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Moral Teaching
(Continued from Page 1)
obliged ‘to submit to the in
justice.’ ”
Three years later, however,
speaking in 1956 after the sup
pression of the Hungarian revo
lution, the Pope made this state
ment:
“It is clear that in the pre
sent circumstances a situation
may arise in a nation wherein,
after every effort to avoid war
has been expended in vain, war
—for effective self-defense and
with the hope of a favorable
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outcome against unjust attack—
could not be considered unlaw
ful.”
Even more relevant, perhaps,
are words spoken by Pope Pius
to the world in 1939, as global
war threatened:
“Nothing is lost with peace.
Everything may be lost with
war. Let men come again to
understand one another. Nego
tiating with good will and with
respect for their reciprocal
rights, they will perceive that
honorable success is never pre
cluded to sincere and construc
tive negotiations.”
A similar thought was at the
heart of a recent appeal by His
Holiness Pope John XXIII.
Speaking October 12 to special
missions to the ecumenical
council, Pope John called on
government leaders to “con
tinue to meet, to discuss” and
to be “ready for the sacrifices
necessary for saving the peace
of the world.”
The Pope urged statesmen to
“listen to the anguished cry of
innocent children and of old
people, of individuals and of
communities, which rise from
all points of the earth toward
heaven: Peace, peace.”
The Pope repeated his plea
for negotiation and peace in a
sudden, unheralded broadcast
to the world (Oct. 25) as the
Cuban crisis reached the ex
ploding point.
“We supplicate all rulers not
to remain deaf to the cry of
mankind,” the Pontiff plead
ed. “Let them do everything
in their power to preserve
peace. By so doing, they will
spare the world the horrors
of a war that would have disas
trous consequences, such as
nobody can foresee.”
“Let them continue to nego
tiate, because this loyal and
open attitude is of great value
as a witness for the conscience
of each one and for history. To
promote, favor and accept ne
gotiations at all levels and at
all times is a rule of wisdom
and prudence which calls down
the blessings of heaven and
earth.”
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NO FIRM LEGISLATION FORESEEN
Nature Of Lay Apostolate
To Be Discussed In Council
(The author of the following article has served as executive
director of the National Council of Catholic Men since 1950
and is a member of the board of directors of the Permanent
Committee for the International Congresses of the Lay Apos
tolate. He deals with problems that will confront the Fathers
of the ecumenical council when they take up the question of the
lay apostolate.)
By Martin H. Work
(N.C.W.C. NEWS SERVICE)
The assembly of churchmen
now deliberating in St. Peter’s
basilica in Rome is the first
of the 21 ecumenical councils
to consider the lay apostolate
as a separate matter.
How will the Fathers of the
council approach the subject?
What are some of the problems
they face? What are the expec
tations of the laity? What actions
might the council take in this
regard?
These are some of the basic
questions being asked these
days in Rome and around the
world.
Two and a half years ago,
when His Holiness Pope John
XXIII announced the formation
of the 10 preparatory com
missions for the Second Vatican
Council, he made one of them
the Commission on the Lay
Apostolate. He appointed a vet
eran Vatican diplomat, Fernan
do Cardinal Cento, as chair
man. To assist him, the Pope
named distinguished consultors
who were pioneers in various
spheres of apostolic activity
in countries around the world.
All were bishops and priests.
That no laymen were appoint
ed was initially a source of
disappointment for many who
were following closely the pre
parations for the council. But
the experience and dedication
these men brought to the com
mission were such as quickly
to allay this initial reaction.
Cardinal Cento began the
work of his commission by
noting that there was no histori
cal precedent to guide the body.
This uniqueness presented an
initial difficulty. But the com
mission met regularly and ham
mered out its proposals for the
Fathers of the council. No one
other than the bishops and the
consultors, and some to whom
the matters have been referred
under the oath of secrecy, know
the presentation’s exact con
tents.
But interested observers can
draw some conclusions both
from what has been published
in this regard and also from the
record of the lay apostolate
itself.
For example, the Prepara
tory Commission of the Lay
Apostolate divided itself into
three subcommittees: one de
voted to the general notions
of the lay apostolate, one to
social action concepts and. the
third to the field or organized
charity. Under “general no
tions” comes consideration of
the nature, of the lay aposto
late, its structure and termi
nology. Under “social action”
come such matters as those
with which the encyclical Mater
et Magistra concerned itself.
The field of charity relates to
the works of mercy which are
to engage the attention of the
laity.
How free is the “free lay
apostolate?” How strictly de
pendent is “Catholic Action”
on the teaching authority of the
Church? What constitutes both?
How do they relate? What of
the permissive organized apos
tolate?
These are basic questions
troubling laymen today and the
council could include such a
consideration in its dis
cussions. There are many dis
tinctions to be made on the
degree of dependency in all
areas of the apostolate, from
the “free” individual apostolate
to the organized efforts of Ca
tholic Action organizations,
mandated by local bishops.
Will the council reinforce the
concept of a tightly organized
Catholic Action with limited
freedom and scope of activity?
Or will it accent the impor
tance of the apostolate of in
dividuals in the complexity of
modern life?
What of the structure and
terminology of the lay aposto-
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late? Is it in need of reform?
Pope Pius XII apparently
thought so. In his address at
the time of the 1957 Second
World Congress of the Lay
Apostolate, he indicated that
there was considerable confu
sion in the minds of many.
Should Catholic Action be re
served exclusively for organi
zations bearing that name, as
had been the case in Italy, Spain
and other Latin countries? Or
is the term Catholic Action
applicable to all organizations
mandated by the bishop in a
diocese or by the hierarchy of
a country in the case of nation
al organizations?
At Pius XII’s request, lay
organizations studied these and
similar questions. They sub
mitted their conclusions during
the intervening years to the
central Rome office of the world
lay apostolate congresses. But
there has been no real answer
to the questions of terminology,
structure or definition.
Cardinal Cento in a recent
interview assured his radio
audience that the council would
not lay down a fixed organiza
tional structure for the laity
of the world. “Variety amidst
unity” would be the direction
of the council discussions, he
said.
This raises the question of
what kind of unity is best suited
for the full development of the
lay apostolate in the Church. In
recent years, beginning with the
last World Congress of the Lay
Apostolate, churchmen all over
the world have begun to speak
of a “federative lay apostolate”
as the answer to the essential
unity and coordination that is
required in the lay apostolate.
In the United States, the Bishops
seem to have anticipated this
development when they estab
lished the National Council of
Catholic Men and the National
Council of Catholic Women as
federations of the lay apostolate
organizations in this country.
Will the Second Vatican Coun
cil encourage this same
development throughout the
world? Whatever the form, unity
and coordination of all apostolic
movements they are certain to
be encouraged by the council
findings.
Those engaged in the work
of international Catholic organ
izations will be looking for
guidance from the council.
There-are now some 35 inter
national Catholic organizations
grouped together in a single
Conference of International
Catholic Organizations. What
is their role and function in
a society that is rapidly becom
ing internationalized? What di
rectives are needed to bring
this tremendous Christian wit
ness to bear on the institutions
that are shaping the world poli
cies of governmental and inter
governmental organizations?
Women engaged in the lay
apostolate are deeply concern
ed about the role of women not
only in the apostolate but in
the Church itself. Do Church
policies satisfactorily reflect
the 20th-century demand for
“equal rights—equal opportu
nities”? Will the council take
cognizance of the growing in
fluence of educated, dedicated
women and their potential in
the mission of the Church.
The question of the married
deaconate has been much dis
cussed in recent years. The
council may consider this ques
tion for it would seem to hold
some promise particularly for
the mission countries. On the
other hand, only six years age
Pius XII felt such a move would
be premature. In America
there would not appear to be
as much interest in this kind
of question as in matters re
lated to religious freedom,
THE BULLETIN, November 10, HHja—A'/nUrti 3
NEW OFFICERS - Pictured above are the newly appointed officers of the Immaculate
Praecidium of the Legion of Mary (Cathedral of St. John the Baptist). L to R. Mrs. Marie
Portune, president; Mrs. Theresa Brown, vice president; Miss Kitty McKenzie, secretary;
and Mrs. Helen Galloway, treasurer. The oldest unit of the Legion of Mary in the Diocese
of Savannah, the Praecidium has met every Monday for over twenty-one years, 1126
meetings having been held. The group, generally speaking, engages itself in corporal and
spiritual works of mercy. - (Carroll Burke Photo)
the liturgy, and the relation
ship of Church and State; the
role of “freedom of speech”
within the Church and many
others of equally fundamental
importance.
In recent months there have
been a number of recommen
dations made about the estab
lishment of a lay board of con
sultors in dioceses, to whom
the bishops could turn for an
expression of lay opinion. In
many dioceses, the N.C.C.M.
and the N.C.C.W. are serving
this function; in others, special
lay committees have been es
tablished. For example, in the
Archdiocese of Atlanta, Arch
bishop Paul J. Hallinan has
made 36 lay appointments to
various diocesan committees
in the first three months of his
installation. There is a definite
trend in this direction in the
United States. But it is doubt
ful that the Universal Church
will legislate this specifically
at the council.
An intriguing question at the
international level is the one
posed by the suggestion that a
congregation for the lay apost
olate be established at the
Vatican to give the movement
equal status with other essential
activities of the Church. This
seems unlikely due to several
factors, the most important of
KNIGHTS OF THE ALTAR - Fear eighth grade students of Cathedral Day School,
Savannah, recently were elected as Knights Officers of the Altar. L. to R. are Claude
Gibson, sergeant-at-arms; William McLaughlin, grand knight; Larry Saunders, vice
grand knight; John Spivey, treasurer; and John Brady, secretary. As officers these boys
are entitled to wear a red sash over the chest suspended from the right shoulder. - (Car-
roll Burke Photo)
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which is that the lay apostolate
is a “horizontal” activity that
cuts across and becomes invol
ved in areas under the juris
diction of other offices at the
Vatican. However, perhaps
some other way might be found
to give status to the lay aposto
late within the Vatican. One
suggestion sometimes heard is
that of a pontifical commission
such as that for the one for
motion pictures, radio and tele
vision. Presumably laymen
might serve on such a com
mission. If so, this will be
about as close to the “lay
senate" idea as the council will
come.
The lay apostolate cannot be
separated from the apostolate
of the priest. They are inti
mately related but distinct. The
council may well feel the need
to clarify the role of the priest
in relation to the lay aposto
late. Does he best serye as
chaplain, moderator or direc
tor? What is his functipi^ as a
pastor to “lay apostles” in his
parish? How can he best serve
the organized movemeqtg ; of the
apostolate in providing spiri
tual formation and inspiration?
It would seem reasonable to
K. Of C. Installs
Officers
At Brunswick
BRUNSWICK - HenryT. Ross
Council #1939 of St. Francis
Xavier Parish in Brunswick
recently held installation of of
ficers at Xavier Hall.
Frank Ratcliffe was install
ed as Grand Knight. He suc
ceeds Gerald Gardner who held
the position for two years and
has recently been appointed a
Georgia district deputy in the
organization. O. V. Shaw was
elected Deputy Grand Knight of
the council and John Baldwin,
Chancellor.
Robert Gordon will serve as
Warden; Lt. John Moore as Re
corder; Steve Knocz, Advocate;
Richard Newbern, Treasurer.
Mickey Lenz, Jr. wa^'named
Inside guard; Robert Kick, Out
side Guard; and Paul Owens,
Arthur Martin and Emmett
Boyd, Trustees.
The Knights of Columbus in
Brunswick contribute spir
itually and materially to the
Parish. Recently the council
presented Rev. Paul Burkort,
S.M. pastor, with two checks
totalling $3,500.
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THE KIRBY’S CE. 7-9716
conclude that the council insofar
as the laity is concerned will do
little detailed legislating and
will devote itself to the creative
synthesizing of papal teaching
of the last 50 years. The lay
apostolate as we think of it
today has not been sufficiently
formed in the universal mind of
the Church to permit a sharp
crystallization at this time.
Perhaps this is just as well,
because experience may teach
us many things in the years
ahead that we are not aware
of at this moment and it might
be unwise to “freeze” the
movement at its present state
of development.
If the council declares the
mind of the Church officially
on the matter of the laymen's
role in society and in the
Church, points the direction in
which progress should take us,
and urges us, as members of
Christ’s Mystical Body, to be
living members, and renews
the inner life of the Church so
that the channels of grace flow
with even greater freedom and
directness, these things alone
will be enough to carry us for
ward in the mission of the
Church so that the channels of
grace flow with even greater
freedom and directness, these
things alone will be enough to
carry us forward in the mission
of the Church until the next
ecumenical council.
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