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Friday, August *5, 1N7
THE SOUTHERN ISRAELITE
Tng»t*rm
Between Hammer and Sickle
By BEN AJIO
What actually happened to
Jewish culture during the Stalin
regime? Why was it subjected
to restrictive decrees in the
thirties, and why was it con
demned to the gallows in his last
years? We must look for the an
swer in the dark world of
Stalin’s private suspicions, a
world that transformed Stalin
during his last years into a
demented tyrant. It is doubt
lessly here that some of the
present tragedy confronting
Soviet Jewry may be found.
It seems that certain processes
and events led Stalin, in the
thirties and especially toward
the end of his life, to suspect that
Third Installment
the Jews of the Soviet Union
were not totally loyal to him
and his regime and that they
had to be regarded collectively
as a threat to the security of the
nation. During the thirties, at
the time of the sweeping liquida
tions, some of whose chief vic
tims were Jews from the top
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leadership of the Bolshevik
party, there began a systematic
shutting down of Jewish schools
and an undermining of Jewish
theaters and publishing houses.
During the Second World War,
however, while Stalin sought
every available support and as
sistance from the peoples of the
Soviet Union and the Allies,
Jewish culture—now close to the
brink—was given a short re
prieve. Stalin gave impetus to
the organization of the Jewish
Anti-Fascist Committee, which
included some of the best Jewish
writers and intellectuals. The
Committee tried to gain Jewish
sympathy among the Jews in
Russia as well as those outside,
particularly in the United States.
The Jews were again granted the
opportunity to express them
selves through their own press,
literature, and poetry, though
these opportunities were meager
compared to what they had en
joyed before the liquidations.
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Two years after the end of
the war, the old tyrant’s suspic
ions appear to have been aroused
once again. Some of these sus
picions may have been caused by
Jews who had served in the Red
Army during the war. Jewish
soldiers fought the Nazis with
great courage and were often
brave to the point of reckless
ness. As the Red Army broke
through to the West, Jewish
soldiers established contact with
those who had survived the war.
They threw open the death
camps and met relatives and
brethren who had somehow lived
through the Holocaust. Amid the
ruins of European Jewry, they
also met Jewish soldiers of other
armies, as well as the men
of the Jewish Brigade and
other Jewish units in the
British Army who had come
from Palestine. There is no
doubt that these dramatic and
tragic encounters were charged
with an intensity of feeling far
greater than that which typified
the mere chance contact between
a Soviet and an American sol
dier in the line of duty. This was
the meeting of brothers over the
family grave.
It is not at all unlikely that
distorted accounts of these en
counters containing anti-Semitic
undertones found their way to
the dictator’s ear. And thus was
created a fertile ground for the
suspicion that the Jews enter
tained some kind of double al
legiance. They were not merely
Soviet soldiers but, deep in their
hearts and souls, they were also
Jewish soldiers concerned with
their own people and its fate;
and their attitude toward their
Jewish brethren, even though
they came from the friendly
West, had overstepped all per
missible bounds.
Another characteristic of Rus
sian Jewry, which had undoubt
edly been taken for granted all
along by the government, was
now brought glaringly to the
fore with increased sharpness:
the Jews of the Soviet Union had
millions of relatives throughout
the Western world—brothers,
parents, uncles, cousins, and so
on. And right then, at the end
of the war, and immediately
thereafter, these relatives began
to seek each other out. Hundreds
of thousands of Jews attempted
to locate those members of their
families who might have sur
vived. Jews began to wander
from place to place, both within
the Soviet Union and outside.
And thus it was said that the
Jews were “wandering around
too much” from town to town,
from village to village, with the
Red Army and in its wake, and
that they “poked and sniffed
around too much.”
Furthermore, with the end of
the war and the final annexation
of the Baltic states, eastern
Poland, and northern Rumania,
“new” Jews by the hundreds of
thousands were added to the
Jewish population of the Soviet
Union, and these had even more
relatives in and family tie^ with
the “outside," the West. They
stormed every barrier in an ef
fort to escape; they beat their
fists relentlessly on the barred
doors; they corresponded avidly
with their relatives. And they
brought with them a new bur
den of a “perverted” national
Jewish culture which would
“poison” the established Jewish
residents in the Soviet Union.
The events which followed, be
ginning in 1947, intensified the
suspicions already aroused
against the Jews of the Soviet
Union: the struggle for the estab
lishment of a Jewish state and
the Israeli War of Independence
had begun. One can hear, to
this day, echoes of the excite
ment that gripped the JeWa of
the Soviet Union as they heard
about the war of the Jews
against their enemies and about
the establishment of the New
State of Israel. It is well to re
member that the Jews of the
Soviet Union were still in shock:
they had just emerged, broken
and shattered, from the Holo
caust, Virtually all of them had
tasted during the war years the
bitterness of being a Jew.
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