of our :
territory wore in the possession of British
troops; and it was notorious that while nego- j
tiatlons were going on At Ghent, hostilities
were carried on upon both sides with unwont- •
ed vigor; the most memorable actions of the
war taking place after negotiations had been
concluded. Such a preliminary condition to
negotiation cannot be cited in modern times;
at least, Mr. Buchanan knows of none.
He then exposes the unusual conduct of
Mexico under another aspect. The President,
in his desire to avoid the war, had sent a min- ,
ister to negotiate a peace. Even after the war
was commenced, by the attack of the Mexi- \
can troops upon Gen. Taylor, the President
had reiterated propositions with a view of
opening negotiations which should put au end j
to hostilities. He had declared to the world
that he would exact no -*ouditious that were
not honorable to both parties; and yet the
Mexican Government had refused to receive the
minister sent to her, and after refusing to ac
cede to the opening of negotiations, Mexico had
never made known upon what basis she would
consent to a settlement of the differences be
tween the two. Republics. There will never
be a termination of hostilities, Mr. Buchanan
proceeds, if Mexico continues to [refuse to]
listen to the overtures which have been prof
fered, and which tend to the establishment of
peace.
The President will not, therefore, make
further overtures for the opening of negotia
tions until he has reason to believe that such
will be accepted by the Mexican Government; i
but, nevertheless, such is his desire for peace, (
that the evils of the war shall not be prolonged I
one day later than the Mexican Government
makes it absolutely necessary. Accordingly, |
to carry his determination into effect, he had
sent in the quality of Commissioner, to the
head quarters of the army in Mexico, Mr. N. :
P. Trist, First Clerk in the State Department, i
with full powers to conclude a-definite treaty :
of peace'with the United Mexican States. —
Mr. Trist is recommended as possessing the
full confidence of the President, and worthy of ;
that of the Mexican Government.
In conclusion, Mr. Buchanan forbears from |
commenting upon the closing passage of the
last letter from the Mexican Minister, lest it
should give to his present note a less concilia
tory character than he desires for it. He re- |
curs with pleasure to another passage in the
same letter wherein is expressed the pain with
which the Mexican Government has seen al
tered the cordial friendship which it had cul
tivated with this Republic, the continued ad- j
vancement of which it had always admired, !
and whose institutions had served as a model
of its own. Such sentiments, continued Mr.
Buchanan, the President deeply feels; his
strongest desires are tiiat the United Mexican
States, under such institutions as prevail witn
us, may protect and secure the liberty of their
citizens, and maintain an elevated position
among the nations of the earth.
Such is an outline of Mr. Buchanan’s letter
of April loth. Wo have not translated it, as
the original will no doubt at once be made pub
lic. T/u re is no indication in it of the basis upon
which Mr, Trist is authorized to conclude a treaty.
This letter- the Mexican Minister acknow
ledges on the 22d of April, saying that the
President had instructed him to reply that tne
whole subject matter of it had been expressly
reserved by the Sovereign Congress of the na
tion for its own control, and that the letter
would be at once transmitted to it for its ac
tion.
We learn by the Mexican {Papers that Con
gress was at once convened to take the matter
into consideration, but up to the 29th of Juno
no quorum had been procured.
By a letter from a source entitled to great
respect, we further learn that Gen. Cicott gave
the Mexican Government till the 30th. ult., to
act upon the letter, when, if nothing should be
done, he would march in.
The best opinion in Mexico, In our judgment,
we have had an opportunity of learaig by this
arrival. That opinion gives but poor encourage
ment for peace, but does not entirely despair.
Other gentlemen, with very ample opportuni
ties for judging, write from the city of Mexico,
that there is no hope of a settlement of the
difficulties; that the Mexicans have not yet
been suiiiciently whipped; and that General
Scott will have to reach the city of Mexico,—
None of the letters we have seen mention any
thing about the number or position of the
Mexican troops.
From the Sun of Anahuacof the 2d inst. we
copy the following order issued by Com. Per
ry upon returning to the mouth of the river
from Ills Tabasco expedition:
GENERAL ORDER—No. 3.
U. S. Flag Ship Mississippi, }
Off Tabasco River, June 25, 1817. j
The commander-in-chief, on returning to
his ship from the expedition undertaken to
capture and occupy the city of Tobasco, seizes
upon the earliest moment to offer his warmest
thanks to the officers, seamen and marines,
composing the force engage ! in the attack, for
the gratifying proofs of zeal and courage, man
liest by them on the occasion.
Notwithstanding the extensive and judici
ous arrangements made by the Mexicans for
defence, they exhibited little gallantry in main
taining their well chosen position, and the only
disappointment evinced by the brave officers
and men, proceeded from the fact that the
enemy did not stand more firmly to their arm .
M. C. PERRY,
Commanding Home Squadron.
The commodore arrived atAntou Lizardo
on the 30th June, with the squadron.
We have no tune to make use of our Mexi
can files, the mair'closing at so early an hour.
ARRIVAL OF THE STEAMSHIP JAS. L. DAY.
Later from the Brazos.
The steamer James L. Day, Capt. Wood,
arrived this morning from the Brazos Santiago.
By her we have received the Matamoros Flag
of the 7th inst. The news is without impor
tance.
The steamboat Enterprise has been sunk in
the Rio Grande, fifteen miles above Reyaosa.
Boat a total loss.
Capt. Dunlap’s company of mounted men
from Illinois had arrived at Matamoras,
the men in fine health and the horses in tole
rable condition.
McCulloch’s company has returned from
Comargo to Matamoras.
We copy the following from the Flag:
Fkom the Inteiuoh of the State.—Mr.
Holliday, a gentleman well known in this city,
returned on Tuesday evening last from a jour
ney into the interior, sixty miles beyond San
Fernando. The object of his journey was to
purchase mules for Government, which was
frustrated on account of an irregular competi
tion in the same business by the band of Cara
bajal, who were spread over the country ti
lting forcible possession of all the mules and i
horses fit for service. The ulcados of several j
diiierent villages beyond IS an Fernando advised I
Mr. Holliday not to prosecute Iris journey
further, assuring him that it would be impos
sible to obtain mules, and ho was running a
great risk of being cither killed or made pri
soner. lie was informed that a part of Urrc Vs
forces was in Victoria, and that the mules and
horses which were being collected by the Mexi
cans were intended for a force which was rais
ing and was to rendezvous at Victoria for the
purpose of making a descent upon Tampico.
This he learned from many different sources,
and be believes that an attack on that post is
intended, the weakness of the garrison there
strongly favoring such a design.
[From the N. O. Times.]
Tampico.
The brig Harriet, Gapt. Brown, arrived hero
on Saturday, from Tampico, the 29th ult., but
brought no news.
The rainy season had sot in at Tampico, but
the health of the troops wore satisfactory.—
Not a single case of yellow fever had occurred
since the commencement of the occupation.
Papers from the capital had reached Tampi
co to the 19th ult., but they contain little of
importance, except the reiteration of the
forced contributicfii of a million of dollars, and
stirring appeals on the part of the journalist >,
i to the patriotism of the people, in view of the
anticipated advance of Gen. Scott from Pue
bla.
Mrs. Do Pussy, the wife of Col. Dc Hussy,
and his two sons, had arrived there; also Mrs.
Daly, with Lt. Daly of the Louisiana Volun
teers. There was to be a grand fete'on the 4th
hist., Cant. C. B. Hunt, being appointed ora
tor of the day.
Col. Gates, on the 2oth ult., issued an order
prohibiting the importation of spirituous ii
■ quors.
Vera Cruz.
By the arrival of the steam ship M’Kira,
Cant. ITisbury, from Vera Cruz, the 3d inst.,
via Brazos, the 6th inst., we have accounts
from both those places up to the respective
dates of departure. No news had arrived
from the interior since the receipt of the last
advices; cense juently nothing had transpired,
in relation to the expected onward movement
1 of Gen. Scott's army. I
1 Died at Ska. —We regret to announce the I
death of Capt. Pillsbury of the MTvim, who I
j caught the yellow fever at: Vera Cruz, and |
died on the 7th inst., at sea. Capt. P. was \
the son of the Hon. Timothy Pillsbury, a '
i member of Congress from the State of Texas. |
Left at Vera Cruz on the 3d inst., the brig
] Velasco, Capt. Bell, up for this port, about the :
Bth inst. .
! . Havana
By the arrival here, on Saturday, of the brig
Selina, Capt. Brown, from Havana, the Ist
inst., we have received tiles of papers to date
i of departure.
The U. S. schr. On-ka-ky-e left Havana, for
the Gulf, on the 30th ult., and the British sloop
of war Thunder, on a cruise, on the 27th ult.
Storm. — A heavy thunder storm broke over
Havana, on the 25th ult., during which the
electric lluid occasioned considerable injury to
the churches of Santa Theresa and San Fran
i cisco dc Paolo.
! The late Difficulty at Havana. —The two I
officers who refused to pay the tine imposed on
! them by the authorities, for alleged breach of
‘ the sanatory regulations, Lieut. Twiggy aid
de-camp to Gen. Twiggs, and Lt. J. 11. /ones,
of the Marines, came passengers by the Selina. I
It appears that these officers, after consulting
, the American Consul, paid the tine, $290 each,
under.prote.st, and were released, being anxious
to be on the theatre of war, to which they >
were on their way. We think they have been
rather hardly used, since they really did ob
tain permission to land, on touching at the
1 Moro.
I
SATURDAY NIGHT, July 10, 1847.
The near approach of the steamer’s news
keeps the Cotton market in a state of suspense, j
| To-day’s sales only amount to 500 bale *. Pri- j
| ccs are very firm.
1 Sugar and Molasses —Limited sales arc malt- 1
j ing at firmer prices.
Flour —The bad weather operates unfavora
i bly on the market. The sales to-day comprise
| 1500 bbK choice Illinois, at $5,60. The price
i of Ohio brands is s•>.
Grain •—The Corn market remains at a,stand,
in consequence of the rainy weather, and we
are again without any sales of note to report.
A lot of 750 sacks Wheat was sold to-day at
sl,lß per bushel.
Whisky —ls dull at 21 a 22c. per gallon.
Exchange —There is but little doing either in
foreign or domestic bills. Sterling, 104£al05i;
; Francs 5f.35a51.40; New York, 60 days, l^a2^
| percent discount; Checks, percent dis.
Freights —We have not heard of any engage
j meats to-day. 4k
[Correspondence of the Savannah Georgian .]
Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated
MACON, July 14, 1847.
The annual .examination of the Young La
dies of the Weslyan Female College of Macon,
commenced on Monday last, and continued
yesterday and 1 o-day. The College is in a
flourishing condition at this time. There are
one hundred and twenty-seven young Ladies
in it, and the classes that were examined
whilst I attended, gave great satisfaction. The
delighted parents and guardians of many of
the young Ladies say that their proficiency
has fax’ exceeded their most sanguine expecta
tions. On to-morrow they wall recite essays
of their own composition, and I have no doubt
will startle many of the spectators by the
talent they display. On the same day the
lion. Robert M. Charlton of Savannah, will
deliver the annual address, which w r c all ex
pect will be a rich treat, as the subject is so
suited to his vivid and poetic imagination. I
will endeavor to give you soma idea of it by
the next mail, together with a more detailed
account of the examination. I however, can
not close without paying a just tribute to the
fair representation from Savannah at the ex- ;
animation. Miss Mary E. Walker, Miss Anne j
M. Snider and Miss Harriet F. Allen elicited ;
the admiration of all that were present.
Haw a Farmer out West preserves his
A two gallon pot is filled with eggs; and one
j pint of lime, of the consistency of common
! white wash, poured in, and the pot filled with
I water. A board is then placed on the top, and
i the water which is never changed, as well as
' the eggs, remains pure and sweet. Thisprac
| tice is the one most common in France, the
inhabitants of which, to their love of frogs and
soup, add also, it appears, a very commenda- i
ble taste for eggs.
The Way they do it in Mississippi
i The Mississippian, published at Jackson,
| says—“ The people of Lowndes county have
just given a beautiful and tasteful display of
the public spirit for which that county is re
markable. When it was heard that the regi
ment had arrived, ton or twelve of the finest
carriages in the county were at once despatch
ed for the use of Captain Roger’s company,
Tombigby Volunteers, (McClung’s old com
| pany.) When about half way down, the dis
■ t nice of a hundred and fifty miles, it was as
j certained that the company had gone by the
j way of Mobile, when the train returned home,
1 except a carriage for Col. McGlung, and an
| ambulance for Lt. Patterson, whose wounds
would admit no other mode„of travel. This is
a beautiful specimen of county pride.—
Lowndes has a right to bo proud of her Vol
unteer-, and their Volunteers of their coun
ty.”
Augusta, ©corgia.
svNFjcEmoßNiMaiyvi,i is.
FOR GOVERNOR
HON. 6. W. TOWNS.
OF TALBOT.
The Mails.
The Western Mail has failed for two days
from offices beyond Montgomery, Alabama.
The Northern Mail due last evening also failed
from offices beyond Charleston. These failures
arc no doubt caused by recent heavy rains.
In another column, however, will be found
advices from New Orleans to the 12th inst.,
received by the editors of the Charleston Cou
rier, through Riddle’s express. There had
been an arrival at New Orleans bringing later
intelligence from Mexico, which will be found j
of some interest.
The State Hail Road.
Our correspondent “W.” makes some sug
gestions in relation to the State Road worthy
of consideration. It is a topic of great impor
tance and public interest, and there should be a
free interchange of opinion among our citizens
between this time and the approaching session
of the Legislature. We hope that when that |
body assembles, it will come together fully j
advised of public sentiment on the subject,
and prepared to legislate intelligently, and
satisfactorily to all interests. The suggestion
of our correspondent, as to the mode of com
pleting the road, strikes us as a good one. It
would, at the same time, furnish a desirable
and safe investment of the Poor School Fund.
W e find the following provision in an Act of
1843—Sec. 3rd.
Sec. 3. And be if farther enacted bg the au
thority aforeaf**'! , That for the purpose of aid
ing in the clucation of the poor as herein be
fore provided, seventeen hundred and thirty
three shares of the capital stock of the Bank
of the State of Georgia, eight hundred and
ninety shares of the Bank of Augu ta, and all
of the available assets of the Central Bank af
ti*r the payment of its debts, be and the same
are hereby set apart and appropriated as a per
manent education fund, the annual income
whereof shall be distributed to the several
counties of this State, and paid to the Justices
of the Inferior courts thereof rateably, in pro
portion to the number of poor children there
in, as herein set forth.
We are not prepared to follow him further
in his speculations as to the disposal of the
road, and the employment of the proceeds of
the sale in other enterprises of a similar kind.
The investment of State funds in such works,
and their sale after completion, or failure, at one
half or one-third cost, would in a short time,
and by a few such transactions, m ike the very
respectable amount of capital Georgia might
control for the purpose,
“Small by degrees, and beautifully less.”
The destiny of our State is a great and no
ble one. Her position, her resources, and her
enterprising population, mark her as the lead
ing State of the South. Her voice mid her in
fluence must be widely felt on all questions
affecting the interests and the enterprises of
the South, in commerce, agriculture, manu
i .
and the mechanic arts. May she prove true
i to herself, and to the high responsibilities
which are imposed upon her by a benign Provi
dence.
Oar CRy A ataorities—Health Police—
Condition of our Streets.
We take pleasure in bearing testimony to
the attention which seems to be paid by the
proper authorities to the means for keeping
our atmosphere pure and healthy.
Laborers are busily engaged in effecting a
thorough draining of the Canal, and. the re
turn channel, whereby that source of disease
may be removed. The incessent rams would
have made some much frequented portions of
our narrow streets great nuisances, but for the
precautions already taken and still in progress
to keep them dry, by layers of turf, and a su
perstratum of coarse gravel, and by opening
the drains. The present superintendent of
streets and hydrants, Mr. Riley, is indefatiga
ble, and shows himself to be an efficient and
valuable officer.
Democratic Nominations for Senators.
7th District—Tattnall and Bullock—JOHN
A. MATTOX.
12th District —Thomas and Decatur —WM.
H. REYNOLDS.
13th District—Baker and Early—Dr. WM.
J. JOHNSON.
17 th District —Macon and Houston —JOIIN
A. HUNTER.
2oth District —Twiggs and Bibb —W. W.
WIGGINS.
26th District—Monroe and Pike —Col. AL
LEN COCHRAN.
28th District —Merriwether and Coweta—
OBEDIAH WARNER.
30th District —Gwinnett and Delvalb—JAS.
P. SIMMONS.
40th District —Paulding and Cass —FRAN-
CIS IRWIN.
43d District —Habersham and Rabun —ED-
WARD COFFEE.
44th District—Lumpkin and Union—ELI
IIU S. BARCLAY.
Sivord to Commander Tatnall.
The citizens of Savannah intend presenting
the gallant Tattnall with a sword. A meeting
of the subscribers was to have been held in
Savannah on Friday evening last.
The Mountain Eagle.
The above is the title of a new paper, the
first number of which reached us by yester
day’s mail. It is published by R. W. Wyatt,
at -Dalton, (formerly Cross Plains,) Murray
county. We learn from it, that it had rained
almost every day for the last too weeks in that
section of country, and on the 13th instant
there was every prospect of its continuing for
some time to come.
Sunday last was the 11th day of July, and
was remarkable as the anniversary of sundry
memorable events.
On the 11th of July, 1806, the celebrated
duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Ham
ilton, which proved fatal to the latter, was
fought. John Quincy Adams was born July
11th, 1737, and was consequently 80 years of
age on Sunday. Hon. Timothy Farrar, of
Hollis, N. H, the oldest living graduate of
Harvard University, excepting Dr. Ezra G rcen,
f
of Dover, N. XX., completed his hundredth
year on Sunday, and if he survived tae day,
will be, with Dr. Green, a twin centenarian
graduate of Harvard, a circumstance which is
unprecedented in any L niversity in this coun
try, and we believe, in any in the -world.
Mrs. Fremont.
This lady, it appears, who left Washington
with the famous Kit Carson, designs travelling
! under his protection, for eighteen h undred miles,
to a point where she has agreed to meet her
husband. Here is a wife worthy the young
hero-explorer of the Rocky Mountains.
[communicated.]
Mr. Gardner :— The article in your last pa
per over the signature of “Georgia,” on the
subject of our. State Road, has prompted me
to give my views on that enterprise. He has
shown the importanceof the country to be
! drained by the Te nnessec and its tributaries.
i The road is important to Georgia; first, on
; account of the benefit to the citizens as a high
way for commerce, —and this is its great value;
secondly, on account of the revenue which it
will give to the treasury. But these benefits
| cannot accrue, all will admit, until it shall
have reached the Tennessee river. The first
and most important consideration therefore is,
“how shall we finish the road ?” I fear our j
j legislature will not have the firmness to finish j
it by taxation, or by borrowing money for that
purpose. Then we must look out all other i
resources. The prospect of completion by its |
own income before it shall reach this great !
river of the West, I fear, is rather gloomy; i
perhaps the first half will have decayed be
fore the other can be completed. I think of
but one other resource which can be appropri
ated, to the benefit of all parties. lam not
sufficiently acquainted with the property in
vested in the poor school fund to say what is
its amount, but whatever it may be, it could be
appropriated to the completion of the road*
For every mile that is finished, will not only
benefit the citizens of Georgia, in facilitating
commerce, but the State’s revenue also. And
the poor school fund need not suffer; may it not
be benefited by the plan I suggest? By the
statute which shall appropriate this fund to
the road, I w ould have it provided that seven
per ct. or such per ct. as that fund now makes, ;
if it realizes more than seven, shall be paid from
the income of the road, before any other de
mand on its profits. By this means the in
come of the fund will be preserved, and the j
corpus placed as far beyond contingency as it
is possible. The road is real estate, which can
not be dc Proved, as bank stock may; such
• ■ ock, I believe, is the property in which the
poor school fund is now invested. I canthere
f >re see no reason why the State, in its reve
nue, in its commerce, and its poor school fund,
will not bo benefited by this proposed trans
fer of funds. I know the poor school fund is
deemed too sacred to be touched for any such
purpose. Ido not propose to disturb it, but
only to place it where it will be more secure,
i both as to capital and interest. For it will be !
physically impossible to make way with the i
road, in which the capital will be invested, •
The interest by the act proposed, will be more j
certain than the profits of banking, or any I
other lilie investment# And if the State |
has any other property over which she has
control, I would give it a similar direction.
While on this subject, I will, in my way,
j make another suggestion about this State Road#
j I have already said, that the first object of in
i tcrnal improvements, by the State, is the ad
vancement of commerce# In this way there !
j is no doubt our citizens recurve ten times the
! benefit that the State or any other stockholder
j ... 1
; wall from the most profitable road in dividends# ;
| Then it is manifest that the State should build
as many improvements as she may have means
to construct, for tills object, as well as to in- i
crease the revenue of the State—as I will di
rectly show. I would have the road sold, at |
some suitable time, and the money re-invested
in other rail-road stock controlled by private cn- |
terprise. When the road shall be sold, should
be settled by the legislature. If sold before
completion the purchaser should be obliged to
finish it in some convenient time, but as early j
as possible. But perhaps a bettor sale could ■
be made if the road could be completed before ,
the sale. Suppose then, the road could be
sold, when finished, for $1,000,000 —and I
think it would sell for double that sum—and
the money prudently reinvested in private en
terprises,it might be made to build two millions’
worth of road. Let it be provided after suitable
projects shall have been selected, that the State
will take one-half of the stock, if indi
viduals will take the other. This would !
secure the prudence of private interest in 1
selecting, and diligence and economy in prose- J
cuting the new enterprises. When the stock is J
divided between the State and private stock
holders, it will give equal power over the pro
perty, so that the rights of both would be se
cure if adverse interests should arise. I will
not enter into details now. What I wish to im
press on the public is, that the State would be
benefited, in both revenue and commerce, by
the proposed plan. I presume it needs no ar
gument to prove that every mile of rail road
built in the State in its various ramifications,
independently of dividends to the stockhold- j
ers, benefits the people to an extent not to be
calculated. I believe it is equally obvious that
the revenue of the State would be increased
by the re-investment. It is proverbial that
public property is imprudently managed, but
by the proposed plan, the new enterprises
would have all the supervision of private in
terest. We have some experience on this sub
ject, in the difference between the profits of
banks under the control of the State and those
in which she held stock controlled by private
interest. As examples I will name the Da
rien bank and the bank of the State of Geor
gia. Moreover every new mile of rail road,
as a general rule, will help every other mile of
road already built.
Georgia, on account of her geographical posi
tion between the Gulf and Atlantic coast,
must become the great thoroughfare of the
South. She fills up the space between the
points at 'which the mountains can be turned
at the South, and these two coasts, and hence
no Ocean steamers can compete round the
Florida capes, with, her great Pensacola ter-*
minus, from our improvements on the one
hand, or through our Southern mountains op
the other. I have said the Pensacola termi
nus, because it seems to me that nature points
to this port as the direct route to New Or
leans, Texas, Mexico and, in a few years, to
China and India across the Isthmus. I gat
down to make remarks about Georgia im
provements, but the connection is so obvious
and direct that I have ended on the other side
of the Globe. \V.
Electric Telegraphs 100 Years Agro.
The following statement and quotations are
derived from an article in the first number of
the National Magazms, edited by Pod wood
Fisher. Professor Steinheil, of the Buiver
g ty of Munich, who claims the invention for
Germany, says, —
“As long ago as in 1807, Sommcring erected
iu the apartments of the Academy of Sciences,
at Munich, a galvanic telegraph, of which, in
i 1809, an account was published.” It was bv
the employment of the voltaic pile to bring
about the decomposition of water, by means
o: thirty-five gold pins immersed iu an oblon<>-
glass trough, each of these pins being marked
with a letter or number, and admitting of con
| nection with the pile by an isolated wire. The
ascension of the air bubbles of the water de
i composed, was to serve as the telegraphic sig
! nal. So as early as in 1817 and’2o, Oerste
' and Fechuer, and Amperes, give out schemes
i for the construction of electric telegraphs.—
• And, as heretofore hinted, our own land sha
! (towed forth prophetically, by John Kedmau
! Coxe, of Philadelphia, the following dLstinc
| tive idea on the subject, which was published
as early its in February, 1818, in Thompson’s
Philosophical transactions, vol. 7, p. 101, Ist
series.
“I have,” says he, speaking of the galvanic
current, “contemplated this important agent,
as a probable means of establishing telegraphic
communications, with as much rapidity, and,
perhaps, less kxpkx.se, thafi any hitherto em
ployed. Ido not know how far experiment
has determined galvanic action to be commu
nicated by means of wires; but there is no rea
son to suppose it confined, as to limits, cer
tainly not as to time. Now by means of ap
paratus, fixed at certain distances, as telegraph
ic stations, by tubes for the decomposition of
water and of metallic salts, See., regularly
ranged, such a key might bo adopted a*: would
be requisite to communicate words, sentences,
or figures, from one station to another, and so
on to the end of the line. I nail take another
opportunity to enlarge upon this, as I think it
might serve many useful purposes; but, like
all others, it requires time to mature. As it
takes but little room, and may be fixed iu pri
vate, it might, in many cases of besieged towns,
&c., convey ample intelligence, with scarcely
a chance of detection by the enemy. However
fanciful iu speculation, I have no doubt that,
1 sooner or later, it be rendered useful in prac
tice.”
It docs seem to tis that Mr. Coxe had the
true idea of the magnetic telegraph in 1816,
and that he fully comprehended all its conse
quences. But after all, it is the practicable in
strum"at by which the result is accomplished,
which the world value-. Men of business look
to practical results. Professor Steinheil claims
the first actual consfritrtitn of a magnetic tele
graph as belonging to Gauss ami Weber, of
Germany. He says this took place in 1833,
and a publication of it was made in 1834,
Weber, he says, laid over the steeples and
kutscs of Oottingen a copper wire 4,768 feet
long, and discovered that it required “nospecial
insulation.” This established tire principle of
bringing tile magnetic telegraph into the most
convenient form, (fm-s, he says, first employ
ed the incitement of induction, and demon, t ■*
ted that it required only a limited number of
signs tor the transmission of communications.
In 1833, Steinheil says, they first actually con
structed a simplified galvanic magnetic tele
graph.
But singular as it may seem, the idea of
magnetic telegraphs, and, actual experiments
upon them, have bean traced back ahe hundred
years.' Gass says there was a communication
from Iluiubolt,according to which, “lietoncurt,
in 1798, established a communication between
Madrid and Azangices—a distance of 26 miles
—by means of a wire, through which a Leyden
jar, was discharged, and which was used as a
telegraphic signal.”
In Professor Stcinheil’s- above cited article,
he remarks as follows:—-
“The velocity with which frictional electricity
is transmitted along metallc conductors calle I
forth, as long ago as in the last century, the
idea of employing it for telegraphic communi
cations. Wiuklen, at Leipsic, in 1748, dis
charged several Leyden jars through a wire of
considerable length, and on that occasion the
river Pleiss formed a part of Ms circuit. La
Monnler, in Paris, produced shocks through a
length of wire amounting to 12,789 feet. Wat
son extended the experiment over a space of
four miles near Shooter’s Hill, composing his
circuit of two miles of wire and an equal dis
tance of dry ground. (This was in 1746.- See
Philos. Trans., vol. 55, 1748.) Lomond traas
mtitecl telegraphic signals to a neighboring
room by means of a pith ball electrometer,
acted upon by frictional electricity.” — Young's
Travels in France, 1784
Here, then, is proved the curious fact, that
the idea of electro-magnetic telegraph has ex
ercised the minds many scientific men for
one hundred years, that in several different
forms it has been actually put in execution; and
that the very form of clcctr ctity conveyed on
wires has been used! It is now proposed to
convey this intelligence over water; but it is
seen in the above paragraph that Winklen.
used a river as part of his circuit in 1746
ninety-nine years ago!
But the important things in business—that
which was to give a realizing value and cele
brity to this idea—was yet to come in the form
of a practical machine,, which men could use
in every-day ILe. So fa- a> we n America are
concerned, the first realizing, practical know
ledge of this invention was communicated to.
the public by Professor Morse, in his magnetic
communication between Washington and Bal
timore. This plan was carried into effect in
[ 1838. Professor Morse shows that it was in
1832 the idea was first suggested to him by con
sidering some of the experiments of Franklin.
This proves that the first idea with Morse and
the actual making of the telegraph by the Ger
mans was nearly cotempovanoous, Neverthe
less, there can be no doubt Mr. Morse’s plans
i are original with himself. But how happens
it that the positive success of the telegraph in
1797 was not known and improved upon:
[ From the Pkoenixiridi Pioneer, j
A S73r33;ESA&EAN T£tl P.
DISCOVERY OF A REMARKABLE GAVE,
The Ledger of Tuesday last, contained a slight
notice of the discovery of a large cavern in the
limestone quarries at Port Kennedy,Montgome
ry Co. On reading the article, we felt a sud
den desire to visit it, and make some acquain
tance with the regions within the earth since
we had wandered so long and so fur on it outer
surface.
According, by on Wednesday morning, a par
ty of four—consisting of J. P. Fleming, Esq.,
Messrs. E. Bowen, of Lancaster, E. Chambers,
of Kennctt Square, and ourself —left Phoenix -
ville for the purpose of making an exploration.
A delightful ride through the green wood
crowned hills of Valley Forge, and along a high