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M9 a Halo St 'Phone Madlaon 212
THE PRESBYTERIJ
chJNA^SA\
Paper read before the Theological Department
of the Southwestern Presbyterian
University, on Palmer Memorial
Day.
Four significant pictures have appeared
In recent magazines and papers.
\siic ouu>?o u iciegiitiiu line svreicueu
along the top of the great wall of
China; the second is of the PekingTientsin
railway passing through this
same wall; the third Is a cut of the
American Methodist Mission hospital,
a two-story building with a tower 90
feet high?the old one story building
was torn down by a mob on account of
its being too high; the last picture
shows the first Presbyterian Synod of
Manchuria. All of these are strikingly
suggestive of the radical changes taking
place in that ancient country. Here
the Orient and Occident are met On
one side is the life of the Bible times.
"Walled cities with the room over the
gate; shepherds, children playing in the
market place, two women grinding at
the mill, vultures hovering over the
carrion, a lamp for one's feet, perils of
robbers, perils of rivers, the unjust
steward, the threshing floor and winnowing
fan, the wedding feast, the
funeral walling, the blind, the beggar,
the sirocco, drought, always the sec.
ond Invitation to a feast when all things
are now ready, the prisoner who does
not escape the clutches of the Judge or
turnkey until he has paid every last
cent he has in the world, vast self-respect,
and a certain fine culture and
refinement and education of the Eastern
sort coupled with utter poverty, the
tormentors, tedious salutations by the
way and to avoid them no greetings at
all In passing. (Missionary Review).
On the other hand are seen evidences of
modern life. There stands the great
wall, "this wonder of the world each
stone a monument to bleeding slavery
in ages past; and on Its crest a wire
of iron pulsating with a new message
to an old world." "China Is a country
In which one can study, as in a laboratory,
every phenomenon of the development
of civilization, economics, history,
religion, education, ethics. The economic
loss of bad roads, of a multiform
currency, or rather a formless currency,
the evils of autocracy, and the
rtlffifMiltv flnrl rnR nf ppttlnp
and forming a constitutional and representative
government, the dangers of
a public opinion that is against any sort
of public sanitation, the awfulness of
ignorance and superstition* and of
witchcraft, torture and elaborate processes
of law that lead anywhere rather
than to justice, the curee of a social
code that permits polygamy, the despair
of unreserved and unblushing abandonment
to opium and to every other vice,
the mockery of religions that are purely
formal, have no power and only lead
astray. Here an observer begins to
realize a little of the meaning and of
the cost of attainment of such Institutions
as home, freedom, enlightenment,
religious toleration, Christianity." (Review).
The early history of China Is involved
in uuduuiuj. i lie l/uiucoe lueinaciven
claim to have had an emperor as early
as the year 2852 B. C? but our position
as to the origin of the Chinese race
must be that of the agnostic. Known
to the Ancients as "Sin, Chin, Slnoe,
Ch'na;" In the Middle Ages it was
known to Europe as "Cathay." In this
latter period It was found to be under
Mongol rule, having been Invaded by
Genhiz Kahn and his Mongols. Europe
learned more of It through the Polo
family, and the mendicant orders, especlally
the Franciscans. Subsequent
history Is of a succession of dynasties
until 1268 the Ming, or -"Bright."
N OF THE SOUTH
WAKENING.
seventeenth century by the Manchu
Tartars, who on being appealed to protect
China from her enemies, entered
Peking and stayed; and the shaved
head with the pigtail became the symbol
of Tartar sovereignty.
China's foreign policy was at first
that of non-intercourse. "A narrow
and exclusive policy, intended to pro
tect China from the aggress'on of the
'barbarians,' was initiated before the
close of the Ming period, and was developed
by the Manchu emperors as
time went on." The emperor being the
"Son of Heaven," diplomatic intercourse
was difficult if not impossible. The
foreign relations of the country were
further affected by the insurrection in
1850, known as the Tal-Plng Rebellion.
A Chinese schoolmaster became
possessed of a religious enthusiasm
through the writings of some Protestant
converts, and set about overthrow,
ing Confusianlsm and establishing the
worship of the true God. This was
finally put down by the government
with the aid of the knightly Charles
George Gordon. More and more foreign
influence was being felt, until a reactionary
tide set in and In 1900 occurred
the Boxer Movement, upon the banners
of which were the words "Exterminate
the foreigners and save the dynasty."
This culminated in the siege of the
foreign legations in Peking and the
final deliverance.
From this we may date the awakening
of China. The failure of the Boxer
Movement Impressed upon the Dowager
Empress the need for living on better
terms with foreign powers. It was now
evident, what had been intimated In
the war with Japan and confirmed
later by the Russo-Japanese war, that
if China was to maintain the poslt'on
of a great power, western methods must
be adopted in many departments of life
and administration. The pendulum began
to swing. Under the direction of
Yuan Shi Kal a new army was organized,
a pol'ce Bystem, a judicial court, the
railway management systematized, foreign
relations Improved, a constitution
recommended. Numbers of Chinese
young men began to appear as students
in the Universities of Japan, America,
and other countries. A crusade was
instituted aga'nst the queue, against
foot-binding, against the opium habit.
Now where will the pendulum stop?
China is sweeping her house; will other
spirits worse than the first enter?
ThiB leads us to remark upon the Influence
of Chr'stlanlty. Tn the Missionary
Review is this statement: "Confucius
is taught In the schools, on a par
with the God of Heaven and earth,
cigarette and strong drink are taking
the place of opium, and the emancipation
without the Chrlstlan'zatlon of
women may be a curse rather than a
blessing." The Rev. F. Frank Price, of
the Presbyterian Seminary. Nanking,
China, writing In the Union Seminary
Magazine makes the follow'ng statements:
"There is the drunken sailor,
wearing the American blue and in hlB
debauchery, amid a heathen people
bringing reproach upon the American
name. There Is also the coarse, covetous,
self-seeking, profane American
resident. Infdel and agnostic books
are already be'ng translated from English
into Chinese. A rationalistic society
recently formed among educated ?
men in China, is drawing its ammunl
nun hum ioce dookb. t.ninese tutors
In American Universities are too often
taught by agnostic professors as though
these men represented our highest
American Ideals." We quote also the .
words of a Chinese writer In the Re
view. Refeiing to the brutal custom of
foot-binding he says, "When did we ever
I February 21, 1912 |
find an organized fore* to suppress
this evil until within the last two decades,
when a greater doctrine?the doctrine
of the positive good began to
make itself felt? Herein we find the
fundamental difference between the
Oriental civilization and the Christian
civilization. The former rests satisfied
if the self is subdued from doing evil,
but the latter will not feel satisfied
until tuat self has been subdued that
It may be directed to do some positive
sood.' China Is adopting some things
from the missionaries Government officials
have even come and measured
deskB, seats, etc., observing the efficiency
of the mission schools, mission
hospitals, and missionary physicians.
But will she take only the material
ucuciiiB ;
We pause here to speak of the present
revolution. As Is well known It Is
aimed at the Manchu throne. A Chinese
republican who lives in Paris and mar.
rled a Parisian wife, Is quoted In the
Literary Digest as saying, "China has
endured the Manchu, their regime of
theft, their governments of corruption
and treason. The Chinese people, having
become conscious of their strength,
as of their distinct existence, are rising
against the domination of a foreign
race, a barbarous race, who have seized
and held the throne for three centuries.
4,000.000 Manchus. Indolent and uneducated,
have established their domination
over 400,000,000 of Chinese, by
keeping them In the most absolute Illiteracy."
Dr. Sun Yat-sen Is the acknowledged
leader of the revolution.
Trained to be a physlc'an he was or
some time a practitioner at Shanghai.
Having no desire to make a fortune or
fame as a physician, his sole aspiration
was the emancipation of the sons of
Han from the clutches of Manchu
tyranny. After travelling tn England
and France, studying democratic theories
and institutions, he conceived the
idea of a constitutional monarchy in
China. But the irremediable lmpotency
and the hopeless waywardness of the
Manchu government seemed to render
anyth'ng short of a complete revolution
imno8sib1e if his country was to be
helped. He organized a revolutionary
association in Canton, being apprehended
by the government he fled to Japan.
From Tokvo as headquarters, he continued
to oreanlze. A special point was
made of inducing the imperial troops
to espouse the cause of the revolution.
A huge revolutionary fund was
secured by Dr. Sun In a tour of Europe
and America.
Now as citizens of a republican commonwealth,
heirs of the Magna Carta
and the Petition of Right, we are inter,
ested in the outcome of this revolut'on.
But as citizens of the Kingdom of God
we are vitally interested. Quoting
again from the article in the Union
SflTlnnrw Mo?o?ln? ? - - *
...urtu..iiio, i nci cu [O UUOVB:
"There are more people In China than
In the four continents, Africa, North
and South America, and Oceanlca.
Every third person born Into the world
Jooks Into the face of a Chinese mother.
Every third man who tolls under God's
sun and rests under God's stars, Is a
Chlnpse. Every third couple given In
marrlaee nl'ght their troth In a Chinese
cup of wine. Every third orphan who
weeps through the day, and every third
widow who walls through the night,
Is a Chinese. Put them In ranks Joining
hands, and they will girdle the globe
ten times at the equator with l'vlng,
heating human hearts. Constitute them
Into pilgrims and let them march before
you at the rate of two thpnsand
every day and night, under the sun
nirnt ana tne solemn stars, and yon
will hear the steady tramp, tramp,
tramp, of that weary, pressing, throbbin*
thron* for five hundred years.
Japan is leading the Orient, hut
whither? Of the sevenjp nations men