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THE SOUTHERN WORLD, JUNE 15,1882,
§he $gor t h gJwp.
Constructing a lice Hive.
Editor Southern World—In reply to the
many and increasing inquiries of your
readers, I will endeavor to give a few spe
cific directions for constructing a very sim
ple style frame hive. This hive is not an
orthodox Langstroth or simplicity model,
but unswers every purpose, the frames be
ing of the some dimension as for those styles.
Take an incii plunk and measure for the
porta as follows j Hides, length 20% inches,
height 10% inches; back end, length 12
inches, height 10% inches; front end, length
12 incites, height 0% incites. Measure 1%
inches from the top of tho end pieces and
saw horizontally across two-thirds through
the plank, than split out with a chisel from
the top downward, making a place like the
rabbet in a door facing. Take a strip ol
tin 12 inches long and 1 inch wide; tack
this horizontally across the end so that it
will project % inch above the lower rabbet.
Mail the sides to the end, keeping them ull
even at the top and you have a hive. For
a top take a plunk Hi inches wide and 22
inches long and nail a strip around on this
that will just let it tit over the hive out
side. Now set the whole on a wide plank
and the difference between the two ends
will make the entrance. For the frames
make the top bar 10 inches long, % .inch
wide, and % inch thick. Take strips % by
% inches for the other parts; 8% inches
long for each end and 17% inches long for
the bottom bar. Nail the ends to the bottom
bar and the top bar to the endsallowing it to
project over an equal distance at each end.
Eight of these frames are required for each
hive of the above pattern. The frames will
hang on the rabbets in the hive.
To get the bees into the new hive, provide
yourself with a bit of old rags or loose cot
ton and light the same for a smoke. Blow
a little smoke in the entrance, then tilt the
hive down and continue your smoke until
the bees seem subdued. Take the old hive
a short distance away and set with the head
downward on a table, placing the new hive
(without the frames) in its stead. Now
comes the tug of war. Cut the combs loose
on one side of the hive, then cut the nails
with a chisel and remove tliut side. Now
cut the combs out with a large table knife,
keeping the bees back with the smoke, and
as you cut them out lit them in the new
frames, tacking small strips of wood across
each side to hold them in position. As soon
as you fill a frame hang it in the hive. By
the time you have cut out half the comb
you will begin to take out small clusters of
bees hanging to the comb, shake these off
on a newspaper spread in front of the hive
so that one sido of it will be even with en
trance and they will soon crawl in. When
you have cut the combs all out, shake the
trees on the paper and they will soon be in
and at work. Gather up the scraps of comb
and if any frames were not filled hang them
also in the hive, spreading a cloth neatly
over frames and replacing the top. Ex
amine them every day or two, using a little
smoke, and os fast os they secure the comb
to the frames, remove the strips of fasten
ings.
Now get your Italians, for one colony of
these bees will gather as much honey os two
colonies of native bees. The queens can be
introduced at any time after the bees are in
the movable frame hive, by first removing
tho black one and carefully observing the
directions furnished with the cages in which
they are shipped. 1 would advise in all cases
where it can be conveniently done, to pro
cure a nucleus with a tested queen from some
reliable party near. You then have your
queen without introducing her and the nu
cleus is in all essential particulars tho model
for a large hive.
For the accommodation of those who do
not readily understand, I will send a dia
gram of the hive and a specimen frame by
mail, for 15 cents to defray expenses. It will
materially facilitate the success of those who
anticipate embarking in thisiudustry to sub
scribe for some standard bee journal, and
also to procure a simple and reliable work
on the subject, “A. B. 0., of Bee Culture,"
for example. The small sum of $2.00 judi
ciously Invested would be amply suflicient
to procure both. Diligently read the in
structions to be derived from these sources
and carefully apply it with your personal
observations and success will surely be the
reward of your efforts.
Mitchell’s Apiary, 1 Chas. R. Mitchell.
Hawkinsvillc, Ga. J
Keating & Higginsbottom have started a
new flouring mill at Crawford, Texas.
INDUSTRIAL NOTES.
Raleigh, N. C., is to have a cotton mill.
Newberry, S. C., will soon have a machine
shop.
Nashville, Tennessee, has ten large flourish
ing mills.
D. S. H. Darst, of Gonzales, Texas, is im
proving his mill.
Stricklin & Lawson are enlarging tbeirmill
at Florence, Ala.
Thomas L. White has remodeled his flour
ing mill at Alden, Va.
The "Todd Mills,” of Dallas, Texas, are
putting in new machinery.
A large grain elevator and flouring mill is
being built ut Athens, Ga.
Boaz & Co., of Calhoun, Ga., are putting
improved*machinery in their mill.
Adams, Chambers & Co., are enlarging and
improving their tobacco factory in Lynch
burg, Vu.
A large flouring mill to be driven by an
automatic engine is being built at Weston,
West Virginia.
Dunlap & McCance, of Richmond, Va., are
changing their mill. It will have a capacity
of 000 barrels.
Tbe Athens factory pays a dividend of 12%
per cent., besides a sinking fund to purchase
new machinery when needed.
A school for training shepherds 1ms been
established in Algeria. The pupils are in
structed in all that effects the breeding and
rearing of sheep.
Newbern, N. C. has a cannery with a ca
pacity of 8,000 cans per day. It is now can
ning berries and will soon can peaches; also,
vegetables and oysters in season.
The New Cotton Chopper.
Tho engraving shows a cotton chopper hav
ing a carriage with gear wheels connected
with its rotary axle and driving two shafts
connected endwise by a universal joint.
Radial arms attached to the rear shaft carry
the chopping knives, with revolver at the
rear of two plows provided with adjustable
colters tor barring off the rows. An upright
frame is connected with the carriage frame
and provided with handles, and a swiveled
bearing for connecting the plow beams and
handles with the shaft, so that the chopper
can be readily gaided and controlled.
The radial arms carrying the chopper knives
are slotted to admit of adjusting the knives
so that they may work at any desired depth
in the ground, and to leave more or less of
the plants standing, os the adjustment toand
from the center opens and closes the dis
tance between the knives.
The knives are set at an inclination with
the plane of the chopper wheel, and their
entering ends are sharpened so that there will
be space between the rear end of each knife
and the point of the one following to leave
enough plants for a hill.
This implement Is easily managed, very
simple in its construction, and is well
adapted to its purpose. It was recently pat
ented by Mr. Josiah L. Hughes, of Cleve
land, Tenn.
LONDON PURPLE.
[Reprinted from tbe "American Entomologist,"
taken from advance sbeeta of Bulletin No. J of tbe
U. 8. Entomological Commission, by C. V. Riley.)
This powder is obtained in the following
manner in the manufacture of aniline dyes.
Crude coal-oil is distilled to produce benzole.
This is mixed witli nitric acid and forms ni-
tro-benzole. Iron filings are then used to
produce nascent hydrogen with the excess
of nitric acid in the benzole. 'When distilled,
aniline results; to the arsenic acid, to give
an atom of oxygen which produces rose ani
line, and quicklime are added to absorb the
arsenic, The residuum which is obtained by
filtration or settling is what has been denom
inated "London Purple,” the sediments be
ing dried, powdered, and finely bolted. The
powder, is, therefore, composed of lime and
arseniousacid, witii about 25 per centof car
bonaceous matter which surrounds every
atom. Experiments which I made with it
in 1878 impressed me fuvorably with this
powder os an insecticide, and its use on the
Colorado potato-liectlc by Professors Budd
and Bessey, of tbe Iowa Agricultural Col
lege, proved highly satisfactory. I was,
therefore, quite anxious to test its effect on
tlie Cotton-Worm in the field on n large
scale, and in the winter of 1878-711 induced
the manufacturers to send a large quantity
for this purpose to the Department of Agri
culture. The analysis® made of it by Pro
fessor Collier, the chemist of the Depart
ment, showed it to contuin:
Percent
Rose aniline 12.411
Arsenic acid 48.05
Lime ..... 21.82
Insoluble residue ..... 14.57
Iron oxide ..... 1.10
Water 2.27
loss 4.07
100.00
* Ordinarily tbe Rose aniline bos mixed witli lla
little ulmlc acid, and an increase of Z per cent «f ar
senic acid.
Through the liberality of the manufac
turers, Messrs. Hemingwuy & Co., a number
of barrels of this powder were placed at my
disposul the past season and distributed to
various observers and agents in Georgia,
Alabama and Texas. Early in the spring
Mr. A. R. Whitney, of Franklin Grove, Illi
nois, found it to be a perfect antidote to the
canker-worms w[hich hud not been prevented
from ascending his apple trees, and the ex-
]>crimentsof those whom I had trusted to
make them on tho Cotton-Worm, as welt ns
those made under my own supervision; all
showed that its effects ore fully equal to
those of Paris green. Like the latter it kills
the worms quickly and docs not injure tho
plants, if not applied in too great a quantity.
Farther, it also colors the ingredients so as
to prevent their being mistaken for harm
less materials. Finally, its cheap price re
moves the temptation to adulterate the poi
son, as every adulteration would prove
more expensive than the genuine article.
It is evun superior to Purls green, as owing
to its more finely-powdered condition, it
cau be more thoroughly mixed with other in
gredients and used iu smaller proportions.
Experiments on a large scale have been made
with the dry application at the rate of 2 lbs.
to 18 lbs. of diluents, also at the rates of 1,
%, %, and % lb. to 18 of tho diluents. The
last proves only partially effectual, and in no
case were the plants injured or the leaves
even burned. Iu all but the last cose the
worms were effectually killed, but os the
mixture, at the rate of % lb. was applied
witli greater core and regularity than is gen
erally had on a large scale, and also in very
dry weather, the proportion of % lb. to 18
of the diluents is most to be recommended.
All higher proportions are simply waste of
the material.
All that has been said under the head of
Paris green as to the desirability of adding a
small quantity of flour or other substance to
give adhesiveness to the liquid will hold
equally true of Loudon purple, but the lat
ter has in many respects a great advantage
over the former, especially in its great cheap
ness. It can be sold in New York at the low
rate of 0 cents per pound, and there is no
reason why it should not be obtained at any
of the large shipping points in the South at
figures ranging between 7 and 10 cents per
pound. This means virtually that the cost
of destroying the worms by this powder is
reduced to such a minimum asdepend mainly
on the labor nnd the other ingredients or dil
uents employed.
Farm Surveying.
An inquiry was referred to us the other
day from a subscriber to the World who
desire to be informed how to measure and
ascertain the area of a field of irregular
shape. The only replv that can be given is
that there is no general rule or method that
will apply to every case. A good geomet
rician can devise a method for estimating
tliearcaof any figure that may be presented,
witli sufficient accuracy for all practical
purposes, but he will find it dilficult if not
impossible to construct a rule of general ap
plication tliut will ussuro correct results in
tlie bands of a person who is not somewhut
familiar witli mensuration. If a field ap
proximates the shape of a square or oblong,
or any considerable portion can be thrown
into such shape, the estimation of area is
simple enough. It is only necessary to
multiply the distance in yards, along one
‘end of tlie oblong or square, by tbe length
of an adjacent side and divide the product
by 4840. The answer will be acres. If the
the field is four sided, or can be assumed os
such by throwing out a little and taking in a
corresponding area in straightening tbe
lines, but does not approach the square or
oblong, the area may he estimated by multi
plying half the sum of the two opposite
sides by half the sum of the other two sides
(in yards) and dividing tho product by 4840.
If a field cannot be easily thrown into a
four sided form it is best then to divide into
triangles. The estimation of area by tri
angles is the basis of practical land survey
ing. If‘the measurements are made accu
rately there is no difficulty in tbe calcula
tion. To illustrate the method, we will
draw a triangle of the simpler form, aright
A
1)
angled triangle, having a right angle at A.
This can be easily estimated by multiplying
A 1$ by A C and dividing the product by 2,
or by multiplying B C by A D—the shortest
distance from A to the side B C—and divide
by 2. In general, to estimate the area of a
triangle multiply tlie length of any one side
taken as a base, by the length of a perpen
dicular drawn from the angle opposite the
base chosen to that base, and divide by 2.
Tho measurement may be taken in yards,
and in that case the results of each calcula
tion will be square yards and must be divid
ed by 4840 in order to reduce to acres.
The inquire leads us to remark upon the
importance to every farmer of having a cor
rect survey nnd plat of his farm. In every
county there is a more or less competent
surveyor, who would usually be glad to
make four or five dollars per day by survey
ing and making maps of farms. Such plats
should show the location of all woodland,
streams, ponds and all prominent natural
features, as well os houses, fences and other
structures. It would be well also, to desig
nate the position of ditches, nnd the "lay" of
the land. If such a map be constructed,on a
scale of ten chains—40 rods or 000 feet—
to the inch, it will bean easy matter to
measure tlie distance between any two points
by applying a scale of inches to the map.
Cheap copies of such a map might be made
by some of the modern transfer methods,
so that the owner could easily use a copy
for every year to show the crops planted in
each field or portion, the yield and other
matters of interest. It may also be used to
note down projected improvements or work
of any kind to be done on the farm and will
serve as a valuable reminder as well as a
record for future use. Such a map and copies
would be worth many times more than the
first cost to the owner of a farm who takes
any pride in scientific systematic, and accu
rate farming.
When wo first commenced farming we
were the owner of an heirloom in the shape
of a very good surveyor’s compass and chain,
and one of the first jobs undertaken was to
make an accurate map of our farm as we
had done of the old plantation, and we
therefore know from experience the great
value of such a map. g.
HUGHES’ COTTON CHOPPER.