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PAGE 4—THE BULLETIN, May 12, 1962
THE HIGH COST OF CAMPAIGNING
Backdrop
JOHN C. O'BRIEN
The
In theory any citizen may
run for elective office in the
United States, but in practice
only a candidate with large
private means or wealthy
friends willing to contribute
to the fi-
cost of poli-
tical c a m-
paigning is fantastically high.
A member of the British
House of Commons, who re
cently visited this country,
was astounded to learn that
a candidate for the House of
Representatives in some
districts may have to spend
as much as $200,000 to pre
sent his case to the voters.
In England, according to the
English visitor, a candidate
for the House of Commons
is limited by law to an out
lay not exceeding $5,000.
The combined reported ex
penditures of the two major
parties in recent Presidential
flections have run as high as
$25,000,000, and it is estimat
ed that an equal amount may
have been spent for which
the law requires no ac
counting.
Many studies of the cost of
Presidential campaigns have
been made by Congression
al committees and private
groups, but none of them has
offered any suggestions about
how to cut down the outlay.
Considering the size of the
country, the high cost of
travel and of radio and tele
vision time, it is generally
agreed that Presidential cam
paigns cannot be conducted
for much less than has been
spent in recent years.
The most recent study of
campaign costs was made by
a special Presidential com
mission which has submit
ted recommendations dealing
only with national campaigns
to President Kennedy. It did
not attempt to suggest how
campaign costs could be re
duced. In fact, it rejected a
proposal that Presidential
campaigns, which now run
from eight to ten weeks, be
shortened.
While shortening a cam
paign might reduce costs, the
commission concluded that
this would put a relatively
unpublicized candidate at a
disadvantage in a contest
with an incumbent President.
The challenger would need
the longer campaign to make
himself known to the voters.
The Presidential commis
sion concerned itself mainly
with reducing the depend
ence of candidates upon cor
porations and wealthy indi
viduals for large donations.
In order to encourage rank
and file voters to make mod
est contributions to the can
didate of their choice, the
commission recommended the
enactment of legislation that
would give such contributors
a tax credit or a reduction of
taxable income.
But the commission offered
no solution for the fiscal
problems of the Congression
al candidates who will be
running this Fall. Many of
them will be confronted with
the necessity of raising very
large campaign funds.
Next to the Presidential
election, a campaign for the
United States Senate is prob
ably the most expensive. In
states where nominations are
made in primary elections, a
candidate for the Senate has
to bear the cost of two cam
paigns, one for the nomina
tion and the other for elec
tion.
The cost of such double-
barreled campaigns can be
unbelievably high. The last
time the late Sen. Robert A.
Taft, of Ohio, ran for re-
election, his reported cam
paign expenditures exceeded
$500,000, and it was estimat
ed that the unreported outlay
may have been equally high
—a total of around $1,000,000.
The campaign costs of can
didates for the House of Rep
resentatives range from $25,-
000 to $200,000, depending on
the location of the district
and the vigor of the opposi
tion. Campaigns in city dist
ricts usually are more costly
than those in rural districts,
since more must be spent in
urban districts on newspaper
advertising, campaign litera
ture and radio and television
time.
Candidates for Congress la
bor under the disadvantage,
even when they are incum
bents, of not being as well
known in their constituencies
as candidates for the Presi
dency and for the governor
ship. To overcome this han
dicap they must spend large
sums for printing many va
rieties of campaign literature,
television and radio time,
newspaper advertising, movie
trailers and billboard space.
Another costly item in a
Congressional campaign is
headquarter costs for clerical
help, rent, telephone, supplies
and postage. Travel expenses,
rent of halls and sound equip
ment also contribute to the
size of the typical campaign
budget.
Abraham Lincoln won a
campaign for the Presidency
without stirring from his
home in Springfield, Ill. and
without making a speech. But
if he were running today, his
supporters would have to
raise a campaign fund equal
to that of the entire budget
of some of the smaller states.
CATHOLIC WOMEN FOR PEACE AND PROGRESS
Sum and Substance
REV. JOHN B. SHEERIN. C.S.P.
According to The Blue Book
of the John Birch Society, in
ternationalism as conceived and
promoted today is one of the
movements “we shall oppose
with all the strength we can.’’
A Catholic John Bircher
would have felt most uncom
fortable at the Institute for
Peace and
P rogress
sponsored by
the National
Council
of Catholic
Women in New
York, April
12-14. For the
meetings were
held in and
a round the
U N building. Some sessions
were conducted in the U.N.
building itself, some in the
nearby World Affairs Center,
or at the U S. Mission to the
U.N or in the N C.W.C. Of
fice for U N Affairs. The gen
eral theme was the Christian’s
duty to aid the world’s poor.
I n spite of his discomfort
in such “a den of iniquity,’’
the radical rightist would have
had his eyes opened to a vision
of Christian charity at work on
the international scene. Bishop
Edward Swanstrom, director of
Catholic Relief Services-
NCWC, reflected the tone and
mood of the sessions in his
quotation from St. Matthew’s
gospel: “Amen, I say to you,
as long as you did it for one
of these, the least of my breth
ren, you did it for me.’’
It was a heartening ex-
perinece to listen to the speak
ers. They centered their talks
around Pope John’s encyclical
Mater et Magistra and even the
non-Catholic speakers quoted
profusely from the encyclical.
Equally encouraging was the
response of these Catholic
women from all over the U S.
They listened appreciatively
and attentively and I was par
ticularly intrigued by their
questions which they addressed
without any hesitation to the
speakers. They were not the
questions of “sob-sisters’’,
“bleeding hearts” or “starry-
eyed idealists” but pointed, di
rect, down-to-earth -queries
about very practical matters.
The night before the Institute
began, I had attended an aca
demic affair at which the ques
tions were abstract, philosophi
cal and supercelestial. Not so at
these meetings of the NCCW.
One woman, the wife of a far
mer, asked Mr. Taylor of Aus
tralia how the illiterate farmers
in underdeveloped countries
could be expected to read and
understand printed instructions
on how to operate and repair
tractors. She admitted that she
herself had some difficulty in
puzzling out some of the in
structions that come with the
sale of tractors. Another woman
asked about the high interest
rate and the short-term loans
given by the International Bank.
It has been said that Mater et
Magistra has not yet filtered
down to the parish level, to
grassroots Catholicism. The
women who attended this semi
nar on the encyclical will
remedy that.
David Popper, of the U.S.
Delegation to the U.N , touch
ed on matters such as disarm-
a ment and control of outer
space in his lecture on “Steps
Toward World Security,” but
most of the talks dealt with
economic and social progress.
Bishop Griffiths gave an in
spiring talk on “Spiritual Unity
and Social Progress” (ending
up with some incisive com
ments on the realtion of truth
to genuine spiritual unity.)
A dominant impression which
the audience could not fail to
get from the various dis
cussions was that the relief
of misery also helps to remove
the causes of war. The average
annual income in under
developed countries is growing
less and less than the annual
income in developed countries,
i.e. the gap widens year by
year. This means not only
disease and poverty and il
literacy in the poor countries
but what is more ominous, envy
and jealousy of the rich
countries. This discontent, and
with it a conviction that the rich
care nothing about their plight,
leads the poor nations down the
road to revolution and perhaps
communism.
Several of the speakers ad
mitted the shortcomings of the
U.N. but also gave it due credit
for its achievements. They re
minded me of the words of the
French hierarchy in their
October, 1960 message: “What
ever may be the deficiencies
inherent in any human insti
tution, and however slow, pa
tient, laborious its effort may
be, an international organiza
tion of the nations is today
more than ever indispensable
to the establishment of world
peace.”
It was really an inspiration to
attend this institute of Catho
lic women who had assembled
to transcend their purely per
sonal and family interests in
order to learn from Pope John
the secrets of universal charity.
HUNGER FOR HOLINESS LEADS TO CHURCH
Sharing Our Treasure
Isn’t there some friend with
whom you would like to share
the precious treasure of your
holy Faith?
If so, tell him of the many
helps your Faith offers in liv
ing an upright
and holy life.
There is a
craving for
goodness and
virtue in every
person. This is
evidenced by
the happiness
given by an ap
proving con-
by the remorse
science and
REV. JOHN A. O'BRIEN
meted out by a reproving one.
That hunger for holiness can
best be satisfied in the Catho
lic Church which offers so many
means of achieving it.
This is illustrated in the con
version of Susan B. Anthony, a
graduate student at St. Mary’s
College, Notre Dame, Indiana.
“My father,” she related, “was
a freethinker of the Robert G.
Ingersol type, while mother
was an Anglican. No Catholic
has been in our family since
the Reformation. My grand
mother, after whom I was
named, was a leading suffra
gette.”
“What a small world!” I re
marked. “I quoted her when,
as a member of St. Viator Col-
lete team, I debated against
Notre Dame in 1913. She did
much to win for women the right
to vote. ”
“Yes,” continued Miss An
thony, “she wrote much and lec
tured widely for that cause. I
took my B.A. at Rochester Uni
versity and my M.A. at Ameri
can University in Washington,
and did some work for my
Ph.D. at Bryn Mawr. I wrote
a book, Out of the Kitchen,
into the War, and helped Ray-
(continued on page 5)
Month of Mary
LARGE CLASS, SMALL CLASS
It Seems to Me
I have been noticing of late
that many parents are troubled
over the fact that the growth
in school-age population has
pushed upward the number of
children in most classes.
Parents, I have found, tend
to take for granted that (other
things being
equal) a boy or
S more in a small
dividual atten-
ly, I have had
my doubts about this. In the
schools I attended many years
ago, classes were large; and
they seemed to turn out young
sters whose educations would
compare favorably with almost
anybody's.
FURTHERMORE, I have
watched the schooling of my
five children. All of them, all
through grade school, were in
large classes. When they came
to take entrance exams for high
school and college, they made
remarkably good grades.
It did not seem to me that
all this could be explained on
the ground that my children and
I, and my classmates back in
the good old days, were a pack
of geniuses. So I decided to
see what I could find out on the
question.
I made inquiries. Were any
facts available? Had surveys
been made? Had children in
large and small classes been
examined, and their degrees
of learning compared? If so,
JOSEPH BREIG
what were the results?
MY IMPRESSION that large
classes are nothing to fret about
was astonishingly confirmed by
what I discovered.
I was referred to "School
Needs in the Decade Ahead,”
by Roger A. Freeman, published
by the Institute for Social
Science Research, 917 15th St.
N W., Washington 5, D.C.
On page 81, the author con
siders the question of small
classes versus large classes.
He begins by observing that
it seems logical to assume that
children learn more in small
classes than in large, and that
a lot of effort has gone into
trying to prove that this is so.
MR. FREEMAN then reports
that in the past half-century,
more than 200 research studies
have been made, comparing
class sizes with pupil achieve
ments.
He says that the more impor
tant of these 200 studies were
reviewed by the Encyclopedia
of Educational Research. Here
is what the encyclopedia re
ported about 73 of the surveys:
16.4 per cent of the studies
resulted in findings “signifi
cantly in favor of large
classes.”
23.3 per cent were in favor
of large classes, but not sig
nificantly so.
38.4 per cent favored neither
large nor small classes; that
is, found no significant dif
ference.
4.1 per cent were signifi
cantly in favor of small
classes.
17.8 per cent were in favor
of small classes but not sig
nificantly so.
SO MUCH FOR 73 of the more
important studies.The encyclo
pedia then turned to the results
of 24 “controlled studies.”
Of these, 20.8 per cent
brought findings significantly in
favor of large classes.
29.2 per cent were in favor
of large classes but not sig
nificantly so.
The same percentage-29.2-
favored neither large nor small,
4.2 per cent were signifi
cantly in favor of small class
es.
16.6 per cent were in favor
of small classes, but not sig
nificantly so.
Here is Mr. Freeman's com
ment:
“It appears then that 40 per
cent of the research reports
favored large classes, 22 per
cent small classes.
“Of the more recent, and
more scientifically controlled
studies, 50 per cent favored
large classes, 21 per cent small
classes.
“We note then the amazing
fact that factual research stu
dies found better than two to one
that pupil achievement is high
er in large than in small class
es.” (The author put that
sentence in italics.)
Mr. Freeman observed that
the encyclopedia, summing up
(pages 214-215), said that “the
general trend of evidence places
the burden of proof squarely
upon the proponents of small
classes ... On the whole, the
statistical findings definitely
favor large classes at every
level of instruction except the
kindergarten. ”
RETREAT SCHEDULE
IGNATIUS HOUSE
THURSDAY. MAY 17 - SUNDAY, MAY 20, 1962—(W)
Captain—Mrs. Mary Smith, 231 E. Yale Ave., College Park, PO. 6-2667.
Co-Captain—Mrs. Mary Zaworski, 3679 Atlanta Ave., Hapeville, PO. 1-3370.
THURSDAY. MAY 24 - SUNDAY, MAY 27, 1962—(M)
Captain—Mr. George J. Gunning, 17 Demorest Ave., N.E., (Home) CE. 7-9780;
125 Spring St., S.W., (Bus.) MU. 8-0800 Ext. 238.
Co-Captain—Mr. Louis Schnurr, 3018 W. Pine Valley Rd., N.W. (Home)
CE. 7-4748; 3166 Maple Dr., N.E., (Bus.) 237-3566.
Co-Worker—Mr. David Carley, Sr., 3171 Peachtree Dr., N.E., (Home) CE. 3-1561;
Carley Trailer & Equip. Co., (Bus.) 761-2181.
Co-Worker-—Mr. John A. Ryan, 491 E. Wesley Rd., N.E., (Home) CE. 3-0787;
R-C Motor Lines, (Bus.) TR. 6-1048.
Co-Worker—Mr. Joseph Novak, 2266 Stephen Long Dr., N.E., (Home)
CE. 7-1149; Housing & Home Finance Agency, (Bus.) TR. 6-3311.
Co-Worker—Mr. John J. Lynch, 425 Lindbergh Dr., N.E., (Home) CE. 7-2048;
Federal Aviation Agency, (Bus.) TR. 6-3311.
Co-Worker—Mr. Michael Wiedl, Jr., 2217 Virginia PL, N.E., (Home) CE. 3-5702;
Atlanta Metropolitan Area Civil Defense, (Bus) JA. 5-4843.
Co-worker—Mr. Wm. J. Reese, 558 Timberland Dr., N.E., BL. 5-3001
(Bus.) Katz Agency, 1393 Peachtree St., N.E., TR. 5-1627
THURSDAY, MAY 31 - SUNDAY, JUNE 3. 1962—(W)
Nurses—Other ladies invited.
SUNDAY, JUNE 10-FRIDAY, JUNE 15, 1962—SPECIAL
THURSDAY, JUNE 21 - SUNDAY, JUNE 24, 1962 (M)
Captain—Mr. Ferdinand Buckley, 639 Carriage Dr., N.E., BL. 5-3437
THURSDAY, JUNE 28 - SUNDAY. JULY 1, 1962 SPECIAL
r
DORIS REVERE PETERS
nAwerA
YOUTH
ASKS ADVICE ABOUT
MOTHER'S RESTRICTIONS
Dear Doris:
How far should restrictions
go? My mother disapproves of
my going with non-Catholics.
I don’t mean with one particular
person, but with a bunch of
teeners, both Catholic and non-
Catholic. I agree that if one is
interested in a particular per
son even in a group it can be
come involved. But not ever
do priests tell us to have com
pletely no relationships with
those of other religions.
Because of my not being al
lowed to go out I have received
some names from class mates
that are not really bad, but make
me feel as though I’m snubbing
them.
I am nearly 17 and feel I
should be old enough and re
sponsible enough to choose, to
some extent, my friends. I think
my mother is carrying re
strictions a little too far. What
is your viewpoint?
Confused
At 17 you should have some
freedom in choosing your
friends. However this freedom
does not exclude all parental
guidance. They are still the best
qualified judges of what - and
who - is best for you.
Some teenagers in their
desire for this freedom go over
board. They consider any sug
gestion from a parent as inter
ference. They don’t talk about
their friends. They no longer
discuss their plans with their
parents. They clam up. When
this happens parents become
alarmed and respond with re
strictions.
Have you given your mother
reasons for her restriction?
Have you shown more interest
in one boy who is a non-Catholic,
or more interest in the non-
Catholic group? If your mother
feels you are excluding your
own group entirely she would
certainly be alarmed.
You indicated that you under
stood the potential danger of a
non-Catholic relationship when
you said there was a chance,
even in a group relationship
of becoming involved. Well,
your mother understands this
better than you. And as a Catho
lic mother she has the responsi
bility of warding off this kind
of involvement.
Why not discuss it with your
parents. Ask for permission to
invite some of your friends
home. Meeting your friends and
observing how you act with them
will give your mother an idea
of your social maturity and
responsibility. If satisfactory,
she may lift some of the social
restrictions.
DOESN’T LIKE
SUMMER CAMP
Dear Doris:
Would you please explain to
my parents why I don’t want to
go to camp. I’m 15 and a sopho
more in high school. I like music
and art and I read a lot. My
parents think I should join the
athletic association or some
other club at school. I’m not
good in sports. Now they are
talking about sending me to
camp. Nothing I say seems to
matter. Is it so awful not to be
good in sports?
Angela
No, Angela, it is not so awful
not to be good in sports. And for
girls, thank goodness, athletic
ability is not necessary in order
to be popular or feminine. But
every teenager needs exercise.
This is as necessary for growth
as rest, fresh air and diet. The
interests you mentioned are all
non-active so you may not be
getting enough exercise. Hence
your parents interest in camp
for you.
The clubs and activities at
school provide interest, exer
cise and companionship during
the year. And for some, camp
fills this gap in the summer.
While I don’t approve of forcing
any young person into camp your
parents may have a point here.
They may also be concerned
about your social development
and think you should have at
least one interest that includes
other young people.
In camp you do not have to ex
cel at sports to get along or to
make friends. Lots of girls go
to camp just for fun and while
there learn a sport. There are
classes for beginners of every
age group in all activities. You
can take your pick and find
lots of others in the same boat.
Some camps have excellent
arts and crafts programs.
Others specialize in music. You
might suggest that your parents
investigate one of this type. It
is a few months before tamp
opens. You may change your
mind before then.
Dear Puzzled: “
Your question is one that is
answered during a Pre Cana
Conference. If you are engaged
ask your pastor about the time
and place of the next conference.
(Doris Revere Peters answers
letters through her column, not
by mail. Please do not ask for
a personal reply. Young readers
are invited to write to her in
care of The Bulletin.
! QUESTION BOX |
1 -i
(By David Q. Liptak)
Q Why did our divine Lord
permit himself to undergo so
shameful a death as crucifixion?
Wouldn’t a less ignominious
form of execution have been
more fitting?
A. As to why God acts as
he does, we can only speculate,
of course — except in those
cases in which he has revealed
his motives.
ONE REASON for Christ’s
choosing the ignominious death
of the cross, surely was his
determination to assume the
most abject and painful death
possible that he might thereby
manifest in the most dramatic
terms possible the perfection
of his self-sacrifice for love
of mankind. Another reason, of
fered by St. Augustine, was to
dispel all future anxieties or
superstitions on the part of men
as to the kind of death they them
selves might be required to
face. Wrote the great Doctor of
the Church: ‘ ‘In order, then, that
no kind of death should trouble
an upright man, the cross of
this Man had to be set before
him, because, among other
kinds of death, none was more
execrable, more fear-inspiring
than this.”
THE MYSTICAL reason for
the cross is the universal sal
vation which it so obviously
symbolizes. As St. Gregory of
Nyssa pointed out in the fourth
century, the very configuration
of the cross, extending out-
continued on page 5)
416 8TH ST.. AUGUSTA. GA.
Published fortnightly by the Catholic Laymen’s Association
of Georgia, Inc., with the Approbation of the Most Reverend
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Second class mail privileges authorized at Monroe, Ga. Send
notice of change of address to P. O. Box 320, Monroe, Ga.
Rev. Francis J. Donohue Rev. R. Donald Kiernan
Editor Savannah Edition Editor Atlanta Edition
John Markwalter, Managing Editor
Rev. Lawrence Lucree, Rev. John Fitzpatrick
Associate Editors, Savannah Edition
Vol. 42 Saturday, May 12, 1962 No. 2o
ASSOCIATION OFFICERS
GEORGE GINGELL, Columbus President
MRS. DAN HARRIS, Macon Vice-President
NICK CAMERIO, Macon Secretary
JOHN T. BUCKLEY, Augusta Treasurer
ALVIN M. McAULIFFE, Augusta Auditor
JOHN MARKWALTER, Augusta Executive Secretary
MISS CECILE FERRY, Augusta Financial Secretary