Newspaper Page Text
PAGE 2—THE BULLETIN, October 13, 1953
(Copyright, 1958, N. C. W. C. News Service)
His Holiness Pope Pius XII supreme head of the Church daring the stormiest and most
fateful period of history, has become one of the great figures, of all't me.
A worker of boundless energy and enormous talent, he won the admiration 'of the world for his
outstanding achievements in many different fields. Scholar, tea< her, linguist, diplomat and
saintly pastor of souls, his reign
would have been notable had he
excelled in only one of these
roles. That he was everywhere
acclaimed for extraordinary at
tainments in them all, places his
Pontificate at the very forefront
of epochs.
Plis Pontificate presents a
striking contrast. Although he
was universally known as the
Pope of Peace, the beginning
of his reign saw the most wide
spread and destructive war man
kind has yet known, while its
latter years witnessed, an un
easy truce, marked by the ruth
less and relentless persecution
of the Church in an ever-length
ening list of nations.
He was a great leader in the
world’s struggle against com
munism. In 1948 his fatherly
warnings saved Italy from Red
seizure. His message to Catho
lics behind the iron curtain gave
them hope in their battle to pre
serve the faith in their home
lands. His 1949 decree excom
municating members of the
Communist Party and those
who help to spread its propa
ganda was one of the most tell
ing blows yet struck against the
forces of the Kremlin.
REMARKABLE
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As a student he won high
honors, earning three doctorates
while hardly more than a youth.
Appointed a full professor be
fore he was 30, he later gave up
teaching for diplomacy.
His long and successful diplo
matic career reached its peak
when he became Papal Secre
tary of State in 1930.
He was probably the best
known Pope who ever reigned.
More widely travelled than any
previous Pontiff, he also receiv
ed more people from more dif
ferent parts of the world than
any of his predecessors.
Fluent in seven languages, he
could speak to most of the vast
number of people he met in their
native tongue.
First Roman Pope in two cen
turies, he gave contemporary,
meaning to his ancient title of:
Defender of the City when his :
intervention in World War II
saved Rome from destruction.
He created more Cardinals at
one time than any other Pope
and brought the Sacred College
up to full strength for the first
time in 250 years. He granted
representation in the College to
all continents for the first time
and gave Cardinals to more na
tions than any previous Pontiff.
He decreed the Holy Year of
1950, during which 3,000.000
pilgrims from all parts of the
world flocked to Rome to re
ceive the Holy Year indulgenc
es and pray for the return of
those outside the Church.
His proclamation of the doc
trine of the Assumption of Our
Lady was the first Papal defini
tion of a dogma in close to a
century.
He granted limited permission
for evening Masses in all na
tions, liberalized the Eucharistic
fast, and revived the ancient
Easter vigil service.
He proclaimed the Marian
Year of 1954 to mark the 100th
anniversary of the promulga
tion of the dogma of the Immac
ulate Conception.
He decreed the feast of the
Queenship of Mary, and the
feast of St. Joseph the _Work-
man. "
FIRST ROMAN IN 200 YEARS
Pope Pius XII, first native-
born Roman to rise to the Pap
acy since the election of Inno
cent XIII in 1721, was born
March 2, 1876, the son of Filippo
and Virginia (Graziosi) Pacelli.
He was christened two days lat
er in the Church of Saints Cel-
sus and Julian by his uncle,
Msgr. Giuseppe Pacelli.
He was born into an aristo
cratic Roman family which had
long rendered service to the
Holy See. Both his father and
his grandfather had served the
Vatican in official posts. His bro
ther was chief Vatican nego
tiator of the treaties that solved
the Roman Question.
As a youth the future Pontiff
attended the grammar school of
the French Sisters of Providence
and then went to high school at
the Ennio Quirino Visconti Ly
ceum, from which he was grad
uated with honors in 1893 at
the age of 17.
Deciding to become a priest,
he entered the Capranica Col
lege, the oldest seminary in
Rome. He was able to remain
there only a year, however, be
cause delicate health made com
munity life too difficult for him.
He then returned to his family
and attended the Roman Semi
nary and the Pontifical Univer
sity as a day student. In 1899 he
was given doctorates in philoso
phy and theology.
TAKES THIRD DOCTORATE
He was ordained the same
year and celebrated his first 1
Mass in the Basilica of St. Mary
Major. Following his ordination
he was appointed assistant pas
tor of his parish church, Santa
Maria in Vallicella. While in this
post he finished his studies,
earning a doctorate, his third, in
canon law.
He then entered two major
fields of activity. He was made
assistant professor of law at the
Roman Seminary and an ap
prentice in the Vatican Secre
tariate of State. Shortly after-j
ward he was appointed a full
professor Of canon law at the
Roman Seminary, a professoi
of diplomacy'at the Academy o:
Nobles, and an official in the
Congregation for Extraordinary
Ecclesiastical Affairs, a body
closely connected with the Sec
retariate of State.
Father Pacelli soon resigne
as a professor to devote himselt
full time to his duties at th:
Congregation. He remainei I
there for the next ten yegp»r
working on the recodification of
canon law. He was named a
Domestic Prelate in 1905 and
made Secretary of the Congre
gation in 1914.
He served in that post during
the early part of World War I.
For three years his job was to
direct the Vaticans’ relief work
—encouraging the exchange of
war prisoners, helping to get
wounded soldiers moved to hos
pitals, and sending information
about missing troops to their
families.
ENTERS DIPLOMATIC CORPS
When the Papal Nunciature in
Bavaria fell vacant in 1917
Msgr. Pacelli was named to the
post. He was appointed Titular
Archbishop of Sardi in April
and consecrated in the Sistine
Chapel by Pope Benedict XV on
May 13.
Shortly after his arrival in
Munich Archbishop Pacelli was
called upon to participate in
one of the Holy See’s most im
portant diplomatic efforts of the
war. In August, 1917, Benedict
XV issued his famous peace
proposals. It was the Nuncio’s
duty to present the proposals
personally to Kaiser Wilhelm II.
But the German emperor turned
them down and the war con
tinued.
After the war Archbishop
Pacelli stayed in Munich, where
he faced grave danger by re
maining at his post during the
radical Spartacist uprising.
Once he was obliged to differ
with an officer of the revolu
tionary militia who, as he ar
gued with the Nuncio, leveled a
pistol at him.
When a Nunciature for all of
Germany was set up in Berlin in
1920, Archbishop Pacelli was
named first Nuncio. In that post
he negotiated two concordats,
one with Bavaria in 1925, and
one with Prussia in 1929.
Although preoccupied with
diplomatic duties, the Nuncio al
ways kept himself informed on
national Eucharistic Congress in
I uenos Aires and in 1935 to
t le ceremonies in Lourdes to
mark the end of the Holy Year
j reclaimed by Pius XI in com-
i lemoration of the 19th century
df the Redemption. In 1935 he
i ms also appointed Chamberlain
f the Holy Roman Church. In
he period between the death of
ja Pope and the election of his
Successor, the Cardinal Cham
berlain is the head of the Sac
red College. It is up to him to
verify the Pope’s death, direct
preparations for the conclave
and take charge of it.
Most notable of the Cardinal’s
I many voyages was his tour of
the United States during Oc
tober, 1936. His airplane trip
I from New York to the Pacific
/ Coast and back was unprece
dented in the visits of world
dignitaries to America at that
time. While in this country he
visited the four American Card
inals, personally met most of the
Hierarchy, and was seen by
many thousands of Catholic lay
men. He received honorary de
crees from four universities and
before leaving was the luncheon
guest of President Roosevelt.
After his return to Rome he said
that his travels in the United
States had left one of the deep
est impressions of his life and
that he would always have the
warmest memories of his trip
—
named a Legate for the fourth
time, representing the Holy Fa
ther at the Eucharistic Congress
in Budapest.
ELECTED POPE
In February, 1939, Pius XI
died. As Chamberlain, Cardinal
Pacelli certified the Pope’s
death and took charge of ar
rangements to elect his succes
sor.
Before the conclave met. the
nazi and fascist presses started
a vicious campaign in an at
tempt to dictate the choice of
the new Pontiff. Their main tar
get was Cardinal Pacelli. His
name headed a list of “political”
and anti-fascist — hence unac
ceptable — candidates in the
newspaper of Count Ciano.
then Italy’s foreign minister.
The nazi press of Germany call
ed him a member of a “Vatican
war party” and “a traitor be
longing to a degenerate genera
tion of a dying bourgeoisie.”
But the campaigns were futile.
On March 2, on the third ballot,
he won the votes of 61 of the 62
Cardinals in conclave. Only his
own vote had been cast for an
other candidate. So, on his 63rd
birthday, in one of the shortest
conclaves in history, Cardinal
Pacelli was elected Supreme
Pontiff and chose the name of
Pius XII. He was the first Papal
Secretary of State to be named
Pope since Clement IX wj
LAST PICTURE—This picture of His Holiness Pope Pius
XII at prayer in his summer residence at Castel Gandolfo was
taken October 5, the day before he was stricken with “cerebral
circulatory disturbances.” Shown behind the Pope is Msgr.
Federico Callori di Vignale, papal Master of Chambers. This is
a radio photo.—(NC Photos).
He was sent to France in 1937
as Legate to the blessing of the
Lisieux Basilica built in honor
of St. Therese. While there he
was received by President Le
brun. The next year he was
Pius XII was crowned March
12, 1939. The heads of some 40
states sent representatives, in
cluding for the first time the
-Unit'eA-St.ates. After his corona
tion the Pope’s'TFiTmglils agSirT
turned to peace when he said:
“Nothing is lost by peace, all
may be lost by war. . .Let the
strong and mighty listen to Us
and use their power not for
destruction but for construc
tion.”
The Holy Father’s words,
however, went unheeded. Bare
ly six months after his election
German soldiers invaded Po
land and World War II began.
On the eve of the invasion His
Holiness had made one last
effort to avert the conflict.
Calling the envoys of Great
Britain, France, Germany and
Italy into audience, he sent a
message through them to the
heads of their governments ask- a chance
"the-gojltical, social and religious. prgFtpd 1667.
His election, first to be anj
nounced to the world by radi
life of the country. Indeed, it
was his concern for these as
pects of German life that ac
counted for his great success
there. So enduring was his pres
tige throughout the country- that
on his 75th birthday in 1951,
Munich renamed one of its main
streets Pacelli Strasse, as Berlin
had done in 1949.
CARDINAL SECRETARY
OF STATE
Archbishop Pacelli was recall
ed from Berlin in 1929 and cre
ated a Cardinal by Pope Pius
XI at the December 16 Consis
tory.
In February, 1930, less than
two months after his elevation
to the Sacred College, Cardinal
Pacelli was named Papal Secre
tary of State. One of his first
acts as Secretary was to nego
tiate an agreement with the
Italian government regarding
the interpretation of the 1929
Concordat, thus eliminating dis
sensions that had arisen with
the Mussolini regime.
The Cardinal was sent as Pap
al Legate in 1934 to the Inter-
was everywhere greeted wit
enthusiasm. In Rome crowi
jammed St. Peter’s Square ti
cheer their first native Pontiff
in more than two centuries. B{ -
yond the' Eternal City his ele< -
tion was particularly popula r
since he was known personally
by many thousands of people in
many countries. He had lived in
Germany for 12 years, passed
most of his vacations in Switzer ■
land, and visited Spain, France
England, Austria and Hungary
in Europe as well as Argentina
Brazil, Uruguay and the Unitec
States in the new world.
WORK FOR PEACE
But probably the chief reason
for his popularity was the gen
eral feeling and hope that h4
would continue his predecessor’^
work for peace. These hope|
were justified. In his first state)
ment as Pope, made on the day
after his election, he said: “The
fairest of all God’s gifts, whic|i
passes all understanding, is .
peace.”
ing them to “abstain from tak
ing any steps capable of aggra
vating the present tension.” But
to no avail.
World War II was a tremend
ous trial for the Pope. War it
self, with its sufferings and
death, grieved him. Nor was he
far from personal danger. The
fate of Rome, though declared
an open city, long hung in the
balance. When bombs finally
did fall on the city, he went
out into the streets to give en
couragement to the people, thus
earning anew his age-old title
of Defender of the City.
On Chirstmas Eve, 1939, he
presented the warring nations
with a set of conditons on which
they might have ended their
conflict and established a jus'
peace. His conditions were in
dependence for all nations, lib
eration of all nations from the
slavery of armaments, recon
struction of international insti
tutions to remove past deficie
ncies, examination of the real
needs and just demands of peo
ples and nations, including
ethnic minorities, and a sincere'
return to the immutable princi
ples of divine law: In succeding
Christmas messages during and
W 3 g after the war these points were
"Clarified and expanded.
HELP TO WAR VICTIMS
To alleviate some of the suf
ferings caused by war the Holy
Father established the Vatican
Information Service. Its branch
offices in nations throughout the
world gave to countless persons
their first and frequently their
only news of relatives taken
prisoners of war. The Service
was free and used by people , of
all nationalities and religions.
Several million messages were
channelled through the Service
during the war, including more
than half a million to the United
States.
Besides setting up the Infor
mation Service, the Pope gave
large sums of money to relieve
war-caused distress. He gave
nearly $1,000,000 for Polish re
lief. English Bishops got more
than $100,000 to restore bombed
churches. He sent more than
$60,000 to heavily damaged
Malta. These, however, are but
a few of his gifts. Even larger
amounts were sent to France,
Belgium and the Netherlands.
was the feeding of the destitute
in and around Rome. Allied
authorities reported that the
Holy See had provided a meal
a day for 40,000 people, thus
preventing thousands of
from starvation.
While the Allied armies were
in Rome His Holiness showed
himself willing to receive all
who wished to call on him. One
day alone he saw 8,000 soldiers.
By the end of the war it was
estimated that he had been seen
by some 1,200,000 Allied troops,
most of them Americans.
1946 CONSISTORY
On account of the difficulty of
gathering consistories during the
war, the College of Cardinals
had fallen to only 38 members
by 1945. In February, 1946, Pius
XII created 32 new Cardinals.
It was the largest single eleva
tion in history
These persecutions reached a
peak with the imprisonment on
trumped-up charges of Cardinal
Stepinac in Yugoslavia, Car
dinal Mindszenty in Hungary,
Cardinal Wyszynski in Poland
and Archbishop Beran in Czech
oslovakia.
EXCOMMUNICATION OF
COMMUNISTS
In July, 1949, Pius XII issued
a decree excommunicating all j
Catholics who “knowingly and
of free will” join or remain in
the Communist party or in any
way read or promote communist
propaganda. The decree was con
sidered as one of the most far
reaching of modern times. For
although the Church had con
demned communism for a cen
tury, preaching against its er
rors and evils, the Pop’s decree
was the first act aimed at the
individuals.
In January, 1952, the Pontiff
sent the first of his apostolic
letters to the priests and people
of China, which had fallen to
the communists in 1949. It was
similar to letters the Pope had
sent earlier to Catholics in other
Red-dominated lands. Express
ing his grief at their persecu
tion, the Holy Father warned
China’s Catholics not to be mis
led by the Reds and asked the:
to offer their sufferings to God,
Another letter was sent earl;
in 1955 in which the Pope r
peated his exhortations to t
Chinese.
In addition to his troubles witfi
communism, Pius XII also faced
a period of unrest in the Holi
~Land the postwar yearsi-
In the war which broke out
between the Arabs and the new
state of. Israel in 1948, many
Christian shrines and churches
were damaged and destroyed
and free Christian access to the
Holy Places was endangered.
In 1948 the Pope issued the
encylical “In Muitiplicibus” call-
Jatholic map of the world,” the
D ope raised to the rank of Car-
linal a large number of non-
Italians, reducing Italians in the
College to a minority for the
first time in 600 years. Of the
new Princes of the Church,
only four were from Italy. The
remaining 28 came from 18 dif
ferent countries, including China
and Portuguese Africa. Thus for
the first time all continents had
a Cardinal. With the naming of
four American Cardinals the
United States had five members
of the College for the first time.
In 1947 in the Apostolic Con
stitution “Provida Mater Eccle-
sia,” His Holiness gave canoni
cal recogniton to secular insti
tutes. These institutes, which
originated in the 19th century,
are associations of men and
women who continue their nor
mal lives in the world without
living the community life of
religious but who consecrate
their lives to God.
BATTLE AGAINST...
COMMUNISM
While the battle fought against
nazism and fascism by Pius XII
came to an end with the war’s
close, his struggle against com
munism was intensified with
the coming of peace.
In 1948 communism set out
to capture Catholic Italy. The
Italian election of that year was
one of the crucial events of Pius
XII’s regin. With an estimated
2,000,000 members, the Italian
Communist Party was widely
considered to be the largest'
outside of Russia itself. Its lead
ers were certain that they could
take over the country and many
neutral observers thought so too.
The Reds, however, suffered
a resounding defeat. The Holy
Father had calmly reminded the
country’s Catholics of their duty
to vote and to vote for parties
that were not anti-Christian.
The faithful went to the polls
and dealt communist expecta
tions a severe blow by electing
a strongly anti-Red parliament.
But while the communist ad
vance in the west appeared to
have been stopped, Reds struck
heavy blows at the Church as
they took over country after
country in eastern Europe.
Churches and schools were
closed, the Catholic press ban
ned, and the faithful hounded
Another Papal war charity until their lives were in danger.
ing for the internatonalization
of Jerusalem and vicinity, and
protection of Christians rights
there. In 1947 the United States
had made a similar recommen
dation, but nothing had been
done to implement it. In 1949
Pope Pius issued another ency
clical “Redemptoris Nostri,”
calling anew for Jerusalem’s
internationalization. Again no
definite steps were taken.
Jerusalem is still divided be
tween Arab and Jew and the
right of free Christian access to
the Holy Places is still uncertain.
POSTWAR RELIEF EFFORTS
During the Arab-Israeli war
hundreds of thousands of Arabs
'fled their homes in Palestine and
sought refuge in neighboring
countries. Distressed by their
plight, the Holy Father appealed
to the world’s Catholics to come
to their aid. To administer that
aid he set up the Pontifical
Mission for Palestine, through
which large amounts of food,
clothing and medicine were dis
tributed to Arab D. P.’s, both
Christian and Moslem.
After the war as during it the
Pope did all he could to ease
the. suffering of its victims. Aid
to the Arabs was a small part
of the Holy Father’s total re
lief effort. Shortly after war’s
end, for example, truck convoys
left the Vatican for western
Germany to aid the huge masses
of refugees then pouring into
that area. Large relief ship
ments were sent periodically to
some 50 nations throughout the
world.
In another attempt to solve
the D. P. problem the Pope
sought to find new homes for
refugees and to provide means
for their emigration. He told
nations with surplus land that
it was their duty to place it at
the disposal of the landless. He
organized the Vatican Migration
Bureau to aid emigrants, and in
1951 the International Catholic.
Migration Commission was
established at his request.
Nor were his relief efforts
restricted to those uprooted and
left restitute by war. He also
sent frequent gifts of money and
goods to victims of natural dis
asters, to the poor and orphans,
both Catholic and non-Catholic,
all over the world. In Italy the
Pontifical Relief Commission set
up a huge welfare program
which included the establish
ment of thousands of camps with
enough space to give summer
vacations to 1,000,000 needy chil
dren.
THE HOLY YEAR
On Holy Thursday, 1949, Pius
XII decreed the 1950 Holy Year.
He urged Catholics everywhere
to make a pilgrimage to Rome,
to pray and do penance during
the year that those outside the
Church might return to it.
During 1950 more than 3.000,-
1000 pilgrims from the four cor
oners of the earth flocked to
Rome to receive the Holy Year
ndulgences and witness the
nany special events that took
)lace there.
In February, 1950, Pope Pius
XII received in audience dele
gates to the International Con
tention of the Catholic Press
neeting in Vatican City. He ad-
Iressed them on the importance
}f the Catholic Press in forming
ublic opinion.
Among the most important of
these events were the eight
canonizations and eight beatifi
cations in St. Peter’s. There were
also international congresses of
Catholic scholars, missionaries,
journalists, musicians and many
other groups as well as exhibi
tions in such fields as Church
art, architecture and literature.
In addition to the events in
Rome, numerous Holy Year
observances were held in other
cities throughout the world.
Highlights of the Holy Year
—was the Popes’ proclamation of
the doctrine of the Assumption
of Our Lady. It was the first
Papal definition of a dogma
since Pius IX’s proclamation of
the Immaculate Conception in
1854. The most recent previous
doctrine to be added to the body
of defined truth — Papal infal
libility — had been proclaimed
by the Vatican Council in 1870.
On Christmas Eve, 1950, the
Holy Year in Rome came to an
end. But the next day the Pope
extended it to the entire world.
Catholics of all nations were
given a chance to gain the Holy
Year indulgences in 1951 with
out going to Rome — by making
a pilgrimage to churches in
their own dioceses designated
by their Bishop.
MORE NEW CARDINALS
Late in 1952, by which time
the College of Cardinals had
fallen to 46 members, Pius XII
called the second consistory ox
his reign. Fie elevated 24 pre
lates from 12 nations to the rank
of Cardinal, thus bringing the
Sacred College up to its full
strength of 70 for the first time
in some 250 years.
Following the 1953 consistory
more countries had a Cardinal
than ever before in history. Four
nations — Columbia, Ecuador,
India and Yugoslavia — were
given their first Cardinals. Two
of the new members, Cardinal.
Stepinac and Cardinal Wyszyn
ski, were unable to come to the
consistory because of commun
ist persecution of religion in their
homelands. Pius XII, who had
already named more Americans
to be Cardinals than any other
Pope, gave the United Sates still
another, the first to represent a
West Coast See.
LITURGICAL DECREES
A few days previous to the
consistory the Holy Father had
issued a history-making decree
granting limited permission for
evening Masses everywhere in
the world, and liberalizing the
Eucharistic fast. Among the
other liturgical innovations in
troduced by Pius XII was the
revival of the ancient Easter
vigil service. He permitted its
use after centuries of non-
observances in 1951.
HONORS CHURCH IN U. S.
In October, 1953, the Pontiff
honored the Church in the
United States by personally tak
ing part in the dedication of
the new North American Col
lege in Rome. It marked the
first time that the Pope had
opened a national college.
At about this time His Holi
ness showed a remarkable range
of knowledge in talks he gave
to different groups gathered in
Rome for conventions. Within
the space of a few weeks he
gave some 25 speeches on pro
fessional or similar topics to
silk manufacturers, wine grow
ers, merchants, statisticians,
goldsmiths, navigators, engin
eers, bankers, foundrymen and
others.
Early in 1954 the Pope be
came ill, but both before his
illness and after his slow re
covery he continued his strenu
ous work. In addition to radio
addresses to a number of nation
al Marian congresses, he con
tinued to speak to professional
and other groups throughout the
year on such subjects as popula
tion problems, medicine and
medical ethics, the press, educa
tion, tailoring, modern techno
logy, radio and television. In
June he spoke in five languages
in an address closing the first
telecast in Europe over an inter
national TV hookup. Television,
he said, should serve as a “sym
bol and promise” of European
unity.
In August, 1954, it was an
nounced that at the request of
the American Hierarchy the
Holy Father had permitted the
use of English instead of Latin
in the United States in certain
sections of the ceremonies of
baptism, marriage, extreme
unction and others.
MARIAN YEAR
In proclaming 1954 a Marian
Year •— to mark the 100th an
niversary of the definition of
the dogma of the Immaculate
Conception — Pius XII sought
to foster greater devotion to the
Mother of God. The purpose was
not to attract pilgrims to Rome,
but to stimulate religious life
everywhere and pray to the
Blessed Virgin for peace.
Outstanding events of the
Marion Year in Rome were the
canonization of St. Pius X on
May 29, and of five other new
saints on June 12, and the pro
clamation of the feast of the
Queenship of Mary by the Pope
in October.
Twice during 1954 the Holy
Father gave major addresses on
the ever recurring theme of his
Pontificate — peace. In his
Easter radio message he called
for international agreements to
outlaw atomic, biological and
chemical warfare. In the fall he
again appealed to nations to do
everything in their power to
avert atomic war, saying that
“there can be no doubt . . .that
to unleash it without a just
cause . . .would constitute a
crime worthy of the most severe
national and international sanc
tions.”
Earlier in the year, receiving
350 prelates in special audience,
His Holiness had noted that the
(Continued on Page Three)
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Vol. 39 Saturday, October 18, 1958 No.'10
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GEORGE GINGELL, Columbus President
E. M. HEAGARTY, Waycross Honorary Vice-President
MRS. DAN HARRIS, Macon Vice-President
TOM GRIFFIN, Atlanta Vice-President
NICK CAMERIO, Macon Secretary
JOHN T. BUCKLEY, Augusta Treasurer
ALVIN M. McAULIFFE, Augusta Auditor
JOHN MARKWALTER, Augusta Executive Secx-etary
MISS CECILE FERRY, Augusta Financial Secretary