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Many good and strong things were said in be
half of
MISSIONS
During the Session of tho
Southern Baptist Convention.
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We give this week two articles of
length which we divide, giving half
of each this issue and the other half
to appear next week. They are both
meritorious and will pay perusal.
One will be found on the first page
and the other on the second.
It is a fatal mistake ’to at
tempt to teach others until we
have ourselves learned of Jesus
Christ. What is needed in our times
more than anything else is a return
to the sustenance and the spirit of
“the truth as it is in Jesus. '
The sweetest words that can fall
on a preacher’s ear are those which
assure him of the divine blessing on
his efforts to win souls. “You led
me to Christ,” coming from an earn
est heart, is an assurance more
precious than any worldly honors or
emolument.
There were two kinds of men from
whom tho Apostle • Paul prayed to
be delivered. They w<?re the unrea
sonable and tho wicked. Now, a
man may be both unreasonable and
wicked, but a very good man may
sometimes be very unreasonable.
And when he is so, his unreasona
bleness i.iay be a great. trial to the
'‘patience of the saints.
“With patience ye keep your
souls,” said an inspired apostle. It is
a most suggestive utterance. Do we
not lose our grasp upon our moral re
sources when we grow restless unde r
the divine leading and impatient of
life’s limitations ? The secret of suc
cess lies hidden in heroic patience
more frequent perhaps than any
where else. And who has not found
himself in the exercise of this virtue
to grow calm and strong at the same
time ?
Dissatisfaction with even our best
work is the penalty we must pay for
having a high ideal. Without a high
ideal nothing worthy can be accom
plished. The higher our ideal and
the clearer our view of it, the deeper
our dissatisfaction. So it is with
character. He who is as good as he
wants to be is not good at all, and he
who is most deeply affected by his
short comings may be nearest his
of a perfect life.
No pastor should resign his charge
without a very clear and satisfactory
reason. Undue haste to lay down
a work to which he has been divine
ly guided may bring disaster into his
own spiritual life and untold harm
to the church. And if ever a church
member feela called upon to advise
his pastor to resign, he ought to be
very sure that he is not laying irrev
erent hands upon the ark or God.
Pastors, as a rule, are the most con
sciencjous of men. They are not
given to holding on to their places
merely for a living, and they know
•when their work is useful fully as
well as other people. Besides, they
seek the divine guidance for them
selves, and their convictions are en
titled to respect.
In a recently published letter Dr
Broadus, alluding to the advantages
of our seminary to well trained stu
dents, said: “It is also extremely use
ful for these scholarly men to have
opportunity of making acquaintance
with several hundred other young
ministers who are to be their asso
ciates hereafter in denominational
work. Thia advantage is purely in
cidental, but it can hardly be over
estimated. Every experienced teach
er knows how great is the influence
of students upon each ether; and the
bonds of sympathy and friendship
formed in the seminary are a source
of joy and comfort and strength
through all the subsequent years*
<Lljc Christian
'lB-93 « e *TßWesl- -V- •
•*4 u*
OUR MISSISSIPPI LETTER.
THE BIGGEST THING; MUCH WATER;
THE baptists; their schools;
THE FIRST DIPLOMA TO A GIRL;
MISSISSIPPI WOMEN IN THE LEAD;
THE LATE STATE CONVENTION,
ETC.
BY B. B. WOMACK, D. D.
Georgia must hear from Missis
sissipi occasionally, and I am glad to
■ use the columns of the dear old In
dex in saying a few things of Miss
issippi and her people.
THE BIGGEST THING.
Tho mark will not be missed far,
if it be said that Mississippi has the
biggest thing in the United States,
and that is the Mississipi River, —
well, it is the longest thing, anyhow.
It is true, that not all of the great
river belongs to us; but 500 miles of.
it belongs to us, and that is more of
it than anybody else has. And
there is nothing in the United States
so liard to control as this same swift
ly, smoothly flowing river. How to
control it, is an unsolved problem.
‘‘Water its living strength first shows,!
When obstacles its course oppose.”
The first.attcmpt to keep its waters
within its banks was in 1717, when
the French governor, Do la Tour,
ordered embankments for the pro
tection of New Orleans. From then
till now, the levee system has been
worked with more or less vigor, and
millions upon millions of money
have been expended upon the ,ever
caving. ever-changing banks of this
mighty river. But the Mississippi
River has away of its own, and
by some means or othbr it manages
to overrun its banks and spread de
struction and death over wide and
rich sections of country. The esti
mate of the damage by water this
season, goes away up into the mil
lions. It is true that
"Water is the mother of the vine,
The nurse and fountain of fecundity,
Tho adorner and refresher of the world”;
but Charles Mackay, the author of
those lines, never saw the Missis
sippi River as it was a. few weeks
ago. It actually seems that this
river cannot be cuotroled. Build a,
k levee on its l.tbkqf let ly -feet high;
build it of solid 'masonry, forty feet
wide if you like—this mighty river
laughs at your folly, and in the time
of “low water,” when the surface of
the water strikes a certain stratum
of sand, it undermines the banks,
and in due time banks, levees and
all go plunging down and are hur
ried on to the Gulf. There are
many thoughtful people at this day
who think the levee system an evil;
that the bed of the river builds up as
the levee is raised higher, and that
continued levee building, besides
wasting multiplied millions of money,
will finally culminate in great disas
ter. But nothing deters the enter
prising money-seeeker from invest
ing in the bottoms.” The rule is,
they soon get rich, or—poor. It is
quick work.
A PECULIARITY.
There being no cities and few
large towns in this State, Mississippi
is pre-eminently an agricultural State.
And, just as you might expect, the
religious people are religious; they
like the old time religion, they fol
low in the old paths; they have no
fondness for new lights; they be
lieve the bible is an infallible revela
tion from tho Divine Being and that
every word of it is true; do not
boast of any great men, nor of
doing great things; they like to
do right. They like one another.
Clannish? Well, yes; they cultivate
brotherly love. It is all right to be
clannish when it is right, you know.
THE BAPTISTS.
The Baptists swarm in Mississippi.
Swarm? Well,they abound, then. But
I am not sure that it is improper to say
they “swarm.” You see a family of
t-wenty-two, all Baptists, and then
see those boys and girls marry and
move out, starting up twenty new
Baptist families, and you will think
about bees swarming. Our statis
tics show our numbers to be some
where between 80,000 and 00,000.
Some ten or twelve years ago, they
could not count but some 40,000.
Rapid growth. During that time,
they have becomo thoroughly united
and strongly organized, and they are
a mighty host. J. B. Gambrell and
bis Baptist Record which he founded
B ome fifteen years have been the
mighty agents in leading these will
ing hosts on to victory. Some
months ago, ho retired from the
Record leaving it in the careful
hands of his Associate, J. A Hackett,
who is one of the best wen in 4te
ATLANTA, GA., THURSDAY. AUGUST 11, 1892.
world and is making the paper a fine
success.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
Mississippi Baptists have but one
great school for their boys and young
men, and that Mississippi College,
located at Clinton a pleasant and de
lightful suburb of Jackson, the State
capitol. This school has an -envia
ble history, and a long one. It was
founded in 1826, 66 years ago; it
■was given to the Baptists in
1850. It has done a great work.
There are various academies and
high schools under the control of the
Baptists in tho State. Baptist
schools for girls in Mississippi are
dmnerous and excellent. Our men
put the highest value upon the
female population of the State, and
are therefore tho most gallant of
men. This is proven by the fact
that Mississippi was tho first State in
tho union of States that passed a Jaw
enabling women to hold in
their own name. Another fact:
The first girl graduate to receive a
diploma from a literary institution
in the Tnited States or in the world
was a Mississippi girl who graduated
from a Mississippi school. I am aware
that Georgia makes the same claim;
but tho facts seem to bo against
Georgia and in favor of Misssissippi.
And at tho present time, as com
pared with the population, there are
more and better schools for girls in
this State than any other. Os all
tho places to get pious, educated and
good wives, Mississippi is the best
place. Menander said: “To marry a
wife, if we regard the truth, is an
evil, but it is a necessary evil.” Un
fortunate man! He was not acquaint
ed with our Mississippi girls.
THE STATE CONVENTION.
Tlie Baptist State Convention met
in Meridian, July 21, with the First
Baptist Church, Rev. J. W. Boze
man, pastor. This church lost its
house by fire some weeks ago. The
convention held its meetings in the
City Hall. Several efforts have
been made to change tho time of
meeting; but th® delegates veto
all suck propositions. / The
convention must meet in J uly in or
der that the many teachers of the
schools, business men and the
farmers may be able to attend.
Shut off the teachers, business
men and the farmers of the
State and there would not be
much convention left. So, right
in the middle of the “dog days”
is the time we are doomed to hold
our meetings. Dr. Harris, of Rich
mond, Frost, of Nashville, Harvey,
of Louisville, Hatcher, of Atlanta,
Tichenor, of Atlanta, Morris, of
Austin, Texas, Kerfoot, of Louis
ville, were present at this meeting.
Drs. Harris, Frost and Tichenor
came that long distance to make
speeches to our people on the great
Centennial movement and their re
spective Boards. But it so turned
oiit that they were limited to thirty
minutes each. All were sorry for
this. Dr. Harris said he was an
hour man. He had long been ac
customed to speaking an hour ; held
his classes an hour ; an hour was
his time. But he did well with hi%
little half hour. Dr. Frost said he had
never thought of less than an hour
when be had.nothing but his Board
to represent; but now he had a dou
ble subject, and the question with
him was, how he could get through
in an hour. Dr. Tichenor labored
under a similar difficulty.
The routine business was gone
through with, reports read and
adopted with little discussion; even
the report on temperance was adopt
ed with but little speech-making. I
have never known that report to
pass without several loud and
long speeches. Secretary Christian’s
report of the State Mission Board
showed good work'; but that Board
was compelled to close the year
with a small debt. This is unsual.
But the crops last year, the floods
this year and tho prospect before
our people, are quite enough to ac.
count for this failure to come out
even this year. The question of all
absorbing interest was the removal
of Mississippi College. By a small
majority it was decided to move the
college from Clinton to Meridian.
Meridian is a thriving town of 10,000
population on tho Eastern border of
the state. Unfortunately, the con.
vention was held in Meridian and a
large local vote decided the fate of
the college. Meridian proposes to
give thirty acres of land and $50,000
cash, or pay $5,000 forfeit, if this is
not done by January, 1893. Tlie
college is to open up in its new
quarters September 1893. The
property at Clinton, valued at some
$50,000, was turned over to the
Central Association to be used fop
tlie purposes of a good • high school.
Here is a fine opening for a live
man. Hillman College, an excellent
school for girls, established some for
ty years ago, is here, and a more
healthful place cannot be. found. It
is a first-class health resort. Excel
lent and various mineral waters
abound here. The celebrated Coop
er’s Wells, Robinson Springs, Mis
sissippi Springs, Harness Well, lie
immediately around the town, while
there mineral wells of great
value immediately in the town.
never die.
Webb, Ex-President ofj
Mississippi College, was re-elected]
President of the Convention ana
Vicksburg was elected as the place
for the next meeting: But I close
this article, though there are several
other things I would like to say.
CALIFORNIA REWS LETTER.
There are about twelve thousand
Baptists in California. These are
divided into two conventions. One
of them covers the territory of cen
tral and northern California; the
other tlie territory known as south
ern California. Rev. W. 11. Latau
rette, of Alameda, is the General
Missionary for the former, and Rev.
W. W. Tinker, of Los Angeles, for
tho latter. The two conventions are
doing excellent work. The increase
in all departments of religious activi'
ty is becoming more and more evi
dent each year. The Baptists, olice
torn and enfeebled, are now united
and progressive. New churches are
springing up all over the State. New
houses of splendid arrangements are
being built here and there, good and
true men are being settled as pastors,
and the outlook for the future was
never better.
A few years ago t|i-j average pas-
• » ji, VIIV •
terate wfts six iw»«f. , ;<v it is more
than double that le^K -of time*
We have two schools of high and
excellent grade. California College
is situated in Oakland just across
the bay from San Francisco. Dr.
S. B. Morse is president. He is
aided by an excellent corps of teach
ers.
More than a hundred students ma
triculated during the last term. It
has been in operation at Oakland
only five years. During that time
grounds and buildings have been se
cured that are worth more than a
hundred thousand dollars. The en
dowment fund has reached fifty-five
thousand dollars and a strong hope
ful effort is being made to increase
the amount to one hundred thousand
dollars.
Los Angeles University is situated
in the charming city of Los Angeles
in Southern California. Mr. Calvin
Esterly is the President. It has
grounds and buildings worth fifty
thousand dollars. Like most of our
schools it needs an endowment, and
will doubtless have one in time. Its
progress was greatly impeded by the
bursting of the greatboom in real es
tate a fewyears ago, but its cause is
onward, and it is doing excellent
work for the denomination. ’
We have also in Oakland the be
ginning of a Theological Seminary.
It is now called The Pacific Baptist
Theological Union. It is largely a
Bible school. Its floors were opened
in September 1890. Mrs. E. H.
Gray, of Oakland, started the insti
tution by donating two buildings in
the heart of the city and worth to
gether twenty thousand dollars. Tho
same good lady has started an en
dowment fund by giving in cash
$14,221. Dr. Gray her husband, has
given his large library, book cases,
paintings, and furniture to the Union.
Dr. Gray is the President. During
the past two years he has given in
structions to a small class in System
matio Theology, Biblical Interpreta
tion, Church History, etc. Pastors
about the bay and others have ren
dered some gratuitous assistance, but
a corps of Professors cannot be em
ployed till the endowment is large
enough to justify it.
We have also a Baptist Resort,
situated at Twin Lakes, in tho sub
urbs of Santa Cruz. Two years ngo
it consisted of bare ground, and two
lakes of water. Now there are about
thirty cottages there, and an audito.
rium that cost four thousand dollars.
Here the convention of the northern
and central portion of the state
meets each year. A general camp
meeting is also held in August for
Bible study lectures and recreation
both spiritual and physical.
Tho bathing facilities are good,
and ohe who loves the sea can find
no better place on the coast to spend
a few weeks.
I must mention here tho work be
ing done by Dr. J. B. Hartwell
among theJChinese. He is Superin
tendent of Chinese work for the Pa
cific coast, and is meeting with good
success from San Diego to Puget
Sound, In the ten years he has been
on the coast he has seen the work in
crease till now he has a church of
nearly a hundred in San
and property worth twen
ty thoußted dollars. Besides this
thi’ra is Boargo church in Portland,
and others at different
the coast. Several of
his' converts are now preaching to
the" church in this country and some
have gone as missionaries to China.
The Baptist women of California
are, in my opinion, ahead of the wo
men of any state in the Union for
completeness of organization ami
aggressive, persistent work. Both
in Home and Foreign Missions they
lead the brethren, and in a largo
number of cases are the very life of
the church. In one town we have a
Baptist church composed of sixty
women and five men. One brother
calls it the female church. In another
instance the proportion of women is
even greater than in this case. Both
of these churches do their work well
and in an approved style.
The outlook for Baptists in Cali
fornia is very hopeful.
The convention of which I am
writing most has twenty-four mis
sionaries in the field, and the num
ber is all the while increasing. We
could double the number at onco, if
we had the means. The Home Mis
sion Society has increased its dona
tion to us for tho coming year by
two thousand dollars, and there is
coVresponding increase on the parti
of .the churches.
But religious work iu California is
very hard. The men who are doing
the best work here are made of the
same material as missionaries to for
eign countries. The churches are
composed of people from so many
sections of the country, and
from so many nationalities, with
their different ideas and notions that
it is hard to organize and harmonize
them for aggressive work. Then
there are so many isms that one be
comes often bewildered. Public
sentiment too is opposed to religion.
The Sabbath is a day of sport and
pleasure instead of worship. In the
South the people go to church natu
rally. The Catholics run and for
eigners control everything from the
Legislature down. The needs of
the field are great, but difficult to bo
met.
There are two hundred and forty
five Baptist preachers in California.
Fully one hundred of these are not
actively employed in the pastorate.
Many of these are men broken down
in health and have come for the ben
fits of the climate. Some,of them
are old men and retired from the
ministry. Others have failed to se
cure a support for themselves and
families by preaching and have gone
into business.
Those who are succeeding best are
young men. My observation has
been that those who have come here
beyond tho age of forty, -have, in
most oases, failed. They have been
too fixed in their modes of thought
and work to adapt themselves to
Western ways and habits, and so
have gone down before them. Oth
ers, much younger than forty, have
failed for other reasons. Some have
oome out with wrong notions of
things, too much self importance,
and with too great expectations.
One young man of another denomi
nation than ours, came to one of our
cities advertised- as the “Demos
thenes of tho East.” Tho city was
billed with posters announcing his
arrival. For several Sundays his
congregations filled the house. Soon
they began to drop off, and about
tho fourth Sunday ho announced that
«‘urgent business called him homo.”
Another one, of still another denom
ination, came to a smaller town “on
trial” as diif the other brother.
When he appeared in the pulpit his
first utterance was something like
this; “Thia is the smallest bouse
I ever preached in in my life.
If I stayhere you will have
to build me a larger house than
this.” His first congregation was
the largest that ever greeted him,
and on tho third Sunday he an
nouccd that a telegram bringing
nows of the sickness of his wife
would compell him to leave the fol
lowing day.
Another one, and a Baptist, this
time, came to a very important field.
He came with a tremendous flourish,
and began his work as happy as a
lark. In a very short time he act
ually went back because his mother
in-law, who had always lived with
him refused to come to California.
Some of us thought he might have
found a better excuse. W. T. J.
A ROAD SYSTEM.
A PERFECTED AND THE CHEAPEST SYSTEM OF
ROADS.— TUB WHOLE SOUTH WILL APPROVE.
ROAD-WO&KINO NO MORE.—THE WORLD’S
METROPOLIS IN ALABAMA.—THE COUNTRY’S
COMMERCIAL MAP UPSIDE DOWN.
BY LOUIS J. DUPRE.
Os recent years the Alliances that
escaped “the eloquence of our favor
ite candidate” and devoted them
selves to practical questions, often
discussed theories of road-building
as of other “taxation,” State and na
tional. Road-building conventions
in Tennessee and Georgia and Vir
ginia, over the whole sub
ject and many fine theories have
been expounded, but not one has
beetY practically approved. Virginia
is expending two millions on turn
pikes, like those of Tennessee and
Kentucky, and the latest Legislature
of the Mississippi State revived ma
ny exploded theories that were test
ed and failed in North Carolina and
Georgia when the world was young
er and less wise than to-day. Wheth
er “cheap John” “dirt road” theo
rists, through these philosophical
bodies, fastened any new scheme up
on the people we are not advised.
It signifies little since it can’t be
worse than methods it supplants.
FUTILITY OF THE OLD' SYSTEM.
No “dirt road” system feasible!
and for tlie reason that rain-storms
and floods cannot bo regulated by
law and rapidity and slothfulness of
locomotion, time wasted by teams,
vehicles and drivers, make dirt roads
ruinous to communities forever re
pairing them.
EVERYBODY TO PAY ALIKE.
Rail-ways have added an average
of five hundred per cent to the value
of farms. There is not a rail-way
penetrated farm in Shelby or David
son or many counties in Tennessee
that can be bought for less thaq SIOO
an acre, and yet these rail-ways are
constructed and managed for termi
nal cities and not for the advantage
or rural populations. Freight and
passenger rates are so levied that he
who travels or ships furtherest, pays
most, When distance traveled consti
tutes no appreciable element of cost
of transportation. Cars and engines
must go whether full or empty, it
signifies nothing to the owners of
the road. All they have the right
to demand, is compensation for loss
of time and toil in loading and un
loading, and in stopping for passen
gers. No cotton hooks or derricks
are used in getting passengers, other
than Aldermen and M. O. off and on,
and yet under existing false and dis
honest systems, it costs four times as
much to transport an Alderman as
a cotton bale to New York. Strange
to tell, tho Alderman weighs only
one fourth as much, occupies less
space and needs no handling unless
he gets “too full for utterance” and
can’t even “weigh his words.”
THE COUNTRY AND THE TOWN.
These preliminary facts bring us
face to face with methods of build
ing “country” instead of “city” rail
ways—rail-ways designed for the
advantage of the people and for far
mers, as distinguished from roads
built for great terminal cities. Ex
isting rail-ways have been made to
cost the greatest sums possible. The
Memphis and Charleston Road
’built by superhuman efforts of Gov.
James C. Jones, the Prentiss of
Tennessee was built by farmers
whose subscription he induced, just
as good preachers persuade us‘ to
build churches. It cost $21,000 a
mile, but falling into tho hands of
thieves it is now stocked at $50,000
or more a mile and on this sum the
plundered people must pay interest
and profits. Rates of freight and
fare are fixed accordingly.
NO PROPER ROADS IN THE SOUTH.
The cheapest roads are those that
in thcxusvlYoa (uuuulbr cost least,
Brother Minister,
Working Layman,
Zealous Sister
Wo are striving to make ■ *'
'Tlie Index
the best of its kind. Help ns by securing *
new subscriber.
VOL. 69.-NO. 32’
need least repairs, last longest, are
self-sustaining and conveying freight
and passengers at the least cost.
Dirt roads cost most time, most la
bor, compel the maintenance of
needless teams and wagons, add
nothing to the value of farms and
are a perpetual tax, in “road-work
ing” days, which drive negroes to
the swamps and white men to infin
ite blasphemy.
And yet we have no proper roads ‘
and semi-barbarism, to thia extent
prevails.
TRE HAZLEHURST IDEA.
It is known that a “million dollar
steel-making plant” is in process of
construction in Birmingham, Ala
bama. Two enterprising brothers,
Messrs. Sloss, of that place are mak-’
ing iron at an absolute cost, as I ani
told, of six dollars a ton. They
have made it, by saving costs of
transportation on raw materials, aft
$5.10 a ton. Irqn ore, coal and lime*
stone happily collocated, are borna
by inertia into the furnace of Sloss
Bros’. Therefore the unrivaled,
cheapness of steel rails at Birming
ham, where iron is converted, at
seventy-eight cents a ton, into steel.
Sloss’s pig-iron, converted into
steel ingots, costs only $6.78 a ton
in Birmingham, Alabama. The act?
ual cost of light steel rails weighing
twenty lbs. a yard, cannot exceed
sl2 or sls a ton. But that tharo
may be no doubt as to cost vfery
nearly double in this tabular state. '
ment, the reasonable cost of steel
rails and give them a weight of
twenty-five instead of twenty pounds
a yard. Their cost would be, there
fore, SBBO a mile, of spikes SIOO and
rail joints, chains, plates, etc, $l5O.
Iron and steel for one mile, single track $ 1,13a
Grubbing and cleaning 100
Ties, 17G0. at 20 cents 352
Delivering materials along the line.... 200
Laying track (light rails) kxi
Bridges, trestles, &c 1,000
Engines .. 300
Total cash (per mile) 83,183
The great steel plant of Binning- •
ham, this system of road-building
requiring its whole out-put for sev
eral yea's, could afford tq sell rails
almost at prime cost, in other words,
nt half the price above fixed and tho
weight of the rails need' not exceed
twenty pounds a yard. The cosf’ of
a mile would be, therefore, SSOO
less than above estimated.
AN ILLUSTRATION.
The cheapest rail-way ever built is
that from Wrightville to Tennille, iu
Georgia. It cost $4,441 a mile. In
this instance iron rails weighing for
ty-five pounds a yard, were used
and the propelling power was a thir
ty ton .locomotiue costing as much as
three dummy engines to be used in
the Hazlehurst system. <
In prairie and “Black Belt” and
alluvial districts, grading, clearing
and grubbing will cost almost noth
ing and these dummy lines will ena
ble white people to send children to
country town schools. In these
“Black Belt” rural districts, white
women and children do not go
abroad unarmed or unguarded and
there are only negro churches and
schools.
THE SIMPLE SYSTEM.
There is no patent on the concep- '
tion. Its only peculiarity is novelty
and universality of application. It
is simple as Webster's speeches. Its
only grandeur is in results, since it
will enrich the “masses” and not the
“classes.” It will quadruple the val
ue of‘every arable acre in all these
states and thus pay off the mortga
ges.
THE SCHEME
is nothing more than the connection
of every County Capital in the State
and in the South with every othei
by tho cheapest possible dummy
line. Tho “per centage” of county
taxation may be lessened even while
paying the five, ten or twenty, yea*
county bonds issued to pay for these
dummy lines. The little Wright
ville and Tennille road in Georgiy ,
paid for itself over and over again in •*
augmented farm and home values
and now pays dividends, on its big
locomotives and heavy rails and
heavy graduation and heavy clean
ing of six and quarter per cent.
NO SALE OR MORTGAGE.
Each county should be required
to retain always Its ownAnastery and
ownership of its own four roads.
Otherwise little Jay Goulds will
spring up and unity of lines will a
lead to tho centralization of com
mercial forces, in behalf of one r '
in derogation of the equal rights and
privileges and profits of other towns
cities and counties.
£l'o BS CONILMUJOD.J