The weekly tribune. (Rome, Ga.) 1887-1???, December 21, 1893, Image 1
M. QUAD’S STORY.
BUSHRANGER BILL
| [Copyright, 18U3, by Charles B. Lewis.]
The palmy days of Australian bush
ranging were the beginning of that
great industry which has enriched
, colony by hundreds of millions —wool-
growing. A vast extent of country was
covered by the grazing sheep, and the
herders were obliged to live alone and
far from civilization. The bushranger
had no fear of the solitary herder, and
the latter was forced by circumstances
to become an ally. It came to be an tin
—•'.Serstood thing that the herder should
, permit the outlaw the shelter of his hut
Wa, *4
11 * **
T *
( F A KUSH FOR THE GUNS.
and provide him with a meal, and it
was not exacted that he should give any
information to the police. Had he play
ed spy as well as host, the bushrangers
would have put an end to sheep raising
by murdering all the herders.
‘ „ 1 On the D. and D. run, which em
braced many square miles north of the
Murray river, we had over 20 herders,
and the distance between some of them
was 12 miles. No two were nearer
than five. Each had a rude hut of poles
and logs and turf and was supplied
with provisions once a month. There
was a fireplace in each hut, and a bunk
and bedding for any traveler who might
come along. We had a storehouse eight
miles north of the Murray, and once a
mopth two carts were sent out with
provisions for the stations. As inspect
or for the company I had to visit each
herder at least once a week and report
•n the condition of his herd. If he was
ill, which was sometimes the case, I
had to replace him with another man,
•* and if he had become homesick and
abandoned his station, which was not
1 rare thing, 1 had to keep the saddle
till a substitute was found. There was
no friendship between the inspectors
and bushrangers. We put the police on
their track whenever we could, and
many an inspector was tumbled from
his saddle by a shot fired from rock or
thicket. There were times, however,
when hostilities were suspended. When
the police were not on a redhot trail or
the bushrangers making a foray, there
was not much danger to either side. On
one occasion, in riding through the
■k —scrub, I came full upon the camp of six
bushrangers. There were a sudden alarm
and a rush for their guns, but I called
- out that 1 was only a ranch inspector
who had lost his way and was not fired
upon.
On the occasion of which I write I
had made a ride of 80 miles to reach
“station 17,’’ which was at the base of
a chain of hills, with a vast plain in
front of it. A creek ran along the base
of the hills, and on the bank of this
stream was the htrt. The provision cart
had been there a week before and found
everything all right. I reached the hut
an hour before sundown one afternoon
to find the herder on the point of leav
ing. On the forenoon of the previous
day he had been visited by two bush
rangers,one of whom recognized him as a
witness who had given testimony against
him in a case at Sydney three years
before. The fact that the herder had
been an unwilling witness now saved
his life, though he was ordered off the
run and warned that he would be killed
if he returned. To remain in defiance
of the order meant death. He must go,
ahd while waiting for a herder to be
sent out to take his place 1 must look
", out for his herd. 1 gave him my horse
and his instructions as to where to re
> port, and he was off before sundown.
He said that I would probably have a
visit from the bushrangers before I was
out of it, but I must take the chances
of that. Things were very quiet just
then, and if they paid me a visit they
would not be in an angry mood.
That you may understand more clear
ly let me explain that while most of
the huts had only the earth for a floor
this one was elevated three feet from the
ground and had a floor of split poles.
The elevation was on account of the oc
casional overflow of the creek, and the
herder being something of a carpenter
had put in his spare hours fixing up. 1
had prepared and eaten supper and had
a cheerful blaze on the hearth when the
two dogs began to growl and give other
signs that strangers were near. I thought
it best to take the bull by the horns,
and after a bit I threw the door wide
open and stood there a fair mark, while
I called out to know if any one wanted
food and shelter. Almost instantly a
man advanced from the darkness and
saluted mo with a “good evening” and
stepped past me into the hut. I closed
the door and turned around to find him
standing before the fire, and I instantly
. recognized him. as a notorious criminal
THK WEEKLY TRIBTIYE
known" as Geelong Bill, who had been
bushranging for four years and had re
wards amounting to £I,OOO on his head.
In his hand he had a long and heavy
rifle, and in his belt two pistols and a
knife. He was a man about 38 years
old, weighed about 180 pounds, and it
needed but a glance to tell you that he
was all muscle. He had a short neck,
the iaw of a bulldog.. and a more wicked
tace, taKen from cnin to forehead, you
never looked into.
‘Glad to have your company, ” 1 said
as 1 threw a fresh stick on the fire.
"I’ll have you a bite to eat in a minute
or two. Looks like a storm before morn
ing.”
“Where’s the herder?” he growled as
I prepared his coffee.
"Gone off the run, according to or
ders’.’
“And you are a company inspector?’’
“Yes. 1 just got here this evening
and will have to stay till a man comes
out. ’ ’
“Yes. - I remember your face. How
Bd ye dare come out here?”
“A man who minds his own business
dares to go most anywhere in this
county,” I pleasantly answered as I put
on some meat to cook.
“Mebbe so!” he growled as he leaned
his rifle against the wall and sat down
before the fire. "I suppose you ordered
the herder to notify the traps that we
had shown up here?”
“Don’t take me for a fool!” I replied.
“It is the business of an inspector to
look after the flocks. It is the business
of the police to catch bushrangers. Ev
ery man to his trade. If I’d been in
with the traps, some of you ought to
have found it out long ago.”
“Mebbe so—mebbe so!” he growled,
but I noticed that his face cleared up.
and he seemed in pieu’pnter mood.
1 prepared him as good a suppe? as 1
had eaten myself, and not a word was
exchanged between us while he ate.
He was not overhnngry, and when he
had finished I handed him a pipe and
tobacco and my flask of whisky. He
took a moderate drink, lighted his pipe
and smoked for awhile, and I was feel
ing a bit nervous over his sullen de
meanor when he turned on me with:
“I’d have been a different man if
they’d given me a fair show. When I
think of it, how I’ve been hounded and
hunted like a wolf, I feel like killing
everybody within reach!”
"You were transported of course,” 1
replied as I sat down facing him.
"Aye, and what for?” he fiercely
shouted. "Out of thousands of hares 1
snared one—a wretched little animal,
hardly worth the salt to season it. It
was the first poaching I had ever done,
but the gamekeeper perjured his soul,
and 1 was given penal servitude. I was
a man before that. I have been a devil
since. On board the ship I was treated
like a wild beast, and at the settlement
they were determined to finish me off
as soon as possible.”
“I have heard how you escaped,”!
said as he rose up and began walking to
and fro.
"Then you know that 1 left three
dead guards behind me. They had
starved and beaten and insulted me till
I was desperate. They were torturing
me up to the point when I should make
a break and they would have due ex
cuse to finish me off, but they did not
know what a desnqrate man could do.
' PERHAPS YOU* LL CH ANGE YOUR MIND. ”
Had they let me aione, had they given
me a fair show, I would have done my
work and obeyed all the rules. They
drove me to murder and robbery, and
may they be accursed for it!”
"You were badly used, as the story
goes,” I answered as he stood looking
at me with a savage expression of coun
tenance, “but were you driven to this
sort of life?”
“What else could 1 do?” he shouted.
“As an escaped convict 1 could not get
out of Australia. How long could 1
have escaped detection if I had not
taken to the bush, and how was I to
live without becoming a ranger? The
government has outlawed me and set a
price on my head, and if taken I’d get
the rope in short order. There’s no show
for me but to keep right on till the end
comes.”
“ You see the papers now and then?”
"Yes, and I see that every murder
on the road is laid to me. I’ve got
enough of them to answer for without
any extra, but they pile ’em on. I saw
by a Sydney paper the other day that
the reward is up to £1,000.”
“That’s the figure, I believe.”
"And wouldn’t you like to earn it?”
"No. I want no blood money. From
what I have heard your trial and trans
portation resulted from perjury. I have
been told that they used you brutally at
HOME GA., Till BSdaY, DECKM BEK2J,
tne settlement. 1 <ion t oiame you for
escaping, nor yet for feeling as you do,
but you deserve hanging for some of
the murders you have committed.”
“Yes, 1 have shed a great deal of
blood,” he said as he sat down again.
"Sometimes 1 am glad of it and some
times sorry. I have killed to get even
with the world, and the world must
balance accounts by taking my life. It
won’t happen soon, however. I’m good
for five years more of bush life and at
the end of that time may find a chance
to get out of the country.”
“You’ll not last that long in this part
of the country. I have never given the
police any information about bushran
gers. and it’s hardly fair to post vou as
io ineir uomgs, our 1 may say tnat two
new stations are to be established, and
the governor says he will clear out the
last one of you at any cost.”
"That’s the game, eh? Well, if it
gets too hot, we’ll have to move on, 1
suppose, but we’ll give them a try for
it. Do you know why I came here to
night?”
"To see if the herder had gone, prob
ably.”
"That’s it, and I was hoping he had
not, so I might shoot him. I saw you
through the chinks and had my finger
on the trigger twice. I should have shot
you if you hadn’t come to the door.”
“A man must be a fiend to go about
murdering people in that way,” I said
as I looked up at him.
"You are right,” he replied, though
he first scowled fiercely at me. “There
are times when even the worst of my men
gets afraid of me and skulks away. I
was in such an ugly mood this morning
that all of them left camp. Even up
to the time you gave me a pipe I in
tended to do for you. Can you guess
what my plan was?”
"I have no idea.”
“I was going to tie you up in a par
cel and roast you before the fire.”
“Well, I'm much obliged to you for
changing your mind, as I prefer to live
on and earn £8 per month. It’s only
fair to state that I have had as many as
10 good opportunities for shooting you
since you entered the hut, but I don’t
want your blood on my hands.”
He looked at me for a minute in a
queer way and then the
belt containing his on
a hook and started to in the
spare bunk. The floor well
carpeted with sheepskins, but at one
spot there was an opening caused by
warpage and shrinkage, and he had the
luck to set his foot down and go through
with a crash. His right leg not only
went down to his hip, but the splintered
poles caught it in such away that he
could not pull himself up again. Not
a weapon of any sort was within his
reach. He was more helpless than any
of the victims of his thirst for blood.
He made three or tour tremendous ef
forts to free himself and then quietly
said:
“Perhaps you’ll change your mind
about that £I,OOO reward now. All
you’ve got to do is to slip out and fas
ten a rope around my ankle, or it will
be an easy job to knock me on the head
with the ax.”
I got a stick of wood from the heap,
and by using it as a lever he was soon
enabled to draw his leg clear. He sat
and rubbed it for three or four minutes
and then limped over to the bunk and
stretched himself out. Not a word was
said by either of us. I sat for half an
hour to post up my report book and then
turned into the other bunk, and 1 don’t
remember to have ever slept more
soundly in my whole life. I was up
and had breakfast ready when the bush
ranger turned out. Outside of a “good
morning” and a word or two about the
weather, we had no conversation until
we finished breakfast and went outdoors
with our pipes. Then I said to him:
“Look here, Bill, 1 want that herder
to return hereand continue in charge.”
“I’ll see that no one bothers him,”
he replied.
“And you might hint to the boys that
I don’t care to be shot at as I ride over
the run.”
“They won't waste any lead on you. ”
“It’s against the law for me to help
you along in your career, but in case of
accidentor sickness you'll find the herd
er willing to do what he can. He’s
pretty handy at a broken bone, and I
guess he knows how to break up bush
fever. ’ ’
“Would ye shake hands with me?”
gruffly queried the man as he turned on
me.
“Yes, 1 would, but with the hope
that no more blood may stain it. Good
by to you.”
He started off along the base of the
hill and had gone perhaps 20 rods when
he halted, turned about and retraced
his steps. He came right up to me,
placed his hand on my shoulder, and in
a voice which quavered a bit and was
low and soft he said:
“I shall never be quite as bad again
as 1 have been. If you hear of my be
ing captured, try and get to see me. ’ ’
He walked away, and I never saw
him again. lam sure that he did not
cease to rob, but there were fewer mur
ders in his district after that. He re
tained his liberty for nearly a year and
was then captured and his band dis
persed. He was promptly tried, con
victed and sentenced to be hanged. 1
made an effort to see him, but the au
thorities would not pennit it. Through
his lawyer, however, I got a letter
which worked a sudden and wonderful
change in my career. It told me the
spot where Geelong Bill had buried the
bulk of the treasure he had secured as a
freebooter, and a month after his death
I was in possession of it. Some of the
colonial papers estimated that he must
have left £15.000. The police put it at
xzo.oou. ine sheep neraers insisted
that it was nearer £50,000. As a mat
ter of fact, after I had restored every
thing 1 could find an owner for, the
“swag” amounted to only £2,800, and
much of that was in gold nuggets,
which he had picked up in the moun
tain streams and earned in an honest
way.
A SISTER’S DEVOTION.
Niuo Years of Hard Work to Secure the
Release of a Michigan City Convict.
A touching story of sistc~ly devotion
has been brought to light by the visit of
Miss Kate L. Kennedy to her brother,
Charles Kennedy, a life term convict at
Michigan City. Kennedy was received
at the penitentiary in 1884, convicted for
murder. Nine years have elapsed since
Miss Kennedy entered upon what she
declared to be the mission of her life.
There has been apparently no obstacle
too great for her to overcome, no sacri
fice that she would not make in the
cause to which she has already devoted
the best years of her young life. With
tears in her eyes she has appealed to gov
ernors, United States senators and con
gressmen. There was none who did
not give heed to her sorrowful plea, but
the letters which she has obtained in
support of her appeal for executive
clemency have apparently been without
effect. Her purpose has been persistent
ly pursued through every administra
tion since that of Governor Gray. Hope
long deferred has only given her strength
to continue her efforts.
Her travels have taken her to Wash
ington, where, in the capitol building,
she found many who were touched by
her simplicity of manner and the ear
nest prayer which she breathed for as
sistance to swing open the prison gate
and bid a disgraced brother once more
enjoy liberty.
Senator Hill was visited at Albany by
the youthful petitioner. From New
York Miss Kennedy traveled to Harris
burg, where Governor Pattison freely
granted her an interview. Thence she
went to Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky and
other states. Prominent newspaper men,
preachers and lawyers have supplement
ed her pleading for mercy.
Her belief in her brother’s innocence
has prompted work in other directions.
Soon after Kennedy entered upon his
term of imprisonment Miss Kennedy
adopted masculine attire, and for weeks
tramped about the slums and frequented
the gambling houses of Cincinnati in
search of evidence which could be made
the basis for an application for a re
hearing. She found it a hopeless task to
establish her brother’s innocence, though
her faith never wavered. Governor Mat
thews has promised careful considera
tion of the case.—La Porte Cor.
Chicago Record. -w
THE LIBERTY CAP.
11l Origin and Significance and Those Whs
Have Worn It.
The liberty cap, that bag shaped
headgear so often seen on the head of
the Goddess of Liberty, and which sur
mounts the national colors on nearly
all of our silver coins, owes its origin
to the Roman empire, where it was
given to slaves as a sign of their manu
mission. The principal significance of
the liberty cap to the American mind
is not, however, its Roman origin, but
rather its use as the official cap of the
successive doges of republican Venice—
that “model of the most stable govern
ment ever framed by man.” In the
doge's palace at Venice there is a gal
lery full of portraits of the men who
ruled the republic for 700 years, and the
conspicuous place occupied by the liber
ty cap in these portraits shows its im
portance as a national symbol of free
dom.
It rather heightens the significance of
this ancient symbol in the minds of
good Americans when it is remembered
that the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
humbled himself before a wearer of the
liberty cap, and that Andrea Dandolo
wore it on the fourth crusade and at the
conquest of Constantinople. It occu
pied a place in the forefront of the ad
vancing hosts that in the early part of
the fifteenth century swept the Dalma
tian towns and conquered the entire
coast from the estuary of the Po to the
island of Corfu.
While Columbus was discovering
America the wearers of the liberty cap
were acquiring Zante and Cyprus, and
when the first half of the half starved
settlements on the Massachusetts coast
were battling for existence the republic
from which we borrowed our liberty
cap, having successfully resisted a
league cf all the kings of Christendom,
was at the zenith of its glory.
The liberty cap is not as conspicuous
in our national signs and symbols as it
was in those of the rulers of the Adri
atic, yet in a modest way it immortalizes
the greatest republic of early times. —
Philadelphia Press.
A Carious Ffocession.
A curious procession once took place
at Brussels. One part of the display
consisted of a car containing an organ
played by a bear. There were no pipes
to the instrument, but a number of cats,
each inclosed in a narrow cage, an
swered the purpose. They were so ar
ranged that when the bear touched the
keys of the organ the cats’ tails were
pulled, and the result was anything but
choice music, to say nothing of the cru
elty thus practiced on the poor ani
mals. —Brussels Correspondent.
“What do you call an all round literary
man?” was asked of Author A. C. Gunter.
“An all round literary man,” answered
he, “is a gentleman who can write almost
anything except checks.”
Illinois State Grunge, in session at
Springfield, elected officers yesterday.
POLITICAL CHAT.
GEN. EVANS IN THE LEAD.
Special to the Tribune.
Atlanta, Dec. 19. —Speaker Atkinson
was in the city yesterday and his pres
ence natuially gave rise to governorship
talk. The Speaker has not yet an
nouncedjhis candidacy but that means
nothing except that he is waiting for
what he considers the most favorable
time to make that announcement. That
Atkinsou is in the race there can be no
doubt and that he will have a consid
erable following is also true. He won’t
have as strong a following as Steve Clay,
perhaps for he lacks Clay’s personal
popularity. The sentiment among the
younger politicians that the young men
ought to be chosen may assist him very
materially. There is no doubt that such
a sentiment does exist and it is not only
the young men who hold it. Senator
Corput for. instance was talking last
night at the Kimball about the race. “I
will never vote in primary at least for a
man who has not taken active part in the
aid of Democracy iu the last few years
when the struggle has been so bitter.
Last year when every man who could
talk at all volunteered to do what he
could on the stump, that is every patri
otic democrat, Gen. Evans was not heard
from. While Clay was my first choice I
shall vote for Atkinson whose splendid
services to the party are unquestioned
and who is a brainy, progressive young
man.”
Os course that is only one man but I
find a great deal of this talk. Just now
Gen. Evans seemed to have the inside
track and all Atlanta hopes that he will
win. There is not a better man in Geor
gia, a man more thoroughly, liked by
everybody [who knows him and be is a
splendid handler of men, too. He made
many warm friends where he was a fre
quent visitor and if anybody doubts that
he is a very strong man they are going
to find themselves badly mistaken.
President of the Senate,
I have heard very little talk about the
senate presidency which is of course the
same as lieutenant governorship. I un
derstand there is a strong effort going to
be made by the Augusta people to get
Hon. W. H. Flemming to make the race
for the senate, and if he does he will
doubtless be chosen to preside over
that body. Bill Fleming is one of the
"brainest men of bis years in Georgia.
Yes, and the expression of his years
might be eliminated. He is undoubtedly
one of the strongest men in the state,
and would make a splendid running mate
for Gen. Evans.
The Georgia Code.
Just dow there is a good deal of talk
among lawyers especially, about the
probable appointments as codifiers of the
laws. It will be remembered that the
governor and the supreme court judges
are to appoint three lawyers to that posi
tion. The bill has not yet been signed
but as soon as it is the appointments will
be made. It is the intention of the gov
ernor and the judges to select three of
the most eminent lawyers in Georgia and
tender the position to them. Who they
will be, of course nobody has any ides,
but I have heard mentioned such men as
Col. Nat Hammond and Judge Jno. L.
Hopkins, of Atlanta, Capt, Rowell, of
Rome, Walter B. Hill, of Macon, who
were among the last revisors, with Col.
Little and Lewis Garrard, of Columbus,
Majir Joe Cumming, Hon, W. H,
Fleming and Hon. Joe Lamar, of Augusta,
and others of equal prominence.
It i« not seemed to be generally known
but there has been no codification of the
laws of the state since 1853 when the
original code was published. Three re
visions have taken piece but they have
been done by private parties. This mak
ing of a new code is one of the most im
portant acts of the last legislature.
For Commissionerjof Agriculture.
The announcement comes very direct
that Hon. Martin Calvin will be a candi
date for commissioner of agriculture at
the election next year. President Wad
dell, president of the State Agricultural
society, was a candidate, but I am in
formed that he will not be in the race,
but will do what he can to assist Col
Calvin. Cok Calvin is one of the ablest
men who have represented Georgia on
the fl ior of the general assembly in the
last few years.
He has been in the lower house for
several terms, and Richmond county
would send him just as long as he would
consent to take the place. He has, how
ever, had strong influences to make the
race against Captain Nesbitt, and I loam
has definitely decided to go into into it.
They will make the race lively.
A DEFAULTER.
The Late Charles Arnold, of Atlanta, the
Man.
Special to The Tribune.
Atlanta, Dec. 19.—Charles Arnold,
whose death a few days ago brought out
the most flittering notices from the
newspapers, was a defaulter to the ex
tent of many thousand dollars.
This has just been discovered, and has
created a sensation here.
At the time of his death Mr, Arnold
held three positions in which he was the
trustee of fund’. He was the secretary
and treasurer of the Georgia Hedge com
pany ; the secretary and treasurer of the
Piedmont Exposition comp ny, and the
secretary and treasurer of St Philip’s
Episcopal church. He had also been
secretary and treasurer of the temporary
company which gave the Indian summer
carnival last year.
With the Georgia Hedge company his
shortage is something over $1,090. With
the church not over SIOO. The books of
the Piedmont Exposition company have
not been examined, but it is thought the
shortage will amount to several thousand
dollars.
There are rumors now that his sudden
death may have been ciused by himself.
He had many friends here who are draw
ing the mantle of chanty over the faults
of the old man.
LOST HIS HAND-
Charlie Johnson’s Unfortunate Accident
Sunday Morning,
Charlie Johnson lost his left hand by
an accident Sunday morning.
He was at his mother’s place up the
river when the accident occurred, and
had just dressed to go to ch uh. Satur
day night his gun had been returned by
a friend who had borrowed it, and Char,
lie left it lying m the hall. Sunday
morning he picked it up to move it into
his room.
As he did so both barrels fired, and
his left hand was shot to fragments.
Exactly how it occurred neither he nor
any one else knows. It is thought he
struck the hammers against a chair.
Dr. Lindsay Johnson and Dr. G; ffin
attended to the injuries. Nothing could
be done to save the hand, and it was am
putated just above the wrist.
Many of Charlie’s friends have called
on him since, end sympathized with him
in his trouble. He is in no great pain,
but is naturally troubled over the loss of
his hand. Only a short time ago he
took out a policy with the Fidelity Car
nality Co. for $5,000 By the loss of his
hand he gets $1,666.66—a third of the
total risk.
Mr. Johnson is well known, and is a
member of the coal firm of Patton A
Johnson.
BILL
Reported to Congress Yesterday—Demo
crats Support it Cordially.
Washington, Dec , 19.—“ the Ameri
can people after the fullest and most
thorough debate ever given by any
people of their fiscal policy, have de
liberately and rightly decided that the
existing tariff is wrong in principle and
grievously u»just in operation.”
Such is the opening paragraph of the
mej >rity report today, submitted by the
demccratic members of the ways and
means committee.
The full committee report wai written
by Chairman Wilson. It was laid by him
before the democratic associates last
night and received their cordial approval.
The bill declares for revenue only.
MRS- HENRY DOSS
Died Monday at Her Home in the
Fourth Ward,
Mrs. Henry Doss died Monday morn
ing at 3:30 o’clock at her home in the
Fourth ward.
For many months she has been a mar
tyr to consumption, and her death was
not unexpected by her friends. She was
a young woman of many high character
istics, and her death is thecause of much
mourning among those who knew her.
Her husband is left with a young child
to grieve over the loss. She will be
buried at Pleasant Valley this morning.
MARRIED THIRTY-THREE YEARS
Governor and Mrs. Northen Have a Quiet
Celebration.
Special to the Tribune.
Atlanta, Ga., Dec. 19.—Governor
and Mrs. Northen celebrated the thirty
third anniversary of their marriage
quietly tod iy. The governor was at bis
office all the morning, but in the after-
Uvuu had a family gathering at tho man
sion.
BANK BURGLARY.
Fort Valley's Bank Lost S’!,OO Night Before
Last.
Special to The Tribune.
Atlanta, Ga., Dec. 18.—Burglars
blew the safe of the Dow Law bank of
Fort Valley last night and stole $2,000,
all the cash on hand. They did not
take any checks, bonds or papers. They
left a kit of fine tools.
A Third Star.
Now the political equality clubs are
busy sewing on to their equal suffrage
flags a second star for Colorado, besides
the star of Wyoming. While they are
about it they may as well prepare a
third star for Kansas, to be added next
fall.—Woman’s Journal.
John Goff was arrested at Deepwater,
Mo., yesterday on the charge of murder
deriag Rodney Drake, of Warsaw.