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June 23, 1909. impact cleared away, Turkish principalities wei area of the shattered err was the one which Osm: was his personality and s he succeeded in establishi under his successors, the ject to the Ottomans and pie whose glory so far ou Osman was a strong rr year 1301 he caused public a reigning monarch, and fc his full sovereignty. For was peace throughout his vigorously to internal adn wisdom and winning the jects. He made no attem Turkish principalities. H tine armies, however, he career of conquest, which tories east and west. The the capture of the fortifu key to Bithynia, and inde was only a short distance capital of the Byzantine, c cities were alike rema splendor. The Entrj The Turk was now danj cast covetous eyes across the clays of Orkhan, son curred the event so fraug relation to the history of < On a certain night in Solyman, Orkhan's son, w rades, made the passage oi captured the town of Galli shaken down the walls so The Turks, always firm b Divine Destiny, ascribed intervention of a Turk-lc earthquake introduced th Turk in his turn has beer rope ever since. Other troops were ferri towns were taken. In the ceeded Orkhan, his father, tine empire fell into the 1 the city of Constantinople. Fate was preparing anot nearly engulfed the who supremacy. Tamerlane, tb and his savaere and invir swept down through Asia lerce. They devastated p; Asia, Persia and India. T slew. They left only ruin train. On the plain of Ai had its beginning, the Ott< nations and was overwheli a cage and placed on exhil died in captivity. Anarcl in r iuinor. ? ' ? ?_. & . 1 . .< THE PRESBYTERIA ten separate and independent re to be found, occupying the ipire. The smallest of these in governed, but so vigorous o conspicuous his ability that ng a powerful state. In time, other nine tribes became subassumed the name of the peotshone their own. lan in days of peace. In the : prayer to be made for him as >y his act established formally several years following, there dominions. He gave himself linistrafion, evincing superior entire confidence of his subpt to subdue the neighboring arried and worried by Byzanentered after a time upon a was crowned with many vic: most important of these was id city of Brusa, the natural ed to all Asia Minor. Brusa it. r ? * suuin 01 Constantinople, the ir Greek, empire, and the two rkable for their wealth and ' into Europe. ^erously near to Europe. He the intervening waters. In and successor of Osman, oc;ht with deep significance, in succeeding centuries, the year 1354 young Prince ith a few trusted soldier-coml the Hellespont on a raft and poli. An earthquake had just that entrance was made easy. >elievers in the leadings of a the earthquake to a special Dving Providence. Thus an e Turk to Europe, and the 1 causing earthquakes in Eued across the stream. Other : reign of. Murad I, who sucnrartirallv tin- onMro T~?.. I * j mv viiiuw. lands of the Ottomans, save her earthquake, which pretty le paraphernalia of Turkish le far-famed Tartar chieftain, icible hosts from the North Minor like a devouring pestiarts of Russia, all of Central hey pillaged and burned and and blood and terror in their ngora, where his empire had iman met this scourge of the med. The sultan was put in . >ition among his enemies. He iy ran riot throughout Asia lN of the south. Many of the Ottoman sulta tional force and courage. Nc storm passed, no sooner had Ta Tartars gone the way they canv himself to the stupendous task the genius of this monarch ; prostrate and dismembered em| In a short half century all tha gained. Peoples and province *453? just ninety-nine years aft Turk into Europe, Constantino] of his soldiery, and with it peri: Byzantine control. This was a the Turk a strangle hold on sc this grip he never released. Here ends the history of tl begins the Renaissance. The swarmed in Constantinople anc now scattered everywhere, an< ried with them Greek and Lati seizure of the city on the Bosp hands was the frantic shaking edge and enlightenment, and \ Europe. T - H ?* * ^ in ail directions Uttoman i Armenia, Greece, Syria, Arabii were conquered. Mecca and 1 cities of the Moslem faith, bee sions of the Turk, and the standi passed from the Kaliph of Bagd toman sultan. In 1519, Solyman the Magnific sultans, ascended the throne. I. armies of the empire threatem navies swept the Mediterraneai of its glory. Five decisive defea tempt to capture Vienna and t of the siege of Malta, checked 1 ambitions, and saved Europe to tianity. The achievements of people "the Lawgiver," were n ling. Vast territories became i Europe, Asia and Africa. It' is impossible to follow fi checkered history of the Turk hundred years. The early day splendor and savage heroism we can never return. Genghis Kah Solymans belong to an age tha aegis of a Christian civilization Europe have regarded the Turl cion. His language is blood; I creed, craft and terrorism. But power, and now his later victori than as a warrior. He has pis the annais of the nineteenth c? speak at some future time.?The i tan. We should work as though own efforts; and we should pray upon our prayers. 9 ns were men of excep> sooner had the fierce merlane and his Mongol e, than Mohammed I set of reconstruction. By ind his successors, the pire rose from its ruins. t had been lost was res were recaptured. In er the first entry of the pie fell before the might shed the last remnant of master stroke. It gave mtheastern Europe, and le Middle Ages. Here Greek scholars, who 1 Eastern Europe, were 1 everywhere they carn learning. The rough orus by savage Turkish of the torch of knowl:he sparks fell all over irms were triumphant, a, Egypt and Hungary Medina, the two sacred ame the prized possesird of the Great Prophet ad to the victorious Otent, greatest of all great Jnder his leadership the id Central Europe; its 1. This was the zenith its, the failure of the athe forced abandonment the progress of Turkish ? civilization and ChrisSolyman, called by his levertheless most startsubject to his sway, in irtber at this time the during the next three s, the days of barbaric re the great days. They ns and Tamerlanes and t has gone. Under the the nations of Western c with unceasing suspilis religion, hatred ; his the Turk has kept his es as a diplomat rather lyed a singular part in mtury. Of this I will . r-...,,u,>_i?. r> V inn I I iciuu I rCMJVieall depended upon our as though all depended