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THE SOUTHERN WORLD. DECEMBER 15, 1882.
55
Written specially for the Southern World.
CHANGES OF THE CLIMATES.
Causes Artificial and Natural—An
Exposition of the Lawn of Cli
matic Changes.
SERIES NO. III.
Hardly anything exercises a more control
ling influence over the operations of life than
the weather. But the weather is so commoni
to use a familiar expression, that few think
of this fact except on reflection. Its influ
ence is a fact of daily individual ex
perience. It will not be out of place to refer
to a small incident here connected with my
personal experience by way of introduction
to the subject before us. Several years ago
"when I began to experiment in weather pre
dictions, many persons in alpeculiar way de
clared “that no such weather ever existed
before."
But few were in the habit of observing the
effect of the weather upon their lives and
business, or if attaching more than a com
mon place importance to it for the time.
Its importance, however, grows in apprecia
tion as we study the laws which control it.
Although the light assertions to which I
have alluded were intended as a joke by
those who uttered them, they declared a
truth—unconsciously it may be, yet a fact
was asserted of much interest to mankind.
The weather is hardly ever the same one
year after another within any given area,
and, therefore, it may well be said that with
in the last several years it differs some from
its previous character. There is an eternal
change going on. The earth is changing—
our planetary system is changing. We do
not occupy the same place in the heavens
that we did 0,000 years ago by over 6,5000,
000,000,000 of miles, as any one can ascertain
by a simple calculation. Our system of
planets is moving out of its position at each
moment, and it matters not how impercept
ible it is, the earth is always changing its
relative place to the stars of the firmament,
In a thousand inconceivable ways, even wo
are not the same physically two consecu
tive moments. Would it not be strange
with all the change going on around us, if
we could not discover a wide difference in
—tire'ClncRctcr of the weather for any two
given periods of reasonable duration ?
If the bosom of the ocean were still, and a
pebble was dropped on its surface, the small
circular vibrations, or undulations, as the
ripple rings formed, are called, would be
observed expanding from the centre or vor
tex. That small pebble—no matter how,
for hair-splitting controversy does not alter
the fact—would, as the immediate cause, agi
tate the waters of the great deep from sur
face to bottom. But the waters of the ocean
are never still. They are disturbed by more
things than we are apt to imagine. We are
told of tho tides and their cause, the winds
that upheave the waves that wash the great
coasts, and the under flowing rivers, as dis
turbing agents. Hardly do we think of
other causes always at work. The sea is in
habited, and its inhabitants are as busy in
their movements and operations as the in
habitants of the land. The vegetation and
living things of the ocean disturb its waters
a« these increase they require more room in
their operations, and hence the unending
work goes on continually. Do we think that
the vegetation of the ocean can increase
without producing some change in its cur
rents? Do we imagine that the fishes, shells
and moving things of the great deep can
multiply, and yet no change take place in
the body of the great waters ? But besides
these there are other physical causes at work
beneath the oceans and along its coasts that
I do not refer to, simply because I have only
intended this reference to tfie seas as an illus
tration of my subject. Now if the little peb
ble could disturb the bosom of the sea, what
effect, indeed, must be wrought by the con
stant multiplication of the innumerous
forces at work along and under its waters ?
The earth is surrounded by an atmosphere.
It is submerged beneath a fluid sea, more at
tenuated and elastic, it is true, than the
water of the ocean, but for that reason more
easily, though not as perceptibly, disturbed,
Beneath this elastic fluid agents are at work
continually. Not only have we the animals
of the field and forest, the unnumbered va
rieties of the insect and reptile kingdoms,
and the fowls of the air, whlcu, whether they
Increase or diminish in the energy they em
ploy, are no less responsible for change,
however slight-rail living, moving, operat
ing and breathing—but here the higher or
der of intellect is asserting its dominion over
all created things In obedience to the man
date of the Creator. We have to look to
man’s operations only on the earth's surface
to observe physical changes on the grandest
scale, and we must bear in mind that popu
lation is constantly augmenting. A few
years back and this continent was inhabited
alone by wild tribes, scattered over it They
roamed the forest in pursuit of game. Their
light canoes only rippled the waters of our
narrowest streams. How different now!
Almost the whole surface of the American
continent has been so changed by art's foot
prints and the aspirations of science that it
could not be, at all, recognized by its former
people if they were raised up to view it.
Forests, where once dwelt the aborigines,
have been felled and the marks of their hab
itations have been forever obliterated, and
on the sites where the wigwams once stood,
cities and towns have been built. The very
hills have been levelled before the advanc
ing march of civilized life and intelligent
industrial pursuit. Where the smoke of a
few camp fires once curled up above the na
tive hills, or floated along the valley ridges,
the steam of a hundred furnaces ascend
heavenward to fill the air with earth’s vir
gin waters in the form of mists from the
workshops of art, and from there also arise
fumes and gasses at one time entirely for
eign in the diverse forms now projected into
the air. Think of the workshops of art—the
laboratories of industrial science I Think
of the multiplied and multiplying energies
and industries of man on land and sea, and
we at once arrive at tho conclusion that in
these we find sullicient potency as agents at
work to effect a change in the weather.
There can be no doubt that our climates are
sensibly perturbed by the operations and
industrial progress of our race. Fvery whiff
of the steam whistle—every discharge of ar
tillery—every movement of a train of cars
through our valleys, or steam ship upon tho
broad ocean, every puff of smoke from the
roaring furnace acts upon the atmosphere
whose vibrations act and react in condensa
tions and rarefactions of its molecules, so
that we may well say from these causes
alone, the fiuid ocean which envelopes the
earth, and beneath which we live, is always
excited more or less from its great depth to
its highest surface so to speak. And if this
is true, a never ending change is going on
from the sea and from the land in the atmos
phere which causes our weather varieties to
differ one from the other os the agents them
selves at work increase, or multiply and
act
' How can it be then that the weather can
ever be the same, if we consider alone these
minor causes which exert their influence in
our atmosphere ? But notwithstanding we
find man building railroads, tunneling riv
ers and mountains, creating ways and open
ing up channels for the air currents where
none existed before, there are more remark
able agents at work effecting ouratmosphere.
Forces, indeed, exist not yet disclosed, but
I speak only of these that are manifest.
Geo. It. Catubr.
Ashvillc' Ala.
the ends off, at an angle of some thirty-five
degrees with the line of the body, thus
largely increasing the exposure of each ring,
and then counted them. The situation, ex
posure and condition of these four trees
were, so far as I could see, identical. I bad
personal and positive knowledge that they
had each twelve year’s growth upon them,
and I could count upon each of the different
sections from 35 to 40 concentric rings. True,
I could select twelve more distinct ones be
tween which fainter and narrower, or sub
rings, appeared. Nine of these apparently
annual rings on one section were peculiarly
distinct, much more so than any of the sub-
rings; yet, of the remaining, it was difficult
to decide which were annual and which were
not. Tito thickness of these annual rings
varied from 2'X millimetres to 28. This
measure, of course, gnve more than double
the real thickness; but was preferable to a
right-angled measure, as it gave better facil-
ittics for exactness and yet preserved tho
proportion between the several rings un
changed.
Now to ascertain what relation or connec
tion there might, be between the meteorol
ogy of the several seasons and the growth
made during the same, I selected from my
meteorological records the maximum, mini
mum and mean temperature, and tho rain
fall of the six growing months of spring and
summer of the twelve years of growth.
[We give below the lesult condensed from
the full table.—Ed. Southern World.]
1871
18T2
1873
1871
1H75
1S78
1877
1878
1871)
1880
1881
1882
66.81
,15.57
01.10
63.32
63.71
60.33
60.08
66.33
03.18
01.47
61.03
56.18
24.30
20.70
46.00
30.37
40.68
30.76
27.72
35.12
20.57
, 18.70
21.04
20.81
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Annual Growth of Trees.
Are the concentric rings of a tree a relia
ble record of Its age in years? Such has
been the conception—in fact, the undisputed
knowledge—of the world, for all time past.
1 have no recollection of ever having seen
or heard the authority of this record dis
puted till Desire Charnay in his "Ruins of
Central America,” said, when speaking of
the age of the ruins as proved by such a rec
ord: “Unfortunately fof the argument, it
is altogether fallacious and proves nothing.
I have put the evidence to a test. On exam
ining a slice of wood of a shrub that I knew
as a fact was only eighteen months old, I
found that it hod eighteen concentric rings.
I thought it was an anomaly, but iu order to
convince myself, I experimented upon trees
of all kinds and sizes, and invariably found
the like results produced in very nearly like
proportions.”
M. Charnay’s statement was, in my esti
mation, rather loose, and lacking in his ab
solute knowledge of the age of the trees ex
amined. And again, so far as applicable to
the case, was only so in a tropical climate,
where the conditions were entirely different
from those surrounding us in a higher lati
tude, and altogether raised but little doubt
upon the subject.
In April of 1871,1 planted a quantity of
the Beed of the common red maple. In
transplanting, in 1873, they were placed too
near each other and It has become necessary
to cut a part of them out. While cutting I
noticed that the concentric rings were very
distinct, and it reminded me of M. Gharnay’s
statement. I took sections from the butt-
end of each tree (four of them) and dressed
An examination of this tabic shows a gen
eral relation of cause and effect between
high temperature and large rainfall, and
greater growth. Dut it falls very far short
of proving a general law of "so much heat
and so much water during the growing sea
son to produce so much wood.” For exam
ple, coinpure the years 1875 and 1878. The
temperature of 1878 for the season is better
than four degrees in excess of the season of
1875, and the rain-fall only a little over four
inches less; and yet the growth of 1875 is
seven times what it was in 1878. This al
most unparalleled growth of 1875—that is,
compared with the other years—can not be
explained by the above general law. But I
think the May and June record of that year
throws light upon it. We see there a maxi
mum heat in May of ninety-six degrees
(higher than I have ever known it in an ob
servation and record of twenty-five years),
and a mean temperature of the whole month,
also unequaled, of seventy-one degrees; and
this great heat continued through the month
of June, and no cold spells after the heat set
in sufficient to check the growth. Ia con
nection with this heat, the ground was well
saturated with water when this heated term
began (May 6th) by 1.62 inches of rain on the
4th. From this on, to the 26th of June, fif
teen inches more of rain fell, so apportioned
over the time as to keep the ground satur
ated. This synchronous (simultaneous) ex
cess of heat and water evidently produced
the abnormal growth. And probably, as
this matter is further studied, it will be
found that these agents, rightly propor
tioned, operating synchronously produce
these thicker rings; while as one or the other
is in excess or absent, the growth is checked,
and thus has time to condense and harden
and form these sub-rings; and the more fre
quent these alternations, the greater the
number of them.—A. L. Child, M. D., in Pop
ular Science Monthly.
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