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Uffouick and liftieite, EDITED BY JOSEPH VALLENCE BEVAN. FCBLISnSD EVERT Monday £5 Thursday. At UV« DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAT ABLE IB ADVAHCK -COLRTUT PAPER, ONCE A WEEK, THREE DOLLARS PER AH SUM, DATABLE ALSO IR ADVANCE. From the Gporgiaiournal Extra. OoyexnoT’a Message* Exkcdtjvk Department, Deo. )■ Milleilgevillc, 6th Nov. JB2l. ) £tllov>~Cituens of the Senate anil House of Representatives: . You have again convened as the representatives ofthe people, cloth-- ad with the authority of legislating for the general good. Regarding the period as auspicious, I. indulge the hope that it will be zealously improved in giving strength and durability to those institutions which it is the pnde and the duly eff every patriot and philanthropist tocherish. You have intrusted to you the des tinies of a rich and rising stale ; rich in her genius and resources, and rising-in her consequence and im portance as a member ofthe Union. The constitution, in distributing its requirements, has made it the duly of the Executive to “give to the General Assembly from time to time, information of the state ofthe republic, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem necessary and expedi ent.” In obedience to this com mand, 1 proceed to Jay before you such subjects as present themselves, to. my mind, as being proper Tor legislative consideration. In a slate like ours, undergoing continual changes on account ofthe extension of its limits, much local legislation is onidc necessary, which might other wise be avoided. The leading points to which your attention ought to he more particularly turned at this time, appear to me, to be 1 üb-, lie Education and Internal linprove mtnt. To define the objects, and to trace the effects of these, would be an unnecessary labor, because they arc already obvious to every attentive and observing mind. Hut that the first should not he over looked or forgotten, those who have gone before us, have directed in the 13th section of the 4th arti cle ofthe constitution, that “the arts and sciences shall ho promoted in one or more seminaries of learn ing and the legislature shall as soon ns conveniently may be, give such lurther donations and privileges to , 1. ,I.Ul’ -U-.1 L necessary to secure the objects of their institution.” Here an obliga tion is imposed, the wisdom of which becomes the more manifest, when we consider (he characters of those who (bunded our republic, and the concurring opinions ol distinguished statesmen of the present day. But a still higher sanction is derived from the father of our republic, who has said, “ that in proportion as lite structure of government gives weight to public opinion, it is essen tial that public opinion should be enlightened.” Under the influence of principles like these, the endow ment of a University and of County Academies, has at different periods, been attempted by the legislature. It is a fact however, much to be lamented, that our literary institu tions have not as yet answered the expectations of their benevolent founders. The reason perhaps may be found in a want of age and experience, and in a disproportion between the means furnished and the ends intended. We have now, 1 consider, passed beyond the em barrassments of the first, and our increasing resources are sufficient to obviate the last. The legislature of 1817, acting under this belief, appropriated the sum of 250 thou sand dollars for the future establish ment and support of Free Schools throughout the state. This fund has been increased by the addition of lands designated in an act of 1818. The system of free schools seems to have been ingrafled on the ori ginal scheme as suggested in the constitution. While 1 consider it more benevolent in design, 1 fear it will be more difficult to be carried into effect. With a view to a fur thergnee of the plan, a committee was appointed at the last annual session, to prepare, arrange, and digest a system for free schools, and to report the same to the House of Representatives on or before the 10th'day of the present month.— Looking to this committee for an examination of the subject iq detail, I indulg the hope that such result will be furnished as will operate to the general diffusion of knowledge amongst the destitute part of our population. The resources of the state when reduced to our control will be sufficient to support the most liberal encouragement of the University, County Academies, Pri vate Schools, and Internal Improve ment. For the advancement of these objects, resources were ere # ated and to these they 'ought to he i applied. You will discover from a report ofthe Surveyor General herewith transmitted, that fifty lots subject to be drawn for in the last lottery, re main undisposed of. toge ther with districts 12 and 13, in Ap pling county, and the very valuable fractions and reserves furnished by the lands lately acquired, form a fund with which the Legislature may conduct an extensive enterprise of any description for the respectabili ty of the State and the good ol the community. In connexion with this subject, and in compliance with the request of the Legislatures of the State of Maryland and New-Hampshirc, I lay before you resolutions of those Legislatures relating to the appro priations made by Congress for the purposes of education. —These pro ceedings arc so sound in principle, and so ably supported, that I con sider them entitled to particular consideration. Resolutions have been passed heretofore in 1817 and 1819 direct ing an investment of the Free School fund, and the fund for inter nal improvement in safe and profita ble stock.—These resolutions have not been carried fully into effect.— The omssion has arisen in part from the difficulty of finding a sufficient amount in market which could be considered both “ safe and profita ble.” Although the resolution did not so direct, yet I considered it good policy to make the investment in stock of the banks of our own State. In looking to the condition of those institutions, a great differ ence is found to exist in the price of their stock ; some at so great an advance beyond par value, and others so much below it, as to ren der it equally imprudent to pur chase either. If individuals re markable for the prudent manage ment of their funds, have well founded reasons to curtail their stock property, those reasons become stronger when applied to this impor tant appropriation. But the present and future generations being deeply interested in the product of the Free School fund, it becomes matter of concern that it should be so man aged, as to be safe and productive. How this is to be effected will he for the Legislature to determine. By an examination of the charters of the different banks, it will be easily ascertained which affords the most security, and experience will settle the question as to profit. I would suggest it as matter of proper in vestigation, whether the capital stock of such bank, could not be so of such funds as the state might wish to dispose of in that way. The Internal Improvement ofthe State, I consider as an object which well deserves and will no doubt meet your serious consideration. — The state has certainly acquired that strength and maturity which enables her to take efficient mea sures upon a subject so immediately connected with her future growth and prosperity. The extent of our territory, the amount and value of its productions, its capacity to afford a market for other States, render it a matter of the first consequence, that the facilities of intercourse and transportation should be as exten sive as possible.—The improvement of our highways through the agency of road laws, has had a fair expe riment. This has been a fruitful subject of legislation, and but little benefit has resulted to the commu nity. In fact, the difference be tween the effect produced by the present road laws, and no laws at all, would not, 1 consider be very strik ing. Whether the defect be ia the law, or in the want of its execution, the consequence to the community is the same. Other states have made ad vances in this department, highly to their credit, but more conspicuous ly to their convenience. Difficul ties seemingly insurmountable have been overcome, and points original ly remote have been brought in near connection. These great and desirable objects have been effect ed by the means of Turnpikes and Navigation. In the first Georgia has made no experiment, and in the latter her experiments have in a great degree been unsuccessful.— These lessons however ia the school of experience, will be pro fitable, and we shall be able to pro ceed more advantageously for the future by avoiding the enors ofthe past. There are great and leading market roads in the State, which might be subjected to the Turnpike system, much to the|convcnience of the community, and perhaps to the individual profit of those who might feel disposed to embark in such an enterprise. 1 am of opinion that such a work would succeed best by the incorporation of companies, and by uniting the funds and exertions of individuals with those of the State. In any plan of internal im provement, much aid was anticipat ed by the Legislature from the ap pointment of an Engineer. No ap pointment, however, has yet beenj made. I lay before yon tbe corres pondence which has been had upon the subject, by which you will be the better enabled to determine whether the office should have been conferred, or for the present with held. For the past year no satis factory survey could have been made, of any of our rivers on ac count of the continual rains by which they have been flooded, The law creating this office provides a com petent salary, to attract the atten tion of one of competent genius and practical information, and none other ought to be selected. Upon his draughts, reports and estimates, it is probable much legislation would be founded. It is therefore the more important, that they should be such as to form a safe reliance. A wasteful use of the public trea sure has already occurred by large expenditures on useless or imprac ticable works, founded on loose and erroneous calculations. The im provements which are progressing upon the Savannah, Tugalo, and Oconee rivers, will be more fully explained to you by the documents herewith transmitted containing a correspondence with His Excellen cy the Governor of South Carolina, and the reports of different boards of commissioners. The policy of that state seems to be liberal and energetic, and I should hope that none other will be adopted by Georgia. Proceedings are still pending in the district court of the United States, in relation to certain Africans introduced into the state in violation ©flaw. For a time these proceed ings were delayed by claims inter posed by William Bowen and Miguel De Castro. —Upon the dismissal of these claims, it was hoped that no further obstacle to a speedy decision would have presented itself. But while an allegation was in progress, at the instance of the state, for the purpose of a condemnation of the property, a new and unexpected claim has made its appearance in the name of John Madrazo, seeking a recovery of the negroes on hand, and the proceeds of those that have been sold. For want of such con demnation, the resolution of the last Legislature, directing a disposition of the Africans, has not 'been com plied with. This last claim having been represented to me by the counsel employed, as being prose cuted by counsel, able and numer ous, to wit: Messrs. Harris, Charl ton, Bulloch, Wayne and Wilde, 1 have engaged the services of assist ant counsel, Messrs. Davies and Law, and directed an early deter mination of the case. From a late inUrviotv with Jiijge Davies,! have reason to expect a decision on-the second Tuesday of the present month. But from the invention of those claiming to be interested it may be protracted still longer. I communicate to you the pro ceedings of the Legislature of the state of Ohio upon the subject of a contest between the Bank of the U. States and certain officers of that state. The fund arising from the sale of fractions in the years 1806 and 1807, has been so delayed in its collection, as that considerable loss is expected. For further informa tion, 1 refer you to a correspond ence with the Solicitor-General, of this circuit, and with John W. Bur ney, Esquire, a copy of which is communicated. Soon after the adjournment of the extra session of the Legislature in May last, as directed by resolution, I wrote to the Secretary of War, with a view to obtain an enlarge ment of the instructions issued to James P. Preston, Esquire, the commissioner appointed by the President to settle the claims ofour citizens against the Creek Nation, under the late Treaty made at the Indian Springs. I transmit you a copy of the letter and the reply.— The commissioner proceeding un der the enlarged instructions, has been for some time at Athens, and as I am informed, has acted on a large amount of citizens’claims.— Claimants are still presenting them selves, and I consider it proper that the commission should continue open in this state or elsewhere, to meet the exigencies of those who have not come in, either from want of information, or from the difficulty of procuring testimony. It is mat ter of congratulation that these de mands, so just and so old, are about to be ascertained and satisfied. The Governors of Alabama and Tennessee have been written to upon tbe subject of a further ac quisition of territory. ’ The sub ject is deeply interesting to the state, and to tbe individuals who compose it. Until we stand upon the whole of the territory which we own and carry our settlements to our ultimate limits, any general and permanent system of public im provement will be attended with difficulties and measurably retard ed.—Copies of the letters above al luded to are laid before you. A statement of warrants drawn on the Treasurer, during the political year eighteen hundred and twenty one, and a list of Executive appoint ments accompany this message. Two statements, one by the Pre sident of the State Bank, and the other by the President of the Da rien Bank, as required by resolu tion, are in the Executive Office, subject to your examination. The printing of the Digest com piled by L. Q. C. Lamar, Esquire, under the authority of the state, has been contracted to be performed by T. S. Hannon. By the contract, the delivery of the requisite num ber of copies, was to take place by the first day of March next, yet I have assurances that the books will be ready for distribution in the course of your present session. By the copy of a letter herewith communicated, you will be inform ed, that the Hon. Freeman Walker, has resigned bis seat in the Senate ofthe United States. This resig nation is to be regretted, that gentle man having been enabled by his ta lents, and disposed from principle to be serviceable to his country, and to give efficient opposition to some great and leading measures, by the success of which, it is believed, the southern interests would have been materially affected. The appoint ment of a successor will devolve on you, and it is desirable that it should be made as early as con venient. A question of some magnitude has lately been submitted by the Legis lature to the decision ofthe people. A statement of the result you will find annexed, by which it appears that a large majority are opposed to a convention. Tbe constitution under which we live has been in operation near twenty four years.—lt was formed it is true, when the state of our country was comparatively rude and uncultivated, yet partaking of the republicanism for which our fathers fought, it has led us to an elevation from which we have a full view of our growing prosperity. In these i times of public excitement, I am of opinion that the people have deci ded rightly in not committing their safety to the storm. It cannot be supposed that this public excite ment has escaped my attention, and no man more than myself regrets its : extent, and the painful feuds which it has produced. This regret would be greatly heightened, if, up on a dispassionate review of the whole ground, I could believe that the cause of such dissention, could be properly attributed to myself.— The impartial observer must have discovered the true source, and hav -1 ing done so, must be prepared to ac quit me of all accountability. It is ’ no matter of surprize that parties 1 should exist, for they are always to f be found where the people are free; and no evil is to be apprehended un til they degenerate into faction.— When this occurs, the public good gives way to the unworthy feelings 1 of disappointed ambition. Amid the struggles which have taken place for some time past, we have an honest difference of opin ion temperately expressed, we have seen the warmer conflicts of party, and we have seen too, some of the works of faction. The traces of the latter are to be found in some of the attempts which have been made to disparage my administration. Os this character, I view these pro ceedings, which, in the pretended form of legislative privilege, and in language heated and indecorous, express a censure of one of my offi cial acts, as being “ a departure from the essential limits of the constitu tion.”—This act may have contain ed too much of energy, and pro duced too much good to accord with the views and wishes of some, yet I feel that it is consistent “ with the unalterable principles intended for all times,” and shall have no fears in submitting it to tbe decision of the wise and unprejudiced. I was a Georgian before the constitution was formed, and have reason to re member some of tbe events which gave it birth. 1 have witnessed its growth ; and in its maturity was called to administer it. I have done so, with a conscientious regard to its principles and the sanctity of its character, and with a zealous en deavor to advance the interest of the community. That I may have erred, 1 shall not deny, and from error there are none exempt. My constitutional term of service is about to expire ; I return my grate fnl acknowledgments for the digni fied trust so honorably conferred, and hoping that under the influence of harmony and good feeling, yon may legislate to the advancement of public education, internal improve ment, good order and virtue, 1 am your fellow-citizen, JOHN CLARK. $3“ We are authorized to announce Capt, 1). BERRV, a candidate for the Office of Sheriff for Richmond county at the ensuing election. Job Printing Neatly ivxnted at this Office. ——*— 1 1 ——— , A Ta\r ol Spectacles 1 For the use of out Legislature, during the present Session. Extracts from an Article on “ Basllno, by David Buchanan, Esq. ' (conclude!! ehom oon kbt ) One great inducement to establish a . bank for the circulation of paper in place of specie is, that it provides a cheap instrument of exchange in place of a more expensive one, and from the obvious ad vantage of such an operation, both to the individual & to the community, paper, af ter it is once introduced, to limit, and at last entirely to supersede, the use of specie in the circulation of a country. Such has been the progress of paper in the currency of Britain. Specie is now entirely excluded from circulation: all that portion of our currency which formerly consisted of the precious metals has either been exported, or is stored up by the bankers, by whom it is kept in reserve, to answer occassional demands. The necessary eff .ctof every system of paper currency is, to encourage the prin ciple of commercial credit. This is, in deed, the foundation on which it is raised, and the more widely the circulation of paper is extended, the mote closely will lire mercantile community be knit toge ther by the artificial ties of confidence and J credit. Wherever there is trade, there must no doubt be credit But where banks are generally established for the purpose of circulating paper money, cre dit must be augmented tenfold, seeing that, in such circumstances, no one can receive a payment without becoming a creditor, it is an evil, therefore, insepa rable from any system under which a cur rency of the precious metals is superseded by one purely conventional, that while a useless expence is thereby saved to the community, and while its capital also ac quires an increased degree of activity, the trading part of society are brought into such a state oi general dependence, that every man may be said, in some de gree, toK rest upon his neighbour, and the whole to rest upon the principle of confidence in each other. The ban ker’s notes obtain ageneial circulation; no demand is made upon him for their payment in cash, because the public be lieve that he has property to pay them. The banker, in like manner, discounts the merchant’s bills, from an opinion of his solvency, and the merchant, in giving credit, is guided by the same rule. Confidence, in short, is the charm which holds the whole together, and while this principle prevails, no evil will result from this complicated system of credit. Bank notes will circulate freely—there will be no great demand for specie—and the merchant will always be enabled tu convert his bills into cash. In these cir cumstances, every expedient will be a dopted to spare the use both of notes and of specie. The merchant will naturally be anxious to reduce as low as possible the stock of cash which he reserves for occasional demands: in many cases he will trust to accident for providing funds, such as to the sale of his goods, or to his cre dit with his banker; while the banker, who provides a cheap instrument of ex change in place ofa more expensive one, and whose profit consists in lending it on the same terms, has, in tike manner a strong inducement to increase the cir culation of his paper, and, trusting to his credit, to diminish the specie reserved for its payment. While the system is in this manner strained to its utmost pitch, the merchants managing the commerce of tilt country with the smallest pos I quaiti tyof paper, and the hankers circulating the paper with the smallest pos i'de quan tity of specie, let us suppose, that from whatever cause, either from the a larms of war, or from a succession of ank ruptcies, the pr'mcitdeof mercantile con fidence begins to fail, in this case, the former ties by which merchants were con nected with each other are now broken ; the usual channels of circulation, by which a small quantity of casli rapidly passing from one hand to another, served for transacting the payments of the commu nity, are interrupted, and the money in circulation is, in consequence, found in sufficient for the puncuality of mercan tile payments. The supply of currency, however,in place of being increased, is still futher diminished; the bankers, from the fears natural to their situation, limiting the circulation of their notes, and refus ing to accommodate the merchant, as be fore, by discounting his bills, and the public, in their turn, discrediting the pa per of the hanks. This general failure of confidence immediately produces alai til ing bankruptcies, many merchants stop ping payments, not from a want of pro perty, but from a want of cash; a run commences on the banks forspecie, ma ny of whom are, in consequence obliged to suspend their cash payments. It is obvious, from the very nature of banking, that the stock of specie reserv ed by and for the payment of such de mands as may be made upon it, cannot hear any proportion to the amount of its notes in circulation; and that, if a certain proportion of these notes should at any time be suddenly returned for payment, a suspension of its cash payments must I be the inevitable consequence. This is an evil inherent :n the very natuie of pa- i per currency, against which no caution can duly provide, since the profit of the Danker is exactly in proportion to the ex- i cess of his circulatingjpaper over the spe- ( cie reserved for its payment. 1 A bank, and more especially a national bank, may be subjected 10 demands for ’ specie from either of the two following . causes: Ist, From an unfavourable ba lance of trade; or 2dly, From domestic i alarm. i 1. When the imports of a nation exceed its exports, a balance ol debt will remain 1 due to foreign countries; and in the conn- i try which owes the balance there will be i a greater demand for money abroad than i for money at home. If the unfavourable < balance of trade continues, the demand i for money abroad, with which the bal- i ance may be discharged, will increase, I . and foreign money, or bills on foreign bankers, will be sold for a premium. In < 3 this case, there arises a temptation to ex e port the coin of the country, which, from I j the state of trade, has become more valua- ( ble abroad than at home; and where a na- i tional bank is established, whose notes : •re convertible into cash at the will of i the holder, it may undoubtedly be ex- ; posed, by an unfavourable balance of ! i trade, to demands for specie to aconside- |i rahle amount. But, in the nature c dungs, the dram of specie f ro n this cause must be slow and gradual, am where a bank has ample funds wherewid to purchase specie, it can hardly ever, i, tins case, be driven to the exceptional, measure of suspending its cash payments In hke manner, though a public bank from an unfavourable balance of trade o from a great expenditure abroad, may un doubtedly be exposed to an inconvenien drain of its specie, it seems scarcely pos sible that tins drain cun be so rapid as t; endanger its credit. It is not in the n* trade to produce any sudden anc 1 unexpected crisis. The operations ol trade always leave time fer some previom arrangement, and they have generally some respect also to the convenience o all the parlies concerned. It is we li known, for example,.that in the case of* heavy accumulation of foreign debt.froir whatever cause, the balance is mure fre quenlly discharged by an exportation o goods than of specie. The effect off 0 reign debt is to depress the exchange; at unfavourable exchange, or, in otliei words, the high price of money abroad operates as an inducement to expor goods; Vbe_ exporter, besides his usu'a profit, gakfing an adilionalprofit equal die difference of the exchange. It wB always be übatr.ed, therefore, that a great foreign expenditure is very soon follow, ed by a huge exportation of goals, am though specie may be partly remitted lb its discharge, the produce of the country is found to answer the purpose equally well. 7 2. The drain cf specie to which a great national bank may be subjected from di pt cvalence of a general alarm, is i n ali respects different from, that which may bt produced by a great foreign expenditure or by the fluctuations of traae. The im' pulse given by panic is, in its very nature sudden and instantaneous It general ly terminates also, and that speedily, i n some siulent crisis, If we suppose, there • fore, that a bank, which circulate ;n notes extensively, suddenly falls into d'.J credit, that from some unknown cause, sudden suspencicn of its solvency seize all the holders of its notes, it is obj'mr that all these persons, under the violet impulse of tin ir fears, will rush at one to the bank with notes in exchange h specie; audit is equally certain, that alia ever funds a bank may ultimately pi.ssesi its stock of specie must be speedily « hausted by such a sudden inundation of it discredited notes. In this case itscas payments must be suspended for a firm until the alarm of its creditors be dissip; led by a full disclosure of its affairs. We have already endeavoured toshov that the drain of specie to which an in favorable balance of trade may subjei <he bank, can never be such as to endai ger its credit, because, in such cases, th demand is neither so rapid ror so cons deiable as to preclude the bank from prt aiding the necessary supply of gob Where trade is in such a state, imieei the bank will be exposed to a cons der; ble annual expence in procuring sped The punctual and honourable discliarg of its obligations to the public will fn quently be found to be both inconveniei and expensive, and its Directors will ni turally be desirous to be free from tb which increases responsibility, and dim uisbes profit. But, unless in the cate of general alarm, and discredit of banknote it does not seem that a suspension of cai paymentscan ever be necessary tot safety of a bank. It deserves to be cam dered also, that an unfavourable balani of trade, accompanied by an unfavourab exchange, is in its own nature of sho duration. It is an evil which tends to r cress itself; a large importation ofgood necessarily leading to an exportation i the same propoition. ■MnHnMMMBaHUUIU Foreign Intelligence. NEW YORK, November 1 LATEST FROM LIVERPOOL The ship Orion which arrived yesterdaj sare-1 from Liverpool; September 21st Captain Davis brought no papers excep Myev’s Liverpool Price Current h Ship ping List of the 17th, and w e do not lean that there was any political news. A fc\ letters from Liverpool as late as the 20*.h are received. Tha subjoined extract! will give a view of the market atthatdate It appeals the weather had been such as to encourage# hope that the harvest would not be so much Injured as was fear ed when the Heicules sailed.— Mer. Mv. Foreign. —We stated yesterday, this the Orion brought no papers. Since then a London paper of the Ifiih Sept, and : Liverpool of the 17th, have found their way into the city; they, however, con tain little information. The letters which we give, state the prospects of the crops. Com . Adv, The king on account of adverse winds had landed at Milford Haven, and travell ed across the country to London. The Rev. Blacnu, had been tried on an indictment for a lible on the late Queen, and found guilty The Court of Common Council es Lon don, are to give a public entertainment in honor of the Coronation, to w lich the king isjto be invited. Thai ks were voted by lb# common council to Hr. Sheriff Waithman, for his endeavors to preserve the peace at the funeral of Francis and Honey. Prosecutions have been commenced by order of the Lord Mayor, against the Lon don Gas Company, whose establishments have been declared a nuisance. ft is stated that the water of the rivei Thames has become unfit for use, aw even poisonous,ffrom the effect ofthe fpi water discharged into it. The river it contaminated to a visible extent of W yards from the gas stream- The New Castle gas company, I' l ' 3 been fined four hundred and fifty P 0 sterling of damages, besides costs, and tn® amount of the surgeon’s bill, for the inju ry sustained by a female in the accident* explosion of the pas works of the deten - ants, by which a house was blown up, 8 a child killed, and the plaintifi’s wife ma terially injured. Three boys, mere children, were con demned for theft in London —two ot the were sentenced to transportation ■ 1 following is the address of the court to on of them : “John Brickfield a mere boj size, you are a giant in wickedness: i a dreadful thing to see a creature ot.' age in such a situation. It appears young as you are, you are actually 1 teacher of a little gang of pickpotae ■ j fact which would require » certifies