Newspaper Page Text
PAGE 2—THE BULLETIN, September 17, 1960
EDITOR EXILED BY CASTRO
The Catholic In America
By Rev. Peier J. Rahill, Ph.D.
This is one of a series of
articles revincing the position
and experience of the practicing
Catholic in the life of the
American community from
Colonial times. The author
holds a doctorate in American
Church History has taught in
various universities, and is pres
ently Archivist and Historian
of the Archdiocese of St. Louis.
THE LIBERTY BELL RINGS
OUT FOR AMERICAN
CATHOLICS
That God can and does draw
good out of evil is proved over
and over
again. A
striking in
stance of this
Divine Prov-
idence is
found in the
Quebec Act
of 1774. Ini
tially it
seemed that
this legislation, in permitting
Catholicity to be freely pro
fessed and practiced by Cana
dians, would cause laws
against the church in the 13
colonies to become even more
coercive.
Instead it afforded the Cath
olics in the colonies an oppor
tunity to demonstrate their
loyalty as a group for the first
time. To this day the Church
in the United States benefits
from the valor of the Catho
lics of ’76.
As the breach between mo
ther country and colonies wid
ened, it was apparent to every
leader of the patriots that all
the help available would be
needed. Historians agree that
only one-third of the colonists
resisted Great Britain, then the
strongest military power of the
world.
For any who were willing to
shoulder a musket, in the
words of Saint Paul, “There is
neither Jew nor Greek; There
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is neither slave nor freeman;
there is neither male nor fe
male” (Gal. 3:28). In the Eng
lish colonies for the first time
it could be said that Catholics
were truly welcomed.
On two occasions Catholic
efforts to assist the American
Revolution were hampered by
the prior colonial anti-Catholi
cism. The Indians of Maine,
long since converted to the
Faith, volunteered on condi
tion that General Washington
provide them with a chaplain.
The commander-in-chief re
ferred the request to Massa
chusetts, of which Maine was
then a part. Laws more than
a century old prohibiting the
presence of a priest in the
colony showed their effect. Not
only was the colonial govern
ment not able to call upon a
priest in that vast territory,
but no idea was had where one
might be found.
Finally the request of the
Indians was fulfilled through
an exchange of prisoners for
a priest who had been a chap
lain aboard a French ship tak
en as a prize of war.
Father to the north was an
other disappointment which
was of much greater conse
quence. After berating King
George III for the freedom
granted to the Catholics of
Canada, the First Continental
Congress had besought these
same Catholics to join their
cause.
When war actually broke
out a commission was chosen
to plead in person. Anti-Catho
licism had kept Maryland’s
“First Citizen,” Charles Car-
roll of Carrollton, from partici
pating in the assembly. But
he* was readily named as one
of the three members of the
delegation to appeal for aid
from the French Catholics to
the north.
The same Continental Con
gress asked Father John Car-
roll, cousin of Charles, to ac
company the mission. From
letters to his mother it is evi
dent that Father Carroll had
little hope of success. Yet he
willingly did his best to con
vince the Canadians that the
previous diatribes against the
Church did not represent the
true American spirit.
Bishop Jean Oliver Briand,
however, was so grateful for
the freedom already bestowed
by the British government that
he kept Canada loyal to the
Crown.
Charles Carroll was due to
exert still more influence for
the patriot cause, and this time
most effectively. The colonial
leaders were ready to make a
complete break with the moth
er country. One of the signers
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of the Declaration of Inde
pendence was Charles Carroll,
who brought honor to the
Church in being the sole Cath
olic.
Moreover, he had another
distinction which was convinc
ing proof of his patriotism. The
richest man in the colonies,
Carroll risked that fortune as
well as his life in proclaiming
openly his full adherence to
the Revolution. To his clearly
legible signature he added “of
Carrollton.” It is said that his
purpose in so doing was that
there would be no mistake as
to his identity should the re
volt fail and the signers be
punished.
Fifty-three years later Car-
roll, then the only surviving
signer of the Declaration of
Independence, told the adopt
ed son of George Washington
that the love of his religion as
well as of his country had
prompted his action.
Referring to the freedom to
practice his Faith he said of
his signing: “I had much at
heart this grand design found
ed on mutual charity, the basis
of our holy religion.” His cou
rageous venture paid immedi
ate dividends to the forces led
by George Washington, for the
Catholics of Pennsylvania and
Maryland followed his exam
ple in their whole-hearted sup
port.
The valor of the patriots and
the leadershhip of Washington
would not have been success
ful had foreign aid not been
secured. It was to Catholic
France that the first appeal
was made. In the beginning a
few leaders protested dealing
with “Foreign Papists,” but
the danger from the British
forces was too imminent for
them to be heeded.
Supplies absolutely essential
had been sent by France long
before the Treaty of Alliance
was signed in May of 1778.
Congress was elated! To the
credit of that body it showed
its gratitude consistently
throughout the war. Occasion
ally individual members de
murred, but as a group the
Congress divested itself entire
ly of anti-Catholic expressions
of any kind.
Eibridge Gerry of Massachu
setts did marvel at the “mirac
ulous change in the political
world.” If not strictly miracu
lous, the effects of this alliance
—with later aid from Catholic
Spain—truly were monument
al in history.
It is not surprising that the
Tories — one-third of the
Americans who supported
England in the struggle—took
horrified umbrage at the al
liance of the colonies with
“Papist France.” In their eyes
the specter of the Pope was
seen hovering above every
French soldier.
All previous canards seem
ingly refuted in the exemplary
conduct of the French troops
who passed through Philadel
phia in 1781. Nonetheless, one
loyalist writer construed the
good behavior as absolute
proof that the “French Pap
ists” were awaiting a more
suitable time to disclose the
cloven hoof.
Help from Spain was not of
the same magnitude as that of
her sister Bourbon power
France, but again the Ameri
can Congress broke completely
with tradition in showing ap
preciation. Not the words of a
friend but those of a bitter en
emy describe the action after
the 1778 death of the Spanish
representative in Philadelphia,
Don Juan de Miralles.
The most infamous of all
American traitors, Benedict
Arnold, wrote: “Do you know
that the eye which guides this
pen lately saw your mean and
profligate Congress at Mass
for the soul of a Roman Cath
olic in Purgatory?” The Sol
emn Requiem had been cele
brated in Saint Mary’s Church
in Philadelphia.
The patriot newspapers of
the colonies were as consis
tent in supporting the alliance
with France as was Congress.
Formerly loud in their denun
ciation of anything which had
even a Catholic flavor, the
newspapers then became posi
tively enthusiastic in their re
ports pertaining to our ally.
Equally noteworthy was the
complete acceptance of the
military union by the Calvin
ist clergy. Once the King of
France had rivaled the Pope as
an object of denunciation. That
attitude had been completely
abandoned when the Reverend
George Duffield, from the pul
pit of the Third Presbyterian
Church in Philadelphia, called
for an end to detraction; in
herited prejudices should give
way to cordial affection.
There is surprisingly little
to quote from Catholics in
praise or in endorsement of the
league with France. In 1777
the French Consul at Balti
more observed that the Mary
land Catholics “feared an al
liance with France, lest they
be persecuted, and lest their
priests be expelled.” The rack
and rope of anti-Catholicism
were retained in the minds of
the faithful longe after others
Jose Rivero, editor and publisher of Diario de la Marina,
published daily in Havana until silenced by Castro early this
year, looks over the first edition of the paper now being
published in exile, in Miami, as a weekly. Opposition to the
Castro regime and to communism in the Americas is the
objective of the publication which will be sent to Cuba and
the Latin American countries, as well as sold on newsstands
in South Florida.-—(NC Photos).
had renounced these instru
ments of torture.
To the outcome of the strug
gle Longfellow’s words may
be applied: “You know the
rest. In the books you have
read . . .” God indeed had
drawn good out of evil for the
long suffering Catholics of
18th Century America. While
the tradition of anti-Catholi
cism had not been shattered,
undoubtedly its previously un
broken front had been pene
trated.
The American Revolution
brought liberty to the colonies;
moreover it brought to the
American Catholics a real
hope of freedom of conscience.
For most of them the shackles
would not vanish immediately
or completely. But never again
would the outlook be as bleak,
nor the very survival of Cath
olicism in America as threat
ened.
FEDERAL RELIGIOUS
EQUALITY NOT REALIZED
IN ALL THE STATES
As long as there is a United
States of America Catholics
will be proud of the glorious
part taken by their forefathers
in the American Revolution.
During the Colonial period
anti-Catholicism had kept
their numbers so small as to
be almost insignificant. Yet
in the struggle Catholics con
tributed a part ail out of pro
portion to their percentage of
the total population.
Martin I. J. Griffin of Phil
adelphia has contended, more
over, that no Catholic of note
was a loyalist, or a supporter
of Great Britain. Truly the
record is remarkable!
INDIVIDUAL LAWS
What was the reaction of the
non-Catholic majority, most of
them churchgoers, to this im
pressive Catholic particicpa-
tion? When the Revolution be
gan Catholics did not possess
religious, social, or political
equality in a single one of the
colonies. Among the courag
eous signers of the Declaration
of Independence Charles Car-
roll of Carrollton has been the
sole Catholic.
Years later the venerable
Marylander had declared that
he had envisioned religious
liberty as well as political free
dom from the successful de
fense of this document. Indeed
Carroll was right, but the ac
tual attainment of it was to be
delayed — in some cases for
many, many years. Why?
It must bee remembered
that the War of the Revolution
was fought by a very loose
political union. All the erst
while colonies were represent
ed in the Continental Con
gress. That body, however, had
no power to enforce its wishes,
and as a unit it expressed none
regarding religious freedom
for all.
Each of the seceding colo
nies operated under its own
individual laws. Inasmuch as
all of these had contained anti-
Catholic provisions prior to the
outbreak of the fighting, the
legal position of Catholics
would remain unaffected un
less the characters or constitu
tions were altered.
Some, as Connecticut, were
content with the original col
onial charter; aside from eras
ing a few English names, no
change was made. South Caro
lina, on the other hand,
promptly adopted a new con
stitution which contained no
provision regarding religion.
In 1778, the year that Catho
lic France gave its invaluable
assistance to the Americans, a
revised constitution made
Protestantism the religion of
South Carolina. In addition
anyone not a Protestant was
ineligible for the upper or low
er house of the legislature.
In New York the incongruity
of fighting for liberty and de
nying it to some was recog
nized in the Constitutional
Convention. But John Jay, lat
er the first Chief Justice of
the United States, was an in-
vesterate foe of Catholicism.
Failing to block the article
granting religious freedom, he
succeeded in securing an
amendment which deprived
immigrant Catholics of any
participation in the political
life of the new state.
NOMINAL' EMANCIPATION
Previously it has been not
ed that the majority of Cath
olics were living in the area
close to the boundary lines of
Maryland, Pennsylvania, and
Delaware. The constitutions of
these states reflected their pre
sence in not excluding the
faithful from the provisions
for religious liberty.
The few Catholics in north
ern Virginia profited from the
challenge by Baptists and
Presbyterians to Anglicanism
as the established religion. The
controversy was not settled
during the Revolution; yet
Catholics benefited when full
religious freedom was adopted
by Virginia in 1785. Two years
before Rhode Island had drop
ped “except Papists” from her
guarantee of religious eqaulity.
While the military and fi
nancial aid of Catholics was
everywhere welcome, only
four states had given them the
right to vote. Even in Mary
land, in the opinion of the
Reverend Jonathan Boucher, a
prominent Loyalist minister
from that state, “their emanci
pation . . . has been nominal
rather than real.”
Hanging the Pope in effigy
had been banned by George
Washington at the very begin
ning of the Revolution. Once
the struggle had been success
ful, however, such carnivals
were revived in New England
and continued for another cen
tury.
In his 1785 participation in a
lecture series given annually
in Cambridge, the Reverend
Joseph Willard, Congregation-
alist President of Harvard
University, declared that the
spirit of the Church of Rome
was “hatred, malice, and per
secution.” By no means had
the American Revolution over
turned the persistent anti-
Catholic tradition throughout
the 13 states.
Originally proposed by Ben
jamin Franklin in 1755, nation
al union may be said to have
come into existence with the
adoption of the Articles of
Confederation in 1778. Mary
land was the last state to give
her adherence to this confed
eracy of the former colonies.
Again it was a Carroll, in this
instance Charles’ cousin Dan
iel, who was the sole Catholic
signer.
While the Constitutional
Convention was in session the
government under the Articles
of Confederation issued the re
nowned Northwest Ordinance.
Therein for the first time in
the history of our nation the
principle of religious freedom
tor all was enunciated for
states to be formed from this
territory.
EMERGENCE FROM
'CATACOMBS'
A little over a month later
the Constitutional Convention
adopted a resolution which had
been proposed by Charles
Pinckney of South Carolina;
this resolution is in Article
Six of the Constitution. It
read: “No religious test shall
ever be required as a qualifi
cation to any office or public
trust under the United States.”
The only state voting against
Pinckney’s resolution was
North Carolina. That was in
keeping with the tenor of the
state’s Constitutional Conven
tion. The Mecklenburg dele
gates, for instance, were in
structed to oppose “the tolera
tion of popish idolatrous wor
ship.” Nonetheless, while still
excluded from most state and
local offices, Catholics were
recognized as first class citi
zens on the national level!
In place of the one signer
of the Declaration of Inde
pendence and of the Articles of
Confederation, there were two
representatives of the Faith
among the Founding Fathers
of the Constitution. One was
Daniel Carroll, and the second
an Irish immigrant who had
helped to finance the Revolu
tion, Thomas FitzSimons of
Pennsylvania.
While the anti-Catholic tra
MARRIAGES
o-
-o
| BERTINO-LAPP |
O O
SAVANNAH — Miss Lorna
Lillian Lapp, daughter of Mrs.
Harry LaBerte Lapp and the
late Colonel Lapp, and Mich
ael Anthony Bertino, son of
Mr. and Mrs. Sam Bertino, of
Valley Stream, N. Y., were
married September 3rd with a
nuptial mass at the Church
of the Most Blessed Sacrament,
Rev. George C. James offici
ating.
O-
-O
FLOOD-KING
O-
-O
SAVANNAH — Miss Nancy
Elizabeth King, daughter of
Mr. David Wilson King, Jr.,
and Mrs. Frances Barrett King
and Daniel Joseph Flood, Jr.,
were married August 10th at
the Church of the Most Bless
ed Sacrament, Rt. Rev. Msgr
Thomas A. Brennan officiating.
O-
-O
| BESSMAN-ORLANDO |
O— O
MACON — Miss Mary Ann
Orlando, daughter of Mr. and
Mrs. Celeste A. Orlando of
Macon, and Mr. John William
Bessman, Jr., son of Mr. and
Mrs. John W. Bessman of Au
gusta were married August
27th with a nuptial mass at St.
Joseph’s Church, Rt. Rev.
Msgr. Thomas I. Sheehan offi
ciating.
O-
-O
| CASTORNIA-LONCON |
6- O
SAVANNAH — Miss Mary
Dale Loncon, daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. Russel D. Loncon of
Port Wentworth, and Salvador
A. Castorina, son of Mr. and
Mrs. Salvador Castorina, of
Pensacola, Fla., were married
Stptember 3rd at Our Lady of
Lourdes Church, Rev. Francis
Donohue officiating.
O O
| BROWN-BARFIELD |
O O
SAVANNAH — Miss Marie
Theresa Barfield, daughter of
Mrs. William Edward Barfield,
of Savannah Beach and Tho
mas Lynch Brown, son of Mr.
and Mrs. Frederick Kenneth
Brown were married August
27th with nuptial mass at the
Cathedral of St. John the Bap
tist, Ref. John J. Cuddy offi
ciating.
dition was being shivered if
not shattered, the Church be
gan to emerge from its Ameri
can catacombs. Though some
authority definitely was need
ed, the clergy still opposed the
naming of a bishop lest that
arouse renewed antagonism.
As a compromise Father
John Carroll was named Pre
fect Apostolic in 1784. In his
initial report to the Holy See
he estimated 25,000 as the
Catholic population of the
United States. He had heard
that there were Catholics
along the Mississippi River,
where in truth the “Patriot
Priest” Pierre Gibault had
been of sterling assistance to
George Rogers Clark in the
conquest of the West.
With the help of a thousand
dollars from King Charles of
Spain, the first church in New
York was dedicated in 1786.
But there was not a single
Catholic Church or congrega
tion in all New England nor
in any state south of Virginia.
THE FIRST BISHOP
The United States was a
small nation in population the
year that George Washington
was inaugurated as the first
President. Catholics composed
an almost insignificant group
in the total of 4,000,000. Yet
among them were men of na
tional stature and prominence,
so that a letter of congratula
tions to the President was gra
ciously acknowledged. The fa
ther of His Country wrote in
part:
“I presume that your fellow-
citizens will not forget the pa
triotic part which you took in
the accomplishment of their
Revolution, and the establish
ment of your Government: or
the important assistance which
they received from a nation in
which the Roman Catholic
Faith is professed.”
How greatly had the position
of the Church improved over
what it had been a century
before! It was vastly better
than during the furor over the
Quebec Act. Many outside the
Church retained their old pre
judices, but the substantial
number had come to accept
Catholic fellow Americans in
all social relations.
Legal disabilities remained
for the most part. Inspiration
and leadership in triumphing
over many of these obstacles
was to come from John Car-
roll. Consecrated the first
bishop of the United States in
1790, he was a worthy con
temporary of George Washing
ton. As truly as Washington
was the father of his country,
the first Bishop and Archbish
op of Baltimore was the father
of the Church in the United
States.
Next Issue: “Catholic News
papers Established to Combat
Printed Abuse.”
Obituaries
Atlanta Services
Charles Lawson
ATLANTA — Funeral serv
ices for Charles Lee Lawson
were held September 8th at
the Sacred Heart Church, Rev.
Lawrence J. Biggers offici
ating.
Survivors are his wife, the
former Mrs. Beatrice Mc
Gregor, stepson, Louis. A. Mc
Gregor, Pompano Beach Fla.;
brothers, Jessie Lawson,
Chamblee, and Oscar W. Law-
son, Norcross, sisters, Mrs.
James Stephens, Mrs. Quill
Youngblood and Mrs. Tom
Ivy, all of Norcross; and Mrs.
Claude Mills, Atlanta.
Services For
M rs. Koniecki
ATLANTA — Funeral serv
ices for Mrs. Stanley J. Kanie-
cki were held September 2nd
at St. Anthony’s Church in
Jersey City, N. J. She was a
former resident of Avondale
Estates.
Mrs. Kaniecki was the for
mer Stella Kowalski. She was
83 years old and was born
in Poland.
Survivors are four daugh
ters, Mrs. Helen Ciecinch, Jer
sey City, N. J.; Mrs. Irene
Maier, West Simsburg, Conn.;
Mrs. Jean Dagosto, Teaneck,
N. J.; Mrs. Sally Malonowski,
Fairlawn, N. J.; a son Leon S.
Kaniecki, Avondale Estates.
Services For
Mrs. Susie Leary
MADISON, WIS. — Funeral
services . for Mrs. Susie Leary
were held September 9th at
Our Lady Queen of Peace
Church in Madison, Wis., Msgr.
F. L. McDonnell officiating.
Mrs. Leary was born in
Gratiot, Wis.; she was the for
mer Susie O’Donnell. She had
been an Atlanta resident three
years. She was a member of
St. Thomas More Church.
Survivors are a son, L. W,
Leary, Milwaukee, Wis.; a
daughter, Mrs. J. L. Eichman,
Decatur, and a brother, W. J.
O’Donnell, St. Paul Minn.
Savannah Services
For Mrs. Cullum
SAVANNAH — Funeral
services for Mrs. Elizabeth
Sutton Cullum were held Sep
tember 1st at the Cathedral of
St. John the Baptist.
Savannah Services
Joseph Hohnerlein
SAVANNAH — Funeral
services for Joseph Hohnerlein
were held August 29th at the
Cathedral of St. John the Bap
tist, Rev. Herbert Willmeier
officiating.
Services For
Mrs. Hubner
SAVANNAH — Funeral
services for Mrs. Theresa Ken
nedy Hubner, 86, a guest of the
Little Sisters of the Poor were
held September 3rd in the
Chapel of the Little Sisters of
the Poor.
Survivors are one niece,
Mrs. Cleo B. Mahler of Brook
lyn, N. Y.; two nephews James
F. Kennedy, Jersey City, N. J.;
and Preston Herbert, Briar-
cliffe Manor, N. Y.
HEADS YCS — Greg Cu
sack, (above) was elected na
tional president of the Young
Christian Students, during the
national study week, held at
St. Joseph’s College, College-
ville, Ind. From Assumption
High School, Davenport, la.,
young Cusack will lead the
organization which has 8,500
students as members in 50
states and the Bahama Islands.
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