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PAGE 2—THE BULLETIN, October 17, 1959
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OUR NEW POPE
PART IX
PAPAL TROUBLESHOOTER
IN PARIS
Archbishop Angelo Koncalli
sat in his office in the Apostolic
Delegation in Istanbul one
morning in December, 1944, and
read a telegram from Rome
with mounting disbelief .
“I think they have lost their
minds in Rome,” he said to an
assistant.
They hadn’t. What Rome had
done was to appoint him as
Apostolic Nuncio to Paris with
orders to go there as quickly
as possible. Always obedient,
the future Pope John XXIII
wound up his affairs and arrived
in Paris on December 31, 1944.
FRANCE IN UPHEAVAL
The following morning, in his
capacity as dean of the Diplo
matic corps in Paris — an honor
accorded to the papal repre
sentative in many- countries —
Archbishop Roncalli delivered
the traditional New Year’s
greetings to General Charles de
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City-State-
From: POPE JOHN XXIII: An Authoritative Biography by
Zsolt Aradi, Msgr. James I. Tucek and James C. O'Neill. Copy
right, 1959, by Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, Inc., Publishers.
Gaulle, provisional head of
France.
The France to which the 63-
year-old papal representative
had been assigned was in up
heaval. The country had been
just liberated from the Germans
and the Battle of the Bulge had
been fought in mid-December.
Even before the ouster of the
Germans there was a violent
reaction of the liberated French
against the Vichy gove:mment of
Marshal Petain. Those who had
lent support or who even had
passively cooperated with the
Vichy government were hated
by many Frenchmen, especially
those who had fought in the
French underground.
Out of the first days of libera
tion there also emerged a strong
Catholic political party, the
Popular Republican Movement,
(MRP), lead by the brilliant
Georges Bidault, a hero of the
underground, which took over
formation of the new govern
ment.
During the war the Vatican
continued to recognized the
Vichy government as the legal
government of France. The
Apostolic Nuncio, the then
Archbishop, now Cardinal, Val
erio Valeri, followed the gov
ernment to Vichy.
The French of the Resistance
movement and General De
Gaulle objected to this position
on the part of the Vatican and
to the failure of some of the
French bishops to take a stand
against the Vichy regime.
Nationalistic feeling rose
higher than ever in the wake
of the liberation and certain
resistance leaders expected the
Vatican to remove those bishops
who were accused of having
openly collaborated with the
Vichy government.
A papal nuncio was required
who could handle delicate ques
tions and whose personality
would dispel the initial hos
tility which prevailed in cer
tain circles. While there was
no question of the loyalty of
many Catholic leaders to th»
Church, they were, nevertheless,
dissatisfied with the “static”
attitude of some members of
the hierarchy and the clergy.
There was danger in the situ
ation and quick action on the
part of the Holy See was re
quired. That is why Archbishop
Roncalli was dispatched with
unusual speed from Istanbul to
Paris.
It was his task among others
to create a new atmosphere fa
vorable for negotiations leading
to a reconciliation between the
hierachy and the new French
government, born of the resist
ance. He saved the situation
which seemed almost irrepara
ble. He was able to do so
through innumerable contacts;
it was really the force of his
personality that eased the situa
tion.
Msgr. Giacomo Testa, now
Apostolic Delegate in Turkey
and a long associate of the fu
ture Pope, says:
“He arrived in Paris at a crit
ical moment and he immediate
ly had to face a delicate situa
tion. All sorts of passions and
hatreds were unleashed in
France, a wind that concealed
the germs of revolution blew
over the country.
“Roncalli’s smiling goodness,
his calm, his patience, his firm
ness, his ability to overcome dif
ficulties and obstacles saved
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CARDINAL SALIEGE
Archbishop Roncalli’s first
success came in 1945 when the
government of General De
Gaulle withdrew its request
that any bishop accused of
friendship with Vichy be re
moved.
He was asked to remove 33
bishops. When he first negoti
ated on this problem with the
government, whose foreign
minister was Georges Bidault,
he calmly pointed out that the
“proof” against the bishops ac
cused of collaboration consisted
only of newspaper clippings.
Politely he asked for ade
quate investigation and docu
mentation of the charges. The
government consented and the
investigation lasted about one
year. At the conclusion only
three bishops resigned.
Italian Social Democratic
leader Giuseppe Saragat, Italy’s
first postwar ambassador to
France, told the Nuncio of
France’s great admiration of
Archbishop Saliege of Toulouse.
This great Archbishop took a
defiant stand against Hitler dur
ing the war. Although almost
completely paralyzed he had
himself carried into his cathe
dral on a stretcher and there
denounced the racial persecu
tions of the Nazis.
Saragat informed Archbishop
Roncalli of France’s regard for
this courageous churchman. The
Nuncio in turn looked into the
matter and then recommended
to Pope Pius XII that Arch
bishop Saliege be made a car
dinal. He received the red hat
in the 1946 consistory.
Archbishop Roncalli’s line of
conduct was simple and precise:
the Church in its ministry obeys
Rome and remains apart from
temporal affairs. He achieved
success in following this policy
without making protests to the
government. During his nine
years in Paris, he sent only two
or three official communications
to the government, none of
them notes of complaint.
Speaking to Jaques Dumaine,
one-time chief of protocol for
the President of France, he said,
“My mission in France is the
same as St. Joseph’s. I have to
watch over Our Lord and pro
tect Him in a most discret man
ner. I show myself as few times
as possible to the government,
only when they show a desire to
me. Bidault told me reproach
fully that our meetings become
rarer and rarer. Now we have
agreed to meet every two
weeks.”
WINS EVEN
ANTI-CLERICALS
While his official visits to the
government were kept at a
minimum, Archbishop Roncalli
did move about in the city’s
diplomatic and social areas. He
also entertained at his dinner
table the leading personalities
in Paris at the time.
His tact and good manners
were well known. One incident
exemplifies this. As dean of the
diplomatic corps in France he
attended the 2,000th anniver
sary of the city of Paris.
The mayor, Pierre de Gaulle
was brother of the General and
an adversary of the MRP. In his
welcoming speech he implied
that the presence of the Nuncio
showed that he too was against
the MRP.
Some newsmen have reported
that Archbishop Roncalli re
sponded to this by showing the
mayor a book of manners writ
ten by a Bergamo author. As a
matter of fact the Archbishop
did not indulge in the reported
display of bad manners and
denied the story when he heard
it.
Instead his speech of reply
made no allusion to the mayor’s
remarks and throughout the
evening he carried on a lively,
witty and non-political conver
sation. By the end of the eve
ning the mayor’s bad taste had
been forgotten.
Writing of Angelo Roncalli’s
time in Paris, the newspaper
Le Monde reported, “It is a fact
that in Paris he won the sym
pathies of all political shades,
even in those political circles
whose members indulged in an
outdated and aimless anti
clericalism.”
Among his close friends in
France was Vincent Auriol, a
long-time Socialist and Presi
dent of France from 1945 to
1953. After his term expired,
Auriol visited Venice where he
recalled that the then Cardinal
Roncalli embraced him in the
lobby of the hotel, “to the great
surprise of all the people on
their knees.”
Later the Cardinal showed
Auriol the rooms of St. Pius
X, once also Patriarch of Venice.
Auriol recalls saying at the time,
“And the successor of Pius XII
will come from here too ...”
Angelo Roncalli smiled, the
French politician reports, but
said nothing.
PLEADS FOR
WAR PRISONERS
Few popes have traveled
France as widely, since the
Middle Ages, as did Archbishop
Roncalli. His first journey took
him to the Benedictine Abbey
of Solesmes, world famous for
its Gregorian chant. In 1947 he
presided at the Marian festival
at Le Puy, France’s most an
cient shrine dedicated to Our
Lady.
In 1949 he visited Le Mans
and Rheims and then returned
to Rheims the same year to
take part in the belated com
memoration of the 300th anni
versary of the birth of St. John
Baptist de la Salle, founder of
the Christian Brothers.
In all he visited 85 of France’s
87 dioceses while carrying the
full load of work as Apostolic
Nuncio. Yet with all his travel
ing, he found time each summer
to return to his home at Sotto
il Monte to spend four or five
weeks with his family.
Archbishop Roncalli also visi
ted Algeria, for that territory,
according to the constitution of
the Fourth Republic, was an
integral part of France. During
his 1952 visit there he said at
the cathedral in Algiers:
“Algeria is living in a period
that is full of sadness. Never
until now have two ideologies
clashed in such a tragic way;
love and hate, war and peace,
kindness and violence . . . My
dear brethren we should resist
the voice of hate; we should re
main faithful to love, peace and
kindness ...”
In the same spirit of charity
he urged the repatriation of the
more than 250,000 German pris
oners of war still in camps two
years after Germany’s surren
der. Pope Pius XII made an
open appeal in June, 1946, say
ing that “sacred rights,” were
being violated in the detention
of these prisoners.
The French cardinals and
bishops asked the government
to comply with these rights.
When the government still hesi
tated, the French episcopate put
the case openly before the
French people in a March, 1948,
pastoral letter.
The bishops declared that the
repatriation of the German pris
oners of war was a question of
conscience for French Catholics.
Then the government complied.
Needless to say, the representa
tive of the Holy See had many
In 1944 Archbishop Roncalli was appointed Apostolic Nuncio
to Paris. Here he is seen visiting a prisoner of war camp.
Later he urged the repatriation of German prisoners still in
French camps two years after Germany's surrender, .
occasions to talk over the issues
with the French leaders and was
instrumental in reaching a just
solution.
(Next issue — Roncalli and
the Worker Priests).
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