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■PAGE 2—THE BULLETIN, August 6, 1960
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The Catholic In America
OBITUARIES
This is one of a series of arti
cles reviewing the position and
experience of the practicing
Catholic in the life of the Ameri
can community from Colonial
times. The author holds a doc
torate in American Church His
tory, has taught in various uni
versities, and is presently Archi
vist and Historian of the Arch
diocesan of St. Louis.
PENNSYLVANIA AFFORDED
CATHOLICS FREEDOM
OUTSIDE THE LAW
In England penal laws against
Catholics were by no means
abolished after the death of
Elizabeth I in 1603. Many pul
pits in both mother country and
colonies joined the Anglican
divine John Tillotson in invec
tives against “the restless and
black designs of that sure and
inveterate Enemy of ours, the
Church of Rome.”
In America the response had
been legal proscription of Cath
olics save in Maryland. There
the charity of the founders to
those outside the Faith ultimate
ly cost Catholics their American
sanctuary.
ROGER WILLIAMS
In the colonial desert of
anti-Catholicism Pennsylvania
came to be the single oasis
where the green stalk of the
Faith could be cultivated in rel
ative freedom. Before reviewing
the origin and endurance of this
liberty a salute is due to a pio
neer American apostle of cree-
dal equality. By no means is his
name unknown; he was Roger
Williams. Because his fairness
had virtually no effect on colo
nial Catholics it would be easy
to neglect his contribution.
Williams was born in Wales
a half dozen years prior to the
birth of the first son of George
Calvert, originator of the colony
of Maryland. During the last
years of the long reign of Eliza
beth the Queen forced conform
ity among the Welsh to her
Established Church.
After Williams graduated
from Cambridge, he became an
Anglican divine. But his prompt
disagreement with the state re
ligion made his exodus to
America a salutary move for
him. Landing in Boston in 1631,
soon he was in disfavor akin to
that of the mother country.
Roger Williams’ Puritanism
was not identical with that of
the leaders in New England.
Unlike them, having come to
America for his own religious
freedom he advocated lifting
any restrictions on the con
sciences of others.
Again departing . hastily rath
er than conforming, Williams
founded Providence in Rhode
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Island. There he followed Cal
vert in time at least in his grant
of religious freedom to all
Christians. Probably no Catho
lics were in his colony during
his lifetime, but the lack of
mention of “Papists” may not
be ascribed to inadvertence on
the part of Williams.
In fact, more credit is due
to him for his charity in that
his private letters disclosed his
personal hostility to the Catho
lic Church. Notwithstanding his
hatred of a religion he did not
know as it is in truth, Williams
imposed no prohibition to Cath
olic Faith or ceremonies.
While today Rhode Island has
the highest percentage of Cath
olics of any state, virtually none
found haven in the colony. Af
ter 1728 Catholics were com
pletely disfranchised by the As
sembly of Rhode Island and that
discrimination continued after
the American Revolution.
WILLIAM PENN
Pennsylvania was the sole
English colony in America to
be named after its actual foun
der. Distinguished for many at
tributes, William Penn resem
bled Roger Williams in suppres
sing his personal hostility in his
public utterances relative to
Catholicism. Then, too, he was
like George Calvert.
In the first legislation for his
colony in 1682 Penn incorpo
rated both civil and religious
equality for all as Calvert had
in Maryland. “On Religion” was
the title of the initial chapter
of this “Great Law.” Therein it
was stated that all persons
“living in this Province . . .
shall not in any case be mo
lested or prejudiced for his, or
her, conscientious persuasion or
practice.”
A few Catholics who came in
the first years found these
words verified by an actual wel
come. Despite his fellowship
with the Quakers, Penn enjoyed
royal favor in the court of the
Stuarts, Charles II and James
II.
The collapse of the reign of
James II, England’s last Cath
olic king, threatened to involve
William Penn in the upheavel.
The proprietor hurried back to
England to protect his interests;
he succeeded. After several
years the new Protestant re
gime confirmed his title and
Penn returned to America.
On the accession of William
and Mary the British Parlia
ment had proclaimed the Toler
ation Act of 1689. Thereby re
strictions were removed from
all dissenters save the beleagu
ered adherents to the original
Christianity, Catholics.
The Test Oath exacted from
all officeholders had been con
demned long before by Pope
Paul VII in 1607. In his native
land and in his colony Penn re
sisted this inclusion of denial
of Transubstantiation in the
Mass. To retain his proprietor
ship he eventually had to yield.
Prodded by Parliament hos
tile to everything Catholic, the
last of the Stuarts, Queen Anne,
ordered incorporation of the
Test Oath in the qualification
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of every officeholder. With this
bar to any participation by the
faithful in the government of
the colony, legal freedom for
Catholics vanished in Pennsyl
vania until 1776.
MASS IN PHILADELPHIA
Anti-Catholicism was present
in Pennsylvania during the 18th
century. Still, the constitutional
ban on Catholics was not fash
ioned into a club of religious
persecution. A surreptitious
manner of operation, however,
had the expected consequence
of very sketchy records by
Catholics themselves.
Hence it is from a letter of
protest by a Protestant minister
named John Talbot that it is
known a Mass was publicly of
fered in Philadelphia around
1708. While William Penn wrote
to the governor from England,
apparently no oppressive action
was taken.
As opposition intensified in
the once Catholic foundation of
Maryland, the border between
these two colonies and the pres
ent Delaware was the scene of
much Catholic activity. Any in
crease in efforts at suppression
could thereby be met by a
quick shift in the place where
Mass was offered, where one
of the proscribed priests lived,
or the site of one of the spora
dic attempts at giving Catholic
education.
In 1711 there were nine
priests near this “friendly Pen
nsylvania line.” From this point
were attended the faithful in
these three colonies, plus fre
quent excursions into New
York by one or other of the
priests.
German and Irish immigrants
added to the Catholic popula
tion. Then too, the continued
toleration beyond or outside the
law emboldened the faithful.
This continued after their origi
nal protector, William Penn,
had died in England in 1718.
With St. Joseph as its patron,
a church finally was opened in
Philadelphia in 1734. As may be
seen today, it was built on a
side street (Willing’s Alley).
Thus attracting little attention,
it was not a source of constant
irritation to hostile eyes.
With the erection of St. Jos
eph’s it could be said that the
Church—even though still out
side the law—had emerged from
the catacombs of private homes
to the light of semi-public wor
ship at least. In 1774 the future
President John Adams reported
visiting a “Romish Chapel,”
which was St. Joseph’s.
TENSION LESSENS
A generation of peace be
tween France and England in
the Old World and the New was
reflected in tranquillity for
Catholicism in Pennsylvania.
The cry of “No Popery” was
raised afresh when hostilities
were resumed between these
major European powers and
their allies.
While active persecution was
missing, the loyalty of Catholic
colonists was questioned anew.
“Papists” were forbidden to
settle in western Pennsylvania
where they would proximate to
the enemy under the Lilies of
France.
The Treaty of Paris of 1763
removed the proximate military
danger from either France or
Spain. That lessened if it did
not eliminate the tension under
which Pennsylvania Catholics
lived.
During the French and Indian
Atlanta Services
For Mrs, Lucas
ATLANTA—Funeral services
for Mrs. Caroline Zumdick
Lucas were held July 21st in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Mrs. Lucas was a native of
Covington, Ky., she was a com
municant of the Cathedral of
Christ the King Church.
Survivors are a daughter,
Mrs. II. S. Clancy of Atlanta;
two grandsons and one great-
granddaughter.
SERVICES FOR
H. C. MEEK
ATLANTA—Funeral services
for Harry C. Meek were held
July 16th at the Sacred Heart
Church, Rev. John Emmerth
officiating.
, Surviyors are his wife; a
daughter, Miss Ann Marie Meek,
Pascagou, Miss., and a sister
Mrs. Francis B. Silkens, New
Orleans, La.
SERVICES FOR
Mrs. Anna Woods
ATLANTA—Funeral services
for Mrs. Anna Woods were held
July 9th at Our Lady of the
Assumption Church with a Re
quiem Mass.
Survivors are two daughters,
Mrs. F. E. Krings, Doraville;
Mrs. Wayne Potter; grand-
. daughter, Mrs. Shirley Miller,
both of Aurora, Colo.
SERVICES FOR
MRS. SHERON
AUGUSTA—Funeral services
for Mrs. Catherine White Sheron
were held July 19th at St.
Mary’s-on-the-Hill Chujrch, Very
Rev. Msgr. Daniel J. Bourke
officiating.
Survivors are a daughter,
Mrs. J. Noel Schweers, Sr., of
Augusta; two sisters-in-law,
Mrs. Margaret S, Burke of Au
gusta, and Mrs. Frank T. White
of Atlanta; a granddaughter,
Mrs. T. O. McNeill of Thomson;
two. grandsons, J. Noel Sch
weers, .Jr., of Augusta, and Wil
liam Sheron Schweers of Pitts
burg, Pa. and six great-grand
children.
Savannah Services
For H. C. Johnson, Sr.
SAVANNAH—Funeral serv-
War a census of the Catholics
in the Colony of William Penn
reckoned their number as 1,374.
How minute was this little band
in comparsion with Pennsyl
vania’s total population of ap
proximately a half-million.
That the most rabid anti-
Catholic would be concerned
with so scanty a minority is
difficult to understand today.
Yet the fulminations of the
Puritans in New England
against , “the Papists” was at its
height in 1687 when a French
traveler reported finding “eight
or ten Catholics” in Boston!
Clearly outside the law, Cath
olics in Pennsylvania nonethe
less enjoyed the greatest free
dom of all the faithful, along the
Atlantic seabord. Though few
indeed they were in number,
from them, came the leaders of
the Church once the new nation
was formed.
Hence it is not to Lord Balti
more alone, but to Roger Wil
liams and even more to William
Penn that Catholics are indebt
ed for having survived colonial
anti-Catholicism.
(To Be Continued)
ices for Mrs. Birdie Cannon
Murphy were held July 26th at
the Cathedral of' St. John the
Baptist.
Survivors are one son, Horace
C. Johnson, Jr., Jacksonville,
Fla.; one brother William B.
Johnson, Sr., Savannah; three
grandchildren; a number of
nieces and nephews; mother
Mrs. Rosa Barbour Johnson,
Savannah.
SERVICES FOR
MRS. MURPHY
SAVANNAH—Funeral serv-
for Mrs. Birdie Cannon Murphy
were held July 26th at the Ca
thedral of St. Joh ntheBaptist.
Survivors are her husband,
Thomas C. Murphy; two half
sisters, Mrs. S. T. Ellis of
Charleston and Mrs. Thomas
Hendrix of Houston, Texas;
three half brothers, Norman
Cannon and Leonard Cannon,
both of Charleston, T. D. Can
non of Staten Island, N. Y., and
a number of nieces and nephews.
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